skkn Phương pháp giải bài tập di truyền học quần thể

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 E,< 2 2  ‚ E ‚ E z 2  i‚ E mvs312 0P0:'FG !%& ' 9*=Fn,"i‚ E mvs32 r4*%J@Q E-8Q '"i‚ E mvs32v2s€ J@Q b8Q '" 2 i‚ E ‚ E mvs32 2 vs3skvk€ \4567869:;<=;>?LJ3@:; \(EGH;9>aP<Z<9:;R?6EJbc;6>:dN?LJXe;96E8?+ ‚…%/Z(0%#*A  '<--$#d !FD0,<8EE@Y  u3  3  s >?0%B /7%FG !p !@9 :3"3'0"#B %'C,U 8S !(0%#*A %'&,5#%T,(0%#*A "#B %'C@9 ‡:i u mz"i  mzi s mˆv1 t B /7 '<--$#u: 2 i u  u mz2:i u  s m t B /7 '<--$#" 2 i    mz2"i     s m t B /7 '<--$#u2:"i u3  3 m t B /7 '<--$#‰ 2 i s  s m † '<--$#‰%E%&-E%5 /7E@Y    s 3%†%5 /7 '<--$#u>9%B /7E@Y  s %E%&-EE@Y  u >9%FG !%Z%E%&-EE@Y    • + !-6%"#B %'C !FD0,U 8S !(0%#*A 3 !FD0%E;'P/$%%'5*1€ !FD0,< '<--$#‰32|€ !FD0,< '<--$#uJ@Q !FD0,< '<- -$#u>9,cE"#B %'C=<@98E '0[#•0K% '<--$#u,E'G  '<- -$# • GQ;9RS;%E,<  s v 1€ s31= 2:" u   vs32| i u z    z   s mv1   u vs3•3    vs32    '<--$#uv: 2 i u  u mz2:i u  s mvis3•m 2 z2s3•s31vs3}j  '<--$#v" 2 i    mz2"i     s mvis32m 2 z2s32s31vs3s| \*6EGH;9>aP<Z<9:;R?6EJbc;6>:d6>_6f6E8?@g;N>Z<;>3J+ ‚…%@,#/u,<8EE@Y E 1 3E 23  E j  %'Y%'p%Z%60@N '9 %9 E 1 „E 23 „E j >?0%B /7%FG !p !@9:3"35#%T,(0%#*C ,cE"#B %'C;'0,U 8S !@9 : 2 iE 1 E 1 m  z2:"iE 1 E 2 mz2:iE 1 E j m  z" 2 iE 2 E 2 mz2"iE 2 E j mz 2 iE j E j mv1 B /7;0C#'& '1: 2 iE 1 E 1 m  z2:"iE 1 E 2 mz2:iE 1 E j m   B /7;0C#'& '2" 2 iE 2 E 2 mz2"iE 2 E j m B /7;0C#'& 'j 2 iE j E j m †%B /7;0C#'& 'j%E%&-E%B /7E@Y E j 3%†%B /7;0C#'& '2>9%B /7 E@Y E j %&-E%5 /7E@Y E 2 E#=<@5*1%†=0%5 /7E@Y E 2 >9E j E%B /7E@Y E 1  rFG !'`0- O-'+,2s1jt2s1k k  <4566EGH;9>aP<=<>h;@h<6f;>?F; <(iJK;6>L;8?P>V? 70>?0"#B %'A 60:'70,<,'+ @+,=C@)08f-6%;0C#!Y  9=<3%'&%E :'P0g$,=` '@)0,5#%T,(0%#*A "#B %'C/E#;'0,<,'+ @+, • x6%"#B %'C%'Z,>4%%Z%'Š:'5 ,<%J@Q;0C#!Y d%'K'Q@9s3kyuu s3jsuEs32yEE'80K%% !"#$%& ','+ @+, !FD0%E=‹=9%'P0,$,,$ %'C,<;0C#'& '@N R '%'Y@R%'#*K%3%B /7E@Y u>9EdŒ 1 @9• • GQ;9RS;,5#%T,(0%#*C "#B %'C/E#,'+ @+,iEE8`@)08fm s3ky s3ky s3js  + z s3js s3ky s3js  + v1'E*3}uuzs3kuEv1 iumvs3}zs3k{2vs3|~"iEmvs3k{2vs32 <*iJK;6>L;9SJP>V? t#B %'C,'FE,U 8S !=C%&-=Fn,%B /7E@Y %E:'P0g$,=` '@)0,5# %T,(0%#*A ,cE"#B %'C3/E#=<%R '%B /7E@Y %'Y,. !%'p,i() !3-Š,E12 %E !2m t#B %'C=‹,U 8S ! K#;0C#!Y =_ !'n:@N !U*,'K%%'&%B /7E@Y @N /E#-6%%'K'Q %R '8S !"iEmv 1  + E,<%'C,'p !