ôn kiến thức luyện kĩ năn làm bài hóa học 9 theo chuẩn kiến thức nguyễn hữu thạc

7-'»'" 1 NGUYfeN Htru THAC - TRAN NGOC THANG - NGUYfeN HOAl NAM ON KIEN THUrc LUYEN Kl NANG LAM BAI • HO A HOC 9 THEO CHUAN Klf N THtfC Ili'J VIEM Ti f-'H aiNH IHUA'* teVL M5 3/|(y -14 , NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC SU^ PHAM LOI NOI DAU Cuon sach "On Men thitc - Luyen Id nang lam bai (Theo chudn kien tMc) - Hod hoc 9" nham giiip cac em hoc sinh lop 9 nam chac kidn thiic va nang cao ki nang giai bai tap Hoa hoc thu6c chuong trlnh Idp 9, trong d6 c6 chii y nhilu den ki nang lam bai tap trac nghiem. N6i dung cuon sach gom 4 phSn: PHANI - ON TAP THEO CHUAN KJEN TfflJC Phan nay trlnh bay tom tat nhung tdng hop toan bo kien thiic Hoa hoc cua sach giao khoa Idp 9 theo chuong trinh cai each ciia Bo Giao due va Dao tao, nham giiip em hoc sinh on tap nhanh va nam kien thiic sau hon. PHAN II - LUYEN KI NANG THEO CHUAN KIEN THirC A. Cau hoi va bai tap G6m nhi^u bai tap trac nghiem va bai tap tu luan, giiip hoc sinh nang cao ki nang van dung kie'n thiic di, giai bai tap, nhat la giai bai tap trac nghiem (each chon dap an diing va nhanh nhat). B. Huong dan tra 161 cau lioi va giai bai tap Cac em hoc sinh chi sir dung phan nay sau khi da tra loi cac cau hoi va giai cac bai tap b phSn A de' ki^m tra kie'n thiic va ki nang cua minh, tii do b6 sung nhung kid'n thiic va ki nang eon thieu. PHAN III - Gl6l THIEU MOT SO DE KIEM TRA , ^, I. De kiem tra 15 phut II. De kiem tra 45 pliiit PHAN IV - Gldl THIEU DE THI HOC SINH GIOI L(3P 9 - MON HOA HOC Hi vong rang cuOn sach nay se giiip ieh nhi^u cho cac em hoc sinh 6n tap va ren luyen ki nang de chudn bi t6't cho ki ki^m tra cu6'i hoc ki va cu6'i nam. Chiing t6i ra't mong nhan dupe nhirng y kie'n dong gop xay dung cua ban doe d^ \in xua't ban sau cu6n sach dupe hoan thien hon. Xin tran trpng cam crn! CAC TAC GIA .:;o fi^/ ±iU Gri'I:; mki (' qUi ilm '.K^ :nlrl<l ndiD yrtfilvf'J'i^ PHANI^. ON TAP THEO CHUAN KIEN THUTC Chirong 1 \ryr'.r-^-^Ki CAC LOAI HOP CHAT V6 CO I-OXIT ,., ,„,,,^,., Ojf/f /a /icT? chat cm oxi vdi mot ngiiyen tokhdc. 1. Phanloqi a) Theo tinh chdt hod hoc cua oxit: Chia thanh b6'n loai oxit; Oxit axit la nhiJng oxit tac dung vdi bazo tao thanh mu6'i va HjO. Oxit baza la nhung oxit tac dung vdri axit tao thanh mu6'i va H2O. Oxit licdng tinh la nhung oxit vira tac dung vdi axit vCra tac dung vdi bazo tao thanh muoi va nuorc. Oxit trung tinh (con goi la oxit kh6ng tao mu(5i) la nhiJng oxit khdng tac dung vdi nude, axit va baza. Thi du: CO, NO b) Theo thanh phdn nguyen to tao oxit: Chia thanh hai loai oxit: Oxit kim loai: Nguyen to tao oxit la kim loai. ' ' Oxit phi kim: Nguyfin to' tao oxit la phi kim. I 2. Ten goi Cdch 1: Ten oxit = Ten nguyen td tao oxit (kem hoa tri vdi nguyen td cd nhilu hoa tri) + oxit. i-v'^x^ n>;' / > - • • .,.,1 • Thi du: FcjO,: Sat(in) oxit. Cdch 2: Diing tiln td mono (la mot), di (la hai), tri (la ba) di chi sd nguyen tit cua mdi nguyen td trong phan tiJ oxit. Thi du: NjO,: Dinita pentaoxit (penta la nam). Cdch 3: Ddi vdi oxit axit con cd ten goi la anhidrit ciia axit tu<mg iJng. Thi du: SO,: Anhidrit sunfuric (axit tircfng ling la HjSO^). 