Một số điều cần ghi nhớ khi rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ

MỘT SỐ ĐIỀU CẦN GHI NHỚ KHI RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ 1) Dùng cụm Ving : Dùng cho các mệnh đề chủ động The man who is standing there is my brother The man standing there is my brother 2) Dùng cụm P.P: Dùng cho các mệnh đề bị động . I like books which were written by NguyenDu I like books written by NguyenDu 3) Dùng cụm to inf. Dùng khi danh từ đứng trứoc có các chữ sau đây bổ nghĩa : ONLY,LAST,số thứ tự như: FIRST,SECOND This is the only student who can do the problem. This is the only student to do the problem. -Động từ là HAVE/HAD I have many homework that I must do. I have many homework to do. -Đầu câu có HERE (BE),THERE (BE) There are six letters which have to be written today. There are six letters to be written today. GHI NHỚ : Trong phần to inf này các bạn cần nhớ 2 điều sau: - Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf. We have some picture books that children can read. We have some picture books for children to read. Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như we,you,everyone thì có thể không cần ghi ra. Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about. Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about. - Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu. ( đây là lỗi dễ sai nhất). We have a peg on which we can hang our coat. We have a peg to hang our coat on. 4) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ ) Dùng khi mệnh đề tình từ có dạng: S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ Cách làm: -bỏ who ,which và be Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health. Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health. Football, a popular sport, is very good for health. Do you like the book which is on the table? Do you like the book on the table? PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN: Khi học thì ta học từ dễ đến khó nhưng khi làm bài thì ngược lại phải suy luận từ khó đến dễ. Bứoc 1 : 1 - Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chổ nào Bước này cũng dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO,WHICH,THAT BƯỚC 2 : Bước này chủ yếu là giảm từ mệnh đề xuống cụm từ, tuy nhiên cách suy luận cũng phải theo thứ tự nếu không sẽ làm sai. Ví dụ: This is the first man who was arrested by police yesterday. Mới nhìn ta thấy đây là câu bị động ,nếu vội vàng thì sẽ dễ dàng biến nó thành : This is the first man arrested by police yesterday sai Thật ra đáp án là : This is the first man to be arrested by police yesterday đúng Vậy thì cách thức nào để không bị sai ? Các bạn hãy lần lượt làm theo các bứoc sau. 1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có áp dụng công thức 4 . 2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trứoc who which có các dấu hiệu first ,only v v không ,nếu có thì áp dụng công thức 3 (to inf. ) lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb ) 3 .Nếu không có 2 trừong hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng VING hay P.P BÀI TẬP I : Hãy rút gọn các mệnh đề tính từ trong các câu sau đây(xem kỹ bài trên trứoc khi làm ) 1) We had a river in which we could swim . 2) Here are some accounts that you must check. 3) The last student that was interviewed was Tom. 4) We visited Hanoi, which is the capital of VN. 5) My father, who is a pilot, often goes abroad. 6) I was the only one who realized him. 7) I have some homework which I must do tonight. 8) Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way. 9) I was awakened by the sound of a laughter which came from the room which was next to mine at the motel. 10) There are six reports which have to be typed today. ĐÁP ÁN BÀI TẬP I : Hãy rút gọn các mệnh đề tính từ trong các câu sau đây 1) We had a river in which we could swim . We had a river to swim in. 2) Here are some accounts that you must check. Here are some accounts for you to check 3) The last student that was interviewed was Tom. Tom was the last student to be interviewed 4) We visited Hanoi, which is the capital of VN. We visited Hanoi, the capital of VN. 5) My father, who is a pilot, often goes abroad. My father, a pilot, often goes abroad. 6) I was the only one who realized him. I was the only one to realize him. 7) I have some homework which I must do tonight. I have some homework to do tonight. 