-0 '  •5#%T,(0%#*A ,cE"#B %'Cd%'K'Q : 2 uuz2:"uEz" 2 EEv1i=0K#;0Q : 2 " 2 v 2 2 2     ÷   •E#;'0,'+ @+,%E,<,5#%T,(0%#*A ,cE"#B %'C 'F/E#  2 2 2        ÷ +   z 2 2 2        ÷ +   v1 #*E"iEmv 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 i 2 m 1               = = =  ÷ + + + +   K#;0C#!Y =_ !'n:@N !U*,'K%%'&%B /7E@Y @N /E# %'K'Q%R ' 8S !"iEmv 1  + • +x6%"#B %'C%'Z,>4%,<,5#%T,(0%#*A d%'K'Q 'F/E#s3}kuu zs3j2uEzs3skEEv1% !"#$%& ','+ @+, !FD0%E=‹=9%'P0 'b ! ,$%'C,<;0C#'& '@N &-%B /7E@Y u3E/E#j%'K'Q !a#:'70 • GQ;9RS;$:(Š !,. !%'p, "iEmv 1  + v s32 s312y 1 js32 = + /#*E:iumv1ts312yvs3|•y (R '%B /7E@Y % !%FD !'n:gP*E=6%80K 3gP*E '4:,F.0;'. !%'C $:(Š !=Fn, [ ;'. !%'C'0Q % !=A%90 9* rFG !'`0- O-'+,2s1jt2s1k y  *+4'jk`i- 3IJK;6>L;8?P>V?AIJK;6>L6f6>lmOIJK;6>L9?3dP>V?9K;C E1iJK;6>L<=<WJ6En<R?6EJbc;RY;93o(+"#E @B %Z%'Š@0[ %0K:%'&,5# %T,(0%#*A ,cE"#B %'C@9 uEv 1 2     ÷   uuv 1 1 2 2    −  ÷   uEv 1 1 2 2    −  ÷   • x6%"#B %'C%'Z,>4%d%'K'Q,<1ss€,$%'C,<;0C#!Y uE&-,5# %T,(0%#*A ,cE"#B %'Cd%'K'Q%'pj;'0,'"#B %'C%Z%'Š:'5 • • GQ;9RS;uE,^ 8S ! j 1 1 2 |   =  ÷   'F>4*%'Z,!0P-,cEuEv 1 • 1 | | − = -9%'Z,!0P-@)08S !%'Z,%O ! \5*%'Z,%O !,'0E,'2E%O !=A#uu>9EE[ %E,< 1 1 • | 2 1}   − = = =  r4*,5#%T,(0%#*A ,cE"#B %'Cd%'K'Q%'pj@9 • 1 • 1 1} | 1}   + + = a2. 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6EJbc; b2WJ6En<R?6EJbc;<q3IJK;6>L<=<>h;@h< b21.iJK;6>L<>G3<[;\D;9E:'P0g$,=` '@)0,5#%T,(0%#*A ,cE "#B %'C3/E#=<%Eg$,=` '%B /7E@Y %60>9@N _0,' !a#:'70=C=FE>A%) ! %'$0,U 8S ! • TRl+x6%"#B %'C,U*%_ !,<%'9 ':'B ;0C#!Y @9s3j}uuzs3ykuEz s31EEv1 !"#$%& ','+ @+, !FD0%E=‹=9%'P0 'b !,$%'C,<;0C# !Y @N #E !a#:'70%'9 ':'B ;0C#!Y ,cE"#B %'Cd%'K'Q/E#@9• • GQ;9RS;+FE"#B %'C>A() !/E#,'+ @+,  uuz uEv1'E*s3kuuzs3}uEv1 iumvs3kzs3}{2vs3• iEmv1ts3•vs3j r4*,5#%T,,cE"#B %'CdŒ1@9  2 uuvis3•m 2 vs3kl rFG !'`0- O-'+,2s1jt2s1k |  2:"uEv2s3•sjvs3k2 " 2 EEvis3jm 2 E*s3kluuzs3k2uEzs3slEEv1>98U*!0D"#B %'C=‹,U 8S !%E%&-,5# %T,(0%#*A ,cE"#B %'Cd%'K'Q %'Y'F? !(a /E#=U*i822m b22:iJK;6>LX|<[;\D;9R?6EJbc;&-,5#%T,(0%#*A ,cE"#B %'Cd %'K'Q%'p 3%E%&-%B /7E@Y i%'Y() !3L,2m/E#=<,' !a#:'70%p,@9%#U %'Y,. !%'p,: 2 uuz2:"uEz" 2 EEv1 • TRl+x6%@90/0 '>4%,<,5#%T,(0%#*A d%'K'Q@9s3kluuzs3k2uE zs3slEEv10K%;0C#!Y EE;'. !/0 '/P 3%&-,5#%T,(0%#*A ,5#%T,(0 %#*A ,cE"#B %'C !a#:'70d%'K'QŒ2 "iEmv sj s31|•y 1 2 13}   = = + :iumv1ts31|•yvs3|12y 5# %T,(0%#*A "#B %'CdŒ2@9is3|12ym 2 uuz2s3|12ys31|•yuEz is31|•ym 2 EEv1E*s3}}uuzs3juEzs3skEEv1 b3.WJ6En<R?6EJbc;IJK;6>L6EGH;9>aP<=*@d<JUX8<@wPC%&- =Fn,%'9 ':'B ;0C#!Y ,cE"#B %'C%E%0K '9 '>?0%† !