3. Tinh chdt hoa hoc cua oxit bazo - Tdc dung vdi oxit axit: Tao thanh mudi. Thi du: • CaO + SO, ^CaSO, ' • - Tdc dung vdi axit: Tao thanh mudi va nude. Thi du: MgO + HClMgCl^ + H^O - Tdc dung v&i nucfc: M6t sO' oxit bazcf tac dung duoc vdi nudc, tao thanh dung dich baza r/i/<iM.• Na20 + H20^2NaOH 4. TTnh chdt hoa hoc cua oxit exit -Tdc dungvdi oxit bazcf:laoXhmhmu6i.Thi du: CO^+CaO-^CaCOj - Tdc dung vdi nuac: Da s6' oxit axit tac dung dugc vdi nude, tao thanh axit. Thi du: P^O, + SH^O -> 2H3PO, - Tdc dung vdi baza: Tao thanh mu6'i va niidrc. Thi du: SO2 + Ba(OH)2 BaSOj + H^O 5. Tinh chdt cua oxit laong tinh - Tdc dung vdi axit: Tao thanh mu6'i va nirdfc. Thi du: AI2O3 + 6HC1 ^ 2AICI3 + 3H2O - Tdc dung vdi baza kiem: Tao thanh mu6'i va nude. Thi du: Aip, + 2NaOH2NaA102 + H^O II. MOT SO OXIT QUAN TRONG 1. Conxi oxit (CaO) - La cha't ran, mau trang, nong chay b nhiet d6 rat cao. CaO hut nude ra't manh, nen dung lam kho m6t s6' cha't khi. - La oxit bazo: Tac dung vdi nudc, vdi axit va oxit axit. - San xua't CaO: Nung da vdi (CaCOO trong 16 vdi: CaCOj —^ Cao + CO^ t 2. Lau huynh dioxit (SO2) - La chat khi khong mau, mui hac, nang hem khong khi. SO2 hoa long 6 -10"C , hoa ran b -73"C. - La oxit axit: Tac dung vdi nudc, vdi baza va oxit bazcf. -DieuchekhiS02: Trong phong thi nghiem: TiT mudi sunfit va tijr axit HjSO^dae, ndng. Na^SO, + H^SOJoang -> Na^SO, + SO^ t + H^O Cu + 2H2S04d.n -> CuSO, + SO^ t + 2H2O Trong cdng nghiep: Tijr luu huynh va tijf quang pirit: . S S + O2—^SOj ^.^5 4FeS2 + 1IO2 —^ 8SO2 t + 2Fe203 > . (Quang pirit) > III. AXIT Axit Id hap chdt md phdn ti( c6 mot hay nhieu nguyen tie hidro lien kit vdi goc axit, cdc nguyen tit hidro nay c6 the duac thay the bang cdc nguyen tit kim loai. 1. Phan loai ^ Dua vao thanh phSn phan tir, axit duac chia thanh hai loai: - Axit khong co oxi: HCl, HjS, HBr - Axit CO oxi: HN03,H2S04,H2C03 2. Ten gpi - Axit khong co oxi: Ttn axit = Axit + ten phi kim + hidric. Thi du: HCl: Axit clohidrie. - Axit CO nhieu nguyen /«" oxi: T^n axit = Axit + ten phi kim + ic. Thi du: H2SO4: Axit sunfuric. - Axit CO it nguyen tic oxi: T6n axit = Axit + t6n phi kim + cf. r/z/JM; H2SO3: Axit sunfuror. , 3. Tinh chdt hoa hoc cua axit - Axit lam ddi mau quy tim thanh do. - Nhieu kim loai hoat ddng tac dung vdi axit, tao thanh mud'i va giai phong ^iW^.Thidu: Zn + 2HCl->ZnCl2+H21. Rieng axit nitric HNO, va axit H2S04dac tac dung vdi hSu he't eae kim loai (trilr platin Pt va vang Au), tao thanh mud'i nhimg khong gidi phong khi H^. - Tac dung vdi baza va oxit baza, tao thanh mud'i va nirde. - Dua vao tmh chat hoa hoc, axit duac phan thanh 2 loai: Axit mgnh nhu HCl,HN03,H2S04loang Axit ye'u nhu H2S,H2C03,H2S03 IV. MpT SO AXIT QUAN TRONG 1. Axit clohidrie (HCl) - Khi hidro clorua HCl tan trong nudc tao thanh dung dich axit clohidrie. - Axit clohidrie ed nhimg tinh cha't chung ciia axit: Lam ddi mau quy tim thanh do. Tac dung vdi: kim loai, baza, oxit baza va mudi, tao thanh mudi clorua. 