2 8) Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way. Our solar system is in a galaxy called the Milky Way. 9) I was awakened by the sound of a laughter which came from the room which was next to mine at the motel. I was awakened by the sound of a laughter coming from the room next to mine at the motel. 10) There are six reports which have to be typed today There are six reports to be typed today. BÀI TẬP II Hãy rút gọn các mệnh đề tính từ trong các câu sau đây 1) Dalat, which is best known for foreign travellers, has pleasant weather. 2) Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the wild. 3) Few tourists ever see a jaguar, which is a spotted wild cat that is native to tropical America. 4) She is the only woman who was appointed to the board. 5) The floor is dusty but I haven't got a brush with which I can sweep it. 6) A person who serves in a shop is called a shop assistant 7) John, who is my friend, has studied English for ten years. 8) There are many exercises that we have to finish before school. 9) The mistakes which you have to correct are very important. 10) We have a few exercises that we have to do. Chú ý : nếu câu nào có 2 mệnh đề tính từ cũng phải rút gọn cả hai ĐÁP ÁN BÀI TẬP II 1) Dalat, which is best known for foreign travellers, has pleasant weather. =>Dalat,best known for foreign travellers, has pleasant weather. 2) Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the wild. =>Animals born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those captured in the wild. 3) Few tourists ever see a jaguar, which is a spotted wild cat that is native to tropical America. =>Few tourists ever see a jaguar, a spotted wild cat that is native to tropical America. 4) She is the only woman who was appointed to the board. =>She is the only woman to be appointed to the board. 5) The floor is dusty but I haven't got a brush with which I can sweep it. =>The floor is dusty but I haven't got a brush to sweep it with. 6) A person who serves in a shop is called a shop assistant =>The person serving in a shop is called a shop assistant 7) John, who is my friend, has studied English for ten years. =>John, my friend, has studied English for ten years. 8) There are many exercises that we have to finish before school. =>There are many exercises for us to finish before school. 9) The mistakes which you have to correct are very important. =>The mistakes for you to correct are very important. 10) We have a few exercises that we have to do. =>We have a few exercises to do. Những vấn đề cần lưu ý : - Nhớ đem giới từ (nếu có ) trước which/whom ra phía sau (câu 5 ) - Chỉ bỏ for sb khi nào có ý chung chung chứ không phải thấy you và we là có thể bỏ được (câu 8,9) RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ DẠNG 5 Có 2 công thức rút gọn như sau: 3 Công thức 1- Bỏ who ,which to be -> giữ nguyên tính từ phía sau. Điều kiện 1: Nếu phía trứoc that là đại từ phiếm chỉ như something, anything, anybody There must be something that is wrong => There must be something that is wrong =>There must be something wrong Điều kiện 2: Có dấu phẩy phía trứoc và phải có từ 2 tính từ trở lên My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house. => My grandmother, old and sick, never goes out of the house. My grandmother, who is sick, never goes out of the house. => My grandmother, sick, never goes out of the house. (sai -> vì chỉ có một tính từ sick) Công thức 2 Nếu ngoài các trường hợp trên thì ta đem tính từ lên trứoc danh từ : My grandmother, who is sick, never goes out of the house. My sick grandmother never goes out of the house. I buy a hat which is very beautiful and fashionable =>I buy a very beautiful and fashionablehat . Tuy nhiên nếu là cụm tính từ phức tạp hơn trong đó bao gồm cả danh từ thì chỉ còn cách dụng Ving mà thôi I met a man who was very good at both English and Friench. I met a man being very good at both English and Friench. Tóm lại cách rút gọn loại này khá phức tạp vì nó tuỳ thuộc vào đến 3 yếu tố : - có một hay nhiều tính từ - danh từ đứng trước có phải là phiếm chỉ không - có dấu phẩy hay không Bài 3 Rewrite the following sentences: 1. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page. 2. The queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which has been built on the island. 3. Arizona, which was once thought to be a useless desert, is today a rapidly gowing industrial and agricultural. 