@,#/0[ !@‘3/E#=< 'U %'9 ':'B ;0C#!Y ,cE'E0@,#/@)0>?0 'E# • TRl+ !-6%"#B %'C!0E:'70%Z(3g…%-6%!Y ,<'E0E@Y u>9E,< %B /7%FG !p !@9s3•>9s3j S-%[ ,N: '0]-/h,%'C%FG !=_ !/71~x6% !Y ;'$,,<'E0E@Y >98,<%B /7%FG !p !@9s3|>9s32% !%FD !'n:-o0 !Y "#*=` '-6%%& '%) !3%& '%) !%60@9%60'9 %9 J@Q,$%'C-E !;0C# '& '%60>A,P'E0%R '%) !=Fn,(Z=$ g#5%'0Q % !"#B %'C/M@9 u•y€ |132y€ y131•€ |•3j}€ • GQ;9RS;+B /7;0C#'& 'iuttmviutmitmvi1’EEmi1t88mv s3l1s3l}vs3|•j} M+%!'4i- t ‚$,=` '%J@Q%60%'. !"#E%J@Q@N v1ss€t€@N t ‚$,/#5%;0C#!Y (`'n:% !/7,$%'C,<%60v2:"{i: 2 z2:"m • TRl+d !FD01!Y %[  '0]-/h,%'C%'FD !,<2E@Y u@Y u"#*=` ' %'#4 %E*%$0x6%"#B %'C !FD0=E !d%) !%'$0,U 8S !(0%#*A ,<}k€/7 !FD0%'#4 %E*:'P0x6% !FD0:'Š b%'#4 %E*%$0;K%'. >?01 !FD0=9 . ! %'#4 %E*:'P0%'#6,"#B %'C 9*‚$,/#5%=C !FD0, =B#@^ !%'#4 %E*:'P0 @9 uj•3y€ ys€ kj3•€ }23y€ • GQ;9RS;+ }Ag$,/#5% !FD0%'#4 %E*%$0mzig$,/#5% !FD0,6 !%E*:'P0mv1 t7 !FD0%'#4 %E*%$0v1ss€t}k€vj}€ t+0"iEm@9%B /7E@Y %'#4 %E*%$0 rFG !'`0- O-'+,2s1jt2s1k l  tiEm@9%B /7E@Y %'#4 %E*:'P0 E,<"iEmv j}€ 3}= 3:iumv1ts3}vs3k!FD0:'Š b%'#4 %E*%$0,<;0C#!Y EE;K%'. >?0 !FD0=9 . !%'#4 %E*:'P0,<;0C#!Y uu'N,uEC/0 ', %'#4 %E*%$0%'& !FD0,'_ !:'P0,<;0C#!Y uE ‚$,  g#5%  !N:  !FD0  ,'_ !  %'#4  %E*  :'P0  ,<  ;0C#  !Y  uE  @9   2 2 2s3ks} s3k| 2 s3}k s3}k    = = + †:'…:@E0iuEgEEmt„Œ1“uuz“EEv„‚$,/#5%/0 ' !FD0, %'#4 %E*%$0@9“ r4*g$,/#5%/0 ',E %'#4 %E*%$0%†,N:>n,'_ !%[ @9 s3k| 1  s3j•y s3}k 2 =  ‚$,/#5%/0 ', %'#4 %E*:'P0v1ts3j•yvs3}2yv}23y€=$:$  .~i• (.s6IJy+'0$:(Š !=A%90 9*%.0 '4 %'5* t+,/0 ''p !%'T'+,'G 3%Z%0 'G 8d0,$,Y-=‹%Z!0P0=Fn,-6%/7890%4: t$,Y-,'`#;'<!0P0=A%'0'G %'. !"#E>0Q,,$,Y-%R,',Z,'f0890 t /7;'P/$%d'E0@?:,G8P @?:12uy O-'+,2s12t2s1j>9@?:12u• O-'+,2s1jt2s1k.0,'+ 'E0@?: 9*8d0>& O-'+,2s12t2s1j%.0()*-6%@?: U !,E12u1>9-6%@?:,G8P 12uy3%& '=6'+,/0 '"#$,'[ '@Q,'3 [  ;'. !%'C:'P $ ','R 'g$,'R '>&>4*%.0,'+ @?:12u• O-'+,2s1jt2s1k =‹$:(Š !=A%90/>?0;K%"#P,cE@?:12uy O-'+,2s12t2s1j,'FE$:(Š !=A %90 •60(# !890%4:x6%"#B %'C,<,5#%T,(0%#*A s3kuEs3}EEK#80K% E@Y u@9%60;'. !'9 %9 />?0E@Y E%'&%J@Q,$%'C-E !;0C#'& '%60,cE "#B %'C <0%[ ;'0=)%%) !%'$0,U 8S !@9 uks€j}€k€1}€ •K%"#Pt@?:12uy,<•{jsY-%Z@9-=Fn, t@?:12u•,<2s{jkY-%Z@9-=Fn, 2.?;>;9>?t7+ }B =` ''F? 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