2. Axitsunfuric (HjSOJ " " - La chat long sanh, kh6ng mau, nang hon nuorc, tan nhieu trong nudrc va toa nhiSt. - Axit sunfuric lodng: Co tinh chat gi6'ng axit clohidric. - Axit sunfuric dqc: Co nhOtig tinh chat hoa hoc rifing: + Tac dung voi kim loai: Axit H2SO4 dac, nong tac dung vdi ta't ca cac kim loai (trii platin Pt va vang Au) tao thanh mudi sunfat va khong gidi phong khi H2. + Tinh hdo nuac: Hiit nu6c ra't manh nen dung lam khd khi im, lam khan cac mudi hidrat. Gay hien tucfng than hoa cac hop chat hiru cor. Thi du: Axit H2SO4 dac biS'n dudng thanh than: C12H22Q.1 ) I2C + IIH2O 3. San xudt axit sunfuric - Trong cdng nghiSp, axit sunfuric dupe san xua't bang phuong phap tiep xiic tir nguyen lieu la luu huynh (S) hay quang pirit (FeS2). - Cac cdng doqn san xudt: + San xua't khi SO2: Ddt S hoac quang pirit: S + '° > SO^. Hoac 4FeS2 +1 lOj ^ 2Fe203 + SSO^ t + San xua't SO3: 2SO2 + O2 y > 2SO3 + San xua't axit sunfuric: SO3 + H2O H2SO4 4. Nhqn biet axit sunfuric va muoi sunfat - Dung thudc thu la mudi bari (BaCl2 hay Ba(N03)2), nhan bie't axit H2SO4 va mudi sunfat bang ke't tua BaS04 mau trdng. Na2S0, + BaCl2 -> BaSO, i + 2NaCl - Phan biet axit H2SO4 va muoi sunfat bang quy tim (chi c6 axit la do quy tim). V. BAZO Baza la hap chat ma phdn ti( c6 mot nguyen tie kim loai lien kei vdi mot hoac nhieu nhom hidroxit (-OH). 1. Phan loqi Dua vao tinh tan trong mdc cm bazo, chia thanh hai loai: - Baza tan duac trong nude (gpi la bazokiem): NaOH,Ba(OH)2 - Baza khong tan trong nude (gpi la bazp khdng tan): Cu(0H)2, Fe(OH)3 2. Ten gpi , H'iUr^' Ten bazo = Ten kim loai (hoa tri) + hidroxit. , Thidu: Fe(OH)3: Sat(III) hidroxit. 3. Tinh chdt hoa hoc cua bazo - BazP lam quy tim chuyen thanh xanh, phenolphtalein khdng mau chuy^n thanh mau do. - Tac dung vdi axit - Phan ling trung hoa: ,^ Cu(OH)2 + H2SO, ^ CUSO4 + 2H2O - Dung dich bazo tac dung vdi oxit axit, tao thanh mudi va nude. - Dung dich bazo tac dung vdi dung dich mudi, tao thanh mudi mdi va bazP mdi. Thi du: Ba(0H)2 + NajSO^ -> BaSO, i + 2NaOH . - BazP khdng tan bi nhiet phan tao oxit bazo va nude. Thi du: 2Fe(OH)3 ^^Fe203 + 3H2O VI. IVIOT SO BAZO QUAN TRONG 1. Natrl hidroxit (NaOH) - La cha't ran khdng mau, hiit am manh, tan nhieu trong nude, an mdn da (do vay cd ten la xiit an da). - Cd My dii tinh cha't ciia bazo ki^m: Lam xanh quy tim, tac dung vdi axit, oxit axit tao thanh mudi va nude. Tac dung vdi mdt sd dung dich mudi, tao thanh mudi mdi va baza mdi. Thi du: -th h •^•mi m ««t)J> ofjJ 3NaOH + FeCl3-> Fe(0H)3 ^ + 3NaCl - San xuat NaOH: Dien phan dung dich NaCl bao hoa cd mang ngan: 2NaCl + 2H20^!