4. The country now has 300 power stations. All of them are part of a national network. 5. The picture is beautiful. Tom is looking at it. 6. Where can I catch the bus? - It goes downtown. 7. I have a class. It begins at 8 a.m 8. Mr. Marks, whose farm the stream flows across, is unhappy about the plans for the new dam. 9. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary. 10. He was the first man who left the burning building. Bài 3: Rewrite the following sentences: 1. Be sure to follow the instructions given at the top of the page. 2. The queen Elizabeth is the largest ship to be built on the island. Câu nì mình làm thế này đc không? The queen Elizabeth is the largest ship to have been built on the island. 3. Arizona,once thought to be a useless desert, is today a rapidly growing industrial and agricultural. 4. The country now has 300 power stations, All of which are part of a national network. 5. The picture at which Tom is lookịng is beautiful . 6. Where can I catch the bus going downtown? 7. I have a class beginning at 8 a.m 8. Mr. Marks, across whose farm the stream flows, is unhappy about the plans for the new dam. 9. The photographs published in the newspaper were extraordinary. 10. He was the first man to leave the burning building. 4 RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ DẠNG 6 Các bạn thân mến mệnh đề tính từ là một trong những mệnh đề phức tạp nhất ,tuy nhiên rút gọn nó lại càng khó gấp bội. Như trên chúng ta đã thấy có đến 4 dạng rút gọn khác nhau. Hôm nay chúng ta tiếp tục làm quen với một dạng rút gọn nữa . MỆNH ĐỀ TÍNH TỪ => TÍNH TỪ GHÉP Cách làm như sau: Chúng ta sẽ rút gọc mệnh đề thành một tính từ ghép bằng cách sau: Tìm trong mệnh đề một số đếm và danh từ đi sau nó , sau đó ta để chúng kế nhau và thêm dấu gạch nối ở giữa. Đem tính từ ghép đó ra trứoc danh từ đứng truớc who,which các phần còn lại bỏ hết. Lưu ý : - Danh từ không được thêm S . - Chỉ dùng được dạng này khi mệnh để tính từ có số đếm - Các cụm như tuổi thì sẽ viết lại cả 3 từ và gạch nối giữa chúng ( two years old => two-year-old ) VÍ DỤ : I have a car which has four seats : tôi có 1 chiếc xe mà nó có 4 chổ ngồi => I have a four-seat car. I had a holiday which lasted two days. => I had a two-day holiday. Mời các bạn cùng làm: bài tập về rút gọn mệnh đề dạng 6 : 1) I've just bought a house which has five storeys. 2) Have you ever seen a cow which has six legs ? 3) The girl who is ten years old is my sister. 4) Give me the note which costs ten dollars. 5) Vietnamese students have a summer holiday which lasts 3 months . 6) We have two breaks which last 30 minutes. 7) That is a car which has three wheels. 8) The man who has one leg looks at me angrily. 9) The snake which has two heads is not found . 10) Mikoon is a monster which has 6 heads KEY: 1) I've just bought a house which has five storeys. => I've just bought a five- storey house . 2) Have you ever seen a cow which has six legs ? => Have you ever seen a six-leg cow? 3) The girl who is ten years old is my sister. => The ten- yea-old girl is my sister. 4) Give me the note which costs ten dollars. => Give me the ten- dollar note. 5) Vietnamese students have a summer holiday which lasts 3 months . => Vietnamese students have a three- month summer holiday. 6) We have two breaks which last 30 minutes. => We have two thirty- minute breaks. 7) That is a car which has three wheels. => That is a three- wheel car. 8) The man who has one leg looks at me angrily. =>The one-leg man looks at me angrily. 9) The snake which has two heads is not found . =>The two- head snake is not found . 5 10) Mikoon is a monster which has 6 heads => Mikoon is a six-head monster. BÀI TẬP SỐ 2 (DẠNG 6 ) Hãy nối 2 câu thành một, dùng tính từ ghép : 1) I live in a house. It has 8 doors. 2) My house is very nice .It has 5 storeys. 3) I like my friend's cell phone . It has two numbers. 4) The fans are very interesting .They have 3 speeds. 5) Do you want to take part in the trip ? It will last 5 days. 6) With a capacity of 10 horse power , this machine is good for you work shop. 7) I have just attended a wedding . There were 30 tables in this wedding. 8) I buy a house .It has 11 rooms. KEY BÀI TẬP SỐ 2 (DẠNG 6 ) Hãy nối 2 câu thành một, dùng tính từ ghép : 1) I live in a house. It has 8 doors. => I live in an 8- door house. 