=_>2NaOH + CI2 t + H2 t 2. Canxi hidroxit (Ca(OH)2) - La chat ran mau trang, it tan trong nude. Dung dich bdo hod Ca(0H)2 trong nude goi Id nicdc voi trong. - Canxi hidroxit cd day du nhung tinh cha't ehung cua mdt baza. 3. Thang pH Di bidu thi dd axit hoac dp baza ciia dung dich ngudi ta dung thang pH. - Nude ca't (nude tinh khiet) va cac dung djch trung tinh cd pH = 7. - Dung dich baza cd pH > 7: pH cang Idn, luc baza cang manh. - Dung dich axit cd pH < 7: pH cang nhd, luc axit cang manh. VII. MUOl Mndi la hop chat ma phdn tu: gom mot hay nhieu nguyen tvc kim loai lien kit v&i mot hay nhieu goc axit. 1. Phdnloqi Dira vao thanh phan phan i\x, mu6'i duoc chia thanh hai loai: - Muoi tiling hod: Trong g6'c axit kh6ng c6 nguydn i\x hidro c6 th^ thay the' bang nguyen tir kim loai. Thi du: K^SO^, Na^CO,, FeCl^ - Muoi axit: Trong g6'c axit con nguyfin i\x hidro c6 th^ thay the bang nguyen tijf kim loai. r/jiJM Na2HP04, KHSO,, CaCHCOj)^ 2. Ten gpi cua muoi Ten mu6'i = ten kim loai (hoa tri) + ten g6'c axit. r/H JM Fe^CSOJj: Sat(III) sunfat. CaCHCOj)^: Canxi hidrocacbonat. 3. Tinh chdt hoa hoc - Tac dung vdi kim loai: Tao thanh mu6'i m6\a kim loai m6\. Thi du: Zn + 2AgN03 Zn(NO, \ 2Ag 4^ - Tac dung vdi axit: Tao thanh mu6'i mdi va axit mdi. Thi du: AgNO, + HCl AgCl i + HNO3 - Tac dung vdi baza: Tao thanh mu6'i mdi va bazo mdi. Thi du: Na^CO, + Ca(0H)2 ^ CaCO, i + 2NaOH - Tac dung vdi mud'i: Tao thanh hai mu6'i mdi. Thi du: BaCl^ + Na^SO, ^ BaSO, i + 2NaCl - Phan ung phan huy: Nhi^u mu6'i bi phan huy b nhiet d6 cao. Thi du: 2Cu(N03)2 —^ 2CuO + 4NO2 t + O2 t CaCOj —^ CaO + CO2 t 4. TTnh tan - TSit ca cac mu6'i nitrat d^u tan. - Cac mu6'i clorua thucmg gap diu de tan, trCr AgCl, PbGl2 - Trong s6 cac mu6'i cacbonat, chi c6 mu6'i cacbonat cua kim loai kiem tan trong nu6c. Cac mu6'i cacbonat axit (hidrocacbonat) d^u de tan. VIII. PHAN QNG TRAO 061 1. Ojnh nghla Phan ung trao ddi la phan ling hoa hoc, trong do hai cha't tham gia phan iJng trao ddi thanh phan vdi nhau d^ tao ra nhung hop chat mdri. Thi du: Ba(N03 \ Na^CO, -» BaCO, i + 2NaN03 2. Oieu kien de xay ra phan tmg trao ddi Phan ling trao doi trong dung dich xay ra khi san ph^m tao thanh c6 chd't dibay hoi hogc chdt khong tan (tao thanh ke't tiia). IX. PHAN BON HOA HOC Phdn bon hod hoc Id nhifng muoi vd ca, trong thanh phdn co chifa mot trong cdc nguyen to: nita (N), photpho (P), kali (K) hoac chiia d6ng thcri ba nguyen t6' tren. Nhung phan bon hoa hoc thucmg diing la phan bon dan va phan bon kep. 1. Phan bon don Phan bon dan chi chira 1 trong 3 nguyen to dinh duang chi'nh la: dam (N), lan (P), hoac kali (K). -v-Vi n ' r^t - Phdn dam (chiia nita): Ure (CO(NH2)2), amoni nitrat (NH^NO,), amoni sunfat ((NHJ^SO^) - Phdn Idn (chiia photpho): Photphat tu nhien (Ca3(P04)2), supephotphat don iCa(H^PO^\ CaSO,), supephotphat kep (CaiU^PO,)^). -Phdn kali: KC1,K2S04 2. Phan bon kep 0' Phan bon kep chiia hai hoac ca ba nguyen t6' dinh duang 1^ N, P, K. Thi du: Phan NPK (chiia ba nguyen t6' dinh dirong), phan amophot la h6n hop cac muoi NH^H^PO, va (NHJ^HPO, (chiia NvaP). 