2) My house is very nice .It has 5 storeys. => My 5- storey house is very nice. 3) I like my friend's cell phone . It has two numbers. =>I like my friend's two- number cell phone. 4) The fans are very interesting .They have 3 speeds. =>The three-speed fans are very interesting. 5) Do you want to take part in the trip ? It will last 5 days. => Do you want to take part in the five- day trip? 6) With a capacity of 10 horse power , this machine is good for you work shop. =>This ten- horse -power machine is good for you work shop. 7) I have just attended a wedding . There were 30 tables in this wedding. => I have just attended a thirty- table wedding. 8) I buy a house .It has 11 rooms. => I buy an eleven-room house. Ex 4: Rewrite: 1. Some people live in HongKong. They earn a lot of money. 2. He married a girl. She later became a successful writer 3. They seem to give the children anything that they want. 4. Well, They said they want a pay rise. It is unreasonable. 5. We often go to visit our friends in Shekou. It is quite near ferry. 6. Who was that lady? I saw you with last night. 7. The people who I work with are very friendly. 8. Where do those guys come from? You borrowed their car. 9. Our boss had a heart attack last week. He hasn’t been back to work since. 10. The woman with whom he has been having an affair, has been moved to another office. Ex 4: Rewrite: 1. Some people live in HongKong. They earn a lot of money. => Some people who live in HongKong earn a lot of money. 2. He married a girl. She later became a successful writer => The girl that he married became a successful writer. 3. They seem to give the children anything that they want. => They seem to give the children anything which they want. 4. Well, They said they want a pay rise. It is unreasonable. 6 => Well, They said they want a pay rise, which is unreasonable. 5. We often go to visit our friends in Shekou. It is quite near ferry. => We often go to visit our friends in Shekou, where is quite near ferry. 6. Who was that lady? I saw you with last night. => Who was that lady, with whom I saw you last night? or Who was that lady, who I saw you with last night? 7. The people who I work with are very friendly. => The people with whom I work are very friendly. 8. Where do those guys come from? You borrowed their car. => Where do those guys, whose car you borrowed , come from? 9. Our boss had a heart attack last week. He hasn’t been back to work since. => Our boss , who had a heart attack last week , hasn’t been back to work since. 10. The woman with whom he has been having an affair, has been moved to another office. => The woman who he has been having an affair with has been moved to another office. Ex 5: Combine the following pairs of sentences, using prep with pronoun: 1. That's the man. I got the bag from him yesterday. 2. Economics is a subject. I am very interested in it. 3. This is Joanne. I gave my notes to her. 4. The friend spoke French. Jim was travelling with him. 5. The ladder began to slip. Tom was standing on it. 6. This is the city. I was born in this city. 7. Paul is fitter than you. I play tennis with him on weekends. 8. The woman said the machine was very good. Jim bought the machine from her. 9. The chair is in bad shape. You are sitting on it. Ex 5: Combine the following pairs of sentences, using prep with pronoun: 1. That's the man. I got the bag from him yesterday. => That's the man from whom I got the bag yesterday. 2. Economics is a subject. I am very interested in it. => Economics is a subject in which I am very interested. 3. This is Joanne. I gave my notes to her. => This is Joanne, to whom I gave my notes. 4. The friend spoke French. Jim was travelling with him. => The friend with whom Jim was travelling spoke French. 5. The ladder began to slip. Tom was standing on it. => The ladder on which Tom was standing began to slip. 6. This is the city. I was born in this city. => This is the city in which I was born. 7. Paul is fitter than you. I play tennis with him on weekends. => Paul, which whom I play tennis on weekends , is fitter than you. 8. The woman said the machine was very good. Jim bought the machine from her. => The woman from whom Jim bought the machine said the machine was very good. 9. The chair is in bad shape. You are sitting on it. => The chair on which you are sitting is in bad shape. Choose the best answer 1. Martin tried on three jackets, ________________fitted him. A. none B. none of which C. none of them D. all of them. 2. I have two sisters ________________are doctors. A. both of which B. who both C. both of whom D. whom both 3. We had a river________ . A. where we could swim in B. to swim C. which we could swim D. to swim in 4. Do you remember the day ? I first met you on that day. A. Do you remember the day where I first met you ? B. Do you remember the day when I first meet you ? C. Do you remember the day on which I first met you ? 