3. Phan vi iupng Chiia luang rat nho cac nguyen t6' hoa hoc dudi dang hgfp cha't. Chirong 2 KIM LOAI • I. TINH CHAT VAT LI - Tinh cha't vat If dac tnmg nha't cua kim loai la: deo, dSn di6n, dfin nhiet tot (Ag dan dien t6t nha't roi den Cu, Al, Fe ), c6 anh kim. - 6 dieu kien thudng, kim loai t6n tai d trang thai ran (tinh the), trCr Hg cf trang thai long. - Nhiet do nong chay rat khac nhau: t'^^(Hg) = -30"C, t",(W) = 3410"C . D6 cung cua kim loai cung rat khac nhau. - Ngu6i ta con phan bi6t: kim loai den (Fe, Mn, Cr) va kim loai mdu (g6m cac kim loai con lai). II. TINH CHAT HOA HOC 1. Tac dung v6l phi kim Oxi Oxit kim loai Kim loai + \o -> Muoi clorua [Luai huynh -> Mu6'i sunfua 2. Tac dung v6i hidro Chi CO kim loai kiem va kiem tho phan ung vdfi tao thanh hop cha't hidrua kim loai kh6ng ben, d6 bi thuy phan. Thi du: 2Na + ^ 2NaH (natri hidrua) NaH + H20->NaOH + H2 t 3. Tac dung v6i nude - O nhiet do thudng: Kim loai ki^m va ki^m th6 phan ung vdi HjO. , Thi du: Ca + 2Y{f> Ca(0H)2 +0^1 - U nhiet do cao: Nhung kim loai dung trudrc hidro trong day hoat dong hoa hoc phan ung vdi . Thi du: Fe + HjO—^FeO + Hj t 4. Tac dung v6i axit - Tac dung vai axit thudng: Nhung kim loai dung tru6c hidro phan ung voi axit, tao ra mu6'i va gidi phong H2^. - Tac dung vdi axit nitric HNO3 vd axit sunfuric H^O^ ddc, nong: HSu he't cac kim loai phan ung (trir vang Au va platin Pt), khong gidi phong Hj. Thi du: Cu + 2H2SO4 (dac) ^ CUSO4 + S02t + 2H2O Zn + 4HNO3 (dac) -> Zn(N03)2 + SNOjt + 2H2O 5. Tac dung v6i dung djch kiem Nh6m va kem la hai kim loai hoat d6ng va hidroxit cua chung c6 tinh ludng tinh, c6 th^ tac dung vdri dung dich ki^m. Thi du: 2A1 + 2KOH + 2H2O ^ 2KAIO2 + 3H2t ^ ; 6. Kim loqi mqnh day kim logi yeu ra khoi hop chdt - Day ra khoi dung dich muoi. Thi du: Zn + CuSO^ ZnSO^ + Cu 4^ - - Day ra khoi oxit d nhiet do cao (phan ung nhiet kim loai): Phan ling xay ra b nhiet d6 cao va toa nhilu nhiet, lam nong chay cac kim loai. Thi du: 2A1 + Fe^O, AI2O3 + 2Fe Phan ling nay thudng duoc diing de di^u che' cac kim loai kho nong chay. 7. Day hoqt dong hoa hoc cua mot so kim loqi K Na Mg Al Zn Fe Pb H Cu Ag Au Day hoat d6ng hoa hoc ciia m6t so kim loai giam dan Trong day nay: - Tijr trai sang phai, d6 hoat d6ng cua kim loai giam dSn. ' - Chi nhung kim loai dung trudc H moi day dugfc Hj ra khoi dung dich axit. - M6t s(5 kim loai dung dSu day nhu K, Na tac dung duoc vdfi HjO, giai phong H2. - Kim loai dung trudc (trir K va Na) day dugfc kim loai dung sau ra khoi dung dich mu6'i. III. NHOM 1. Tinh chdt vqt li - Nhom la kim loai nhe, trdng nhu bac, t", = 660° C. - Nh6m rat deo, din dien, dSn nhiet tot. De tao thanh hop kim v6i cac kim loai khac. 2. Tinh chdt hoa hoc Nh6m CO diy du nhung tmh cha't cua kim loai (da neu tren). Dac biet chii S la: Nhom bi thu dong hoa trong axit HNO3 ddc, ngugi vd trong axit H2SO4 ddc, ngugi. - Tac dung vai phi kim: 4Al + 30^ '° )2Al203 2A1 + 3S—^AljSj 2AI + 3CI2-^2A1C13 - Tdc dung vcfi H^O: loai bo lop AljO, bao vS, Al tac dung vdi H2O: 2A1 + 6H2O ^ 2Al(OH)3 + t - Tdc dung vdi axit: Vdi axit thucmg va HNO3 loang, nhdm phan ting manh. Thidu: 2A1 + 3H2SO, ^ A1,(S0,)3 + 1 8A1 + 3OHNO3 (loang) -> SAICNO,), + 3N2O +1 SH^O - Tdc dnng vcd dung dich kiem, tao thdnh muoi aluminat: 2A1 + 2NaOH + ZH^O ^ 2NaA102 + 3H2 T - Phdn i(ng day kim logi yeu ra khoi hap chat - Phdn iCng nhiet nhdm: 2Al + 3CuSO, -> Alj (SO, \ 3Cu 8 Al + 3Fe30, 4 Al^O, + 9Fe 3. San xudt nhdm Dien phan h6n hop nong chay cua AljOj va criolit: 2A1,03 "P"" >4Al + 30, T IV. SAT 1. TTnh chdtvgt li - sat m kim loai mau trang bac, = 1539°C. Sat c6 tinh deo, dan difin, dan nhiet t6't. - Sat CO tinh nhi§m tiir va khijf tijf nfin duoc diing trong ddng co difin, may phat di6n va nam cham dien. 2. Tinh chdt hoa hoc Khac vdi nhieu kim loai khac, sat the' hien hai dang hoa tri: hda tri II va hoa tri IE (tuy thudc vao di^u kien phan ling). - Tdc dung vdi oxi: Tao thanh oxit sat tilt: 3Fe + 2O2 —^ FCjO, (FeCFe^O,) - Tdc dung vai phi kim: Sat tac dung vdi hSu he't cac phi kim, tao thanh mu6i. Thidu: 2Fe + 3Cl,—^2Fea3 - Tdc dung vai nude: CJ nhiet d6 thudmg: Xay ra cham, tao thanh Fe(OH)2 r6i chuye'n thanh FeO. 6 nhiet dd cao (sat ndng do): Fe + H,0 >FeO + H, t 3Fe + 4H,Q )Fe30, + AE.^ t - Tdc dung vcfi axit: Tac dung vdi axit thucmg, tao thanh mud'i sat(n). Thi du: Fe + H J SO, ^ FeSO, + H2 T Tac dung vdi axit HNO3, H2SO4 dac, nong, tao thanh mud'i sat(m). Thi du: Fe + 4HNO3 (loang) ^ Fe(N03)3 + NO + 2H2O sat kh6ng tac dung (bi thu dong hoa) vdi axit HNO3 dac, ngudi va axit H2SO4 dac, ngu6i. - Tdc dung vdi muoi: cua nhOng kim loai kem hogt dgng hem. Thi du: Fe, + CuSO, -> FeSO, +C\ii V. HOP KIM CUA SAT 1. Gang Gang la hap kim cua sat va cacbon (2-5%) va mot so nguyen to khdc nhu Si, Mn,S Gang cung va gion hon sat. Gang CO hai loai: Gang trdng dting d^ luyen thep. Gang xam dung 6i due be may. 2. Thep Thep la hap kim cua sat va cacbon (< 2%) va mdt sd'nguyen td'khdc nhu Si, Mn, S Thep CO nhi6u tinh ch& vat If quy hon sat nhu tinh dan h6i, ciing, it bi an mon. VI. SU AN MON KIM LOAI VA BAO VE KIM LOAI KHONG BJ AN MON Suphd huy kim logi, hap kim do tdc dung hod hoc trong moi trUdng ggi Id sudn mon kim logi. 1. NhQng yeu to anh hudng den sa an mon kim loqi - Anh hucmg cua cac chat cd trong m6i tnrcfng. - Anh hucmg ciia thanh phSn kim loai. - Anh hucmg cua nhiet dd. ' 2. Bao v$ kim loqi khong bj an mon - Ngan khdng cho kim loai tie'p xuc vdi mdi trudng: son, trang men, bdi dSuma, ma dien ! - Che' tao hop kim ft bi an mon: thep khdng gi (inox), thep crom Them chftiJcche'anmon. Chirong 3 PHI KIM - SO LJOC VE BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC I. TINH CHAT CUA PHI KIM ' • ' ' t 1. Tinh chdtvqtiT - C5 dieii kien thucfng, phi kim t6n tai 6 ba trang thai: + Trang thai ran: Cacbon, liru huynh, iot, photpho ' + Trang thai long: Brom (Brj). + Trang thai khi: Clo (CI2), nito (N2), oxi (O2), hidro (H2) - Phi kim dan dien, dSn nhiet ra't kem. Nhiet d6 nong chay tha'p. 2. Tinh chdt hoa hoc - Tdc dung vcfi kim loai: Tao thanh mu6'i. Thi du: Fe + S—5%FeS - Tdc dung vai kim oxi: Tao thanh oxit axit. Thi du: S + O2—^^SOj - Tdc dung vai hidro: Tao thanh hop chat khi. Thi du: CI2+H2 ^2HC1 - Miic do hoqt dong cua phi kim: Th^ hien 6 miic d6 phan ling vdi hidro va voi kim loai. Flo la phi kim hoat ddng manh nha't, sau do la oxi, clo, liru huynh II. CLO 1. Tinhchdtvqtli - Clo la cha't khi mau vang luc, nang hon khdng khi. - Clo It tan trong nude. Dung dich clo tan trong nu6c goi la nude clo. - Qo la chat khi rat d6c, khi thd nhi^u clo se bi ngat va c6 thd dan deh tCr vong. 2. Tinh chdt hoa hoc - Clo phan ihig vai hdu het kim loai: Tao thanh muoi clorua. Thi du: 3Cl2+2Fe—5^2FeCl3 -TdcdiingvaiZ/^; + -^2HC1 ChA y: Clo kh6ng phan ving true tie'p vdi oxi. - Tdc dung vai HjO - Tinh tdy mau cua clo: CI,+H20->HCi + HC10 H6n hop gom CI2, HCl, HCIO tan trong nu6c goi la nitdc clo. Nu6c clo c6 tinh tdy mau la do HCIO khong ben, khi bi ehieu sang no phan huy: HClO^^HCl + 0 Oxi nguyen tu c6 tinh oxi hoa ra't manh, no t^y mau, diet trung. - Tdc dung vai baza: + Clo tac dung voi dung dich NaOH lodng va ngugi, tao thanh nudre Gia-ven: Clj + 2NaOH -> NaCl + NaClO + H^Q (NuiJc Gia-ven) + Khi clo tac dung vdi dung dich bazo dac, nong, tao thanh mud'i clorat: 3CI2 + 6K0H —5%. KCIO3 + 5KC1 + mp - Day brom, iot ra khoi muoi: Cl2+2KBr^2KCl + Br2 3. Oleucheclo a) Dieu che'clo trong phong thi nghiem Diing chat oxi hoa manh nhu Mn02, KMn04 d^ oxi hoa dung dich HQ dac. Thidu: 4HC1 + MnO, —^ MnCl, + 2H,0 + CI, t •' 16Ha + 2KMn0, —^2KCI + 2MnCl2 + SH^O + SCI, T b) Dieu che clo trong cong nghiep * Dien phan dung dich NaCl bao hoa c6 mang ngan x6'p d^ ngan each cue am (catot) va cue duong (anot): 2NaCl + 2H,0 CI, T + H, T + 2NaOH III. CACBON 1. Cac dqng thu hinh cua cacbon Hien tucfng m6t nguyen t6' hoa hoe ton tai cf m6t s6' dang don chat khae nhau goi la hien tuang thii hinh. Cdc dang dan chdt khdc nhau cua cung mot nguyen to hod hoc goi Id cdc dang thii hinh ciia nguyen to do. Nguyen t6 cacbon (C) t6n tai or ba dang don cha't (ba dang thu hinh) chinh la kim cuang, than chi va cacbon v6 dinh hinh. a) Kim cUffng: Ca'u tao mang tinh the dac biet: M6i nguyfin tir C each deu 4 nguyen tir C khac. Kim cucfng rat cimg, nhimg don, trong su6't, kh6ng mau, sang la'p lanh. b) Than chi: Mau xam sam, mem, dSn dien t6't. Dugc dung lam ru6t but chi, lam diSn cue. c) Cacbon vd dinh hinh: Than g6, than da, than xuong, m6 hong: mau den, x6'p, c6 tinh ha'p phu nen dung trong mat na ch6'ng doc. 2. Tinh chdt vqt li - Cac dang thii hinh cua cacbon d^u ra't kho nong chay, kh6ng tan trong nu6c nhung tan nhi6u trong kim loal nOng