7 D. B and C are correct. 5. Mexico City ,________ is the fastest growing city in the world , has a population of over 10 million. A. what B. which C. that D. where 6. We visited the church _____________ in the 18th century. A. was built B. which built C. building D. which was built 7. Ms Young, to ______ many of her students are writing, is living happily and peacefully in Canada. A. who B. whom C. that D. whose 8. She is the woman ____________ sister looks after the baby for us. A. who B. whom C. that D. whose 9. Mr Smith, ______ a retired teacher, does volunteer work at the hospital. A. that is B. who was C. who is D. is 10.I want to know the reason________ he told you last night. A. for which B. which C. where D. when 11.I like the teacher. I learnt English with her in high school. A.I like the teacher with whom I learnt English in high school. B. I like the teacher whom I learnt English with in high school. C.I like the teacher that I learnt English with in high school. D.all are correct. 12.The banker to________ I gave my check was quite friendly. A. who B. that C. whom D. which 13 .Where is the house______________ ? A.whom they are living B.which they are living C.in which they are living D.where they are living in 14. What is the name of the blonde girl ___________ ? A. whom just came in B. who just came in C. when I have just seen D. who she met you. 15.All of us are waiting for the man ___________ son was lost. A. who B. which C. whom D. whose 16.The girl ______ is our neighbor. A. talks to the lady over there C. was talking to the lady over there B. is talking to the lady over there D. talking to the lady over there 17.The student next to me kept chewing gum. That bothered me a lot. A. The student next to me kept chewing gum, that bothered me a lot. B. The student next to me kept chewing gum, which bothered me a lot. C. The student next to me kept chewing gum bothering me a lot. D. The student next to me kept chewing gum bothered me a lot. 18. My computer, _________ mouse doesn't work, cannot be used now. A. while B. because C. whose D. which 19.Einstein, ___________ changed our way of seeing the universe, did not learn to read until he was ten. A. which theories B.whose theories C.that his theories D.who theories 20. What’s the name of the man_________car you borrowed? A. who B. which C. that D. whose 21.He is working in Nha Trang , ______ one of the most beautiful beaches in Vietnam. A. where is B. where it is C. which is D. that is 22. The young woman who lives next door is very kind to my family. A.The young woman to live next door is very kind to my family. B.The young woman he lives next door is very kind to my family. 8 C.The young woman living next door is very kind to my family. D.The young woman lived next door is very kind to my family. 23. We visited the church _____________ in the 18th century. A. was built B. which built C. building D. built 24. She didn’t tell me the reason _______ she came late. A. when B. for which C. why D.both B and C 25. This is the best play ________ I have ever seen. A. which B. what C. whom D. that 26.Birds make nests in trees ______ hide their young in the leaves and branches. A. can where they B. where they can C. where can they D. where can 27. I know a nearby restaurant _____ has seafood. A. that B. who C. where D. whose 28.Taj Mahal, _____ by Shah Janhan for his wife, is thought to be one of the great architectural wonders of the world. A. being built B. was built C.which was built D.been built 29.Mount Vernon, ______, has recently been restored to its original colors. A.George Washington lived there B.it was where George Washington lived C. where George Washington lived D. the place that lived in George Washington 30. Pioneers, _______ in isolated areas of the United States, were almost totally self-sufficient. A. who living B. living C. lived D.who that lived 31.The assembly line, _________ by Henry Ford, has brought about many significant changes in automobile production. A. that invented B. what was invented C. was invented D. which was invented 32.Mr.Jones, ______I was working, was generous about overtime payments. A. he B. for whom C. for him D. whom 33. Is this the address to ____________ you want the package sent ? A. where B. which C. that D. whom 34.There is a crowd of students ________ for the lecturer outside the hall. A. to wait B. waiting C.to waiting D. are waiting 35. London is the city ________I have visited several times. A. in which B. where C. in that D. which 36. One of the girls________in that company caused an accident A. worked B. who worked C. whom worked D. whose worked 37.The computer, _____ hard disk has just been upgraded, is among the latest generations. A. that B. whose C. of which D.which of 38.It's the English phrasal verbs ________ puzzle me most. A. whose B. that C. it D. they 39. The girl ________me this gift is my best friend. A. presented B. was presenting C. presenting D. be presenting 40. He lent me many picture-books, most of________I had read. A. whom B. who C. whose D. which 41. Don't drink too much beer, ________will make us fat. A. which B. when C. who D. whom 9 42. The noise ________the naughty boy made, woke his father up. A. whose B. which C. when D. whom 43. The friend to ________ he was talking on the phone is English. A. who B. whose C. whom D. which 44. The day ________ we went fishing was Saturday. A. which B. to which C. on which D. at which 45. Why do you always believe in everything________ he says? A. who B. which C. when D.that 46. I wish I knew the girl ________ Daisy is talking to. A. whom B. what C. which D. 0 47. There are a lot of people at my friend's wedding party, only a few of ________I had met before. A. who B. whose C. whom D. which 48. Aberdeen, ________ my brother lives, is a town in Scotland. A. where B. which C. who D. when 49.My parents live in the same house ________ they bought 50 years ago. A. that B. which C. where D. A and C 50. August is the month________I always give my birthday parties. A. which B. in which C. what D. why 51.The people to ________she was speaking didn't know German. A. who B. whose C. that D. whom 52.I think the Chinese are the people _______ habits are the most peculiar to us. A. which B. whom C. that D. whose 53.Sunday is the day _________ most of the Christians usually go to church. A. in which B. when C. that D. at which 54. The baker ________ John quarrelled didn't want to sell him any bread. A. with whom B. who C. with whose D. to whom 55. Bournemouth, ___________ we are going to visit next summer, is a real paradise for the retired. A. that B. what C. which D. whose 56. Joyce Bews,________ was born and grew up in Portsmouth on the south coast of England, ________she still lives, was 100 last year. A. that / in which B. who / where C. that / whereD. whom / where 57. The pollution_________ they were speaking is getting worse. A. that B. about which C. which D. whose 58. According to the research, the time at______ most road accidents happen is early evening. A. when B. which C. whose D. that 59. The girls and the flowers _____he painted were vivid. A. who B. which C. whose D. that 60. We go to school regularly,__________________ . A. that makes our teacher happy B. which makes our teacher happily C.it makes our teacher happy D. which makes our teacher happy 61. The letter _________ grandma was kept carefully in a box. A. you wrote B. which you wrote to C. to whom wrote D. which wrote 63. Sue lives in the house. The house is opposite my house. A.Sue lives in the house which is opposite my house. B.Sue lives in the house who is opposite my house. 10 . MỘT SỐ ĐIỀU CẦN GHI NHỚ KHI RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ 1) Dùng cụm Ving : Dùng cho các mệnh đề chủ động The man who is standing there is my brother The. building. 4 RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ DẠNG 6 Các bạn thân mến mệnh đề tính từ là một trong những mệnh đề phức tạp nhất ,tuy nhiên rút gọn nó lại càng khó gấp bội. Như trên chúng ta đã thấy có đến 4 dạng rút gọn. làm quen với một dạng rút gọn nữa . MỆNH ĐỀ TÍNH TỪ => TÍNH TỪ GHÉP Cách làm như sau: Chúng ta sẽ rút gọc mệnh đề thành một tính từ ghép bằng cách sau: Tìm trong mệnh đề một số đếm và danh