chay. - Than g6, than xuong c6 tinh chdt hap phu mau trong dung dich. 3. Tinh chdt hoa hoc 6 nhiet do thucmg, cacbon kha tro. Khi d6't nong no phan img vdi nhi^u cha't. • - Tdc dung vai oxi: C + —^ CO, - Tdc dung voi kim logi. Cacbon tac dung vdi m6t s6' kim loai. Thi dii: Ca + 2C >CaC; (canxi cacbua) - Tdc dung vai oxit kim logi. Cacbon khii duoc nhi^u oxit kim loai. Thi dii: 2CuO + C—^2Cu + CO2 T - Tdc dung voi hidro. Tao thanh metan: C + 2H, >CH, IV. CAC OXIT CUA CACBON 1. Cacbon oxit (CO) - CO la chat khi khfing mau, kh6ng mui, ra't d6c. - Khi CO chay cho ngon lia mau xanh, toa nhieu nhiet: 2CO + O2 —^2C02 + 565kJ - Khi CO khur dugtc nhi^u oxit kim loai. Thi du: Fe^O, + 3CO —^ 2Fe + 3C0^ t - Khi CO la oxit trung tinh (oxit kh6ng tao mu6'i). 2. Cacbon dioxit (COj) - La chat khi khdng mau, nang hon khOng khi. - Khi CO2 la oxit axit: Tac dung vdi nude, tac dung vdi bazo va tac dung vdri oxit bazcr. - Dieu chekhi CO2: Cho da v6i (CaCO,) tac dung vdi axit HCl: f CaCO, + 2HC1 -> CaCIj +CO^"[ + H^O V. AXIT CACBONIC VA MUOl CACBONAT 1. Axit cacbonic (H2CO3) - Axit H2CO3 la axit khong ben, dl bi phan h6y: ' '' . HjCO, ^HjO + COj t - La axit yS'u nen nhigu axit day dugc axit HjCO, ra khoi mu6'i cacbonat. Thidu: CaCO, + 2HC1 -> CaClj + H^COj H2O CO, .iVfv,<v,v 2. Muol cacbonat - Mudi cacbonat trung hod dugc ggi la cacbonat (Na2C03, CuCO, ). - Mudi cacbonat axit dugc ggi la hidrocacbonat (NaHCO,, Ca(HC03)2). - Phan 16n cac mudi cacbonat khong tan trong nude, trii mudi cacbonat cua kim loai kilm va amoni. . . , - Phdn Idn cac mudi hidrocacbonat di tan trong nude. - HSu het cac mudi cacbonat va hidrocacbonat deu di bi phan huy b nhiet do cao (trir mudi cacbonat cua kim loai kiem). Thi du: CaCO, —^ CaO + CO, t ' " 2NaHC0, —i^Na^CO, + CO, T + H,0 VI. SILIC - CONG NGHIEP SILICAT 1. Trqng thai ta nhien cua silic Trong tu nhien, silic khdng tdn tai d trang thai tu do, tdn tai d dang hgp chat, pho bien la: thach anh Si02, dat set trang (cao lanh) Al2O3.2siO2.2H2O. 2. Tinh chdt cua silic - Silic la cha't rSn, mau xam, khd ndng chay, dSn dien kem. Silic Id chdt ban dan. - Silic la phi kim hoat ddng ye'u: Khdng phan ling vdi H2 va dung dich axit loang. - Silic phan ung tuong dd'i manh vdi dung djch kiim: Si + 2NaOH + H20^Na2Si03+2H2 tic ' - 6 nhiet dd cao, silic phan ling dugc vdi: Mot sd phi kim nhu: Si + 2CI2 '" > SiCl4 ^ Mdt sd kim loai nhu: Si + 2Mg Mg^Si (magie silixua) [...]... tram theo thi tich va theo khdi lugng cua cat chat trong hdn hop A Cac the tich d^u do d dktc b) Ha'p thu toan bo khi CO2 tao thanh or phan ung trtn vao binh chiJa 300 ml dung dich Ba(OH)2 0,75M, tha'y xua't hien m gam ket tua trSng Tinh m 2. 39 Ci di^u kien chuin 3,36 h't h6n hop khi g6m metan va etilen c6 kh6i luang 3 gam a) Ti'nh thanh ph^n phSn tram cua cac cha't c6 trong hdn hop theo the tich va theo. .. Na2C03 va NaHCO, 1 Thanh phSn % cua Na2C03 va NaHCO, l^n lucrt la A 57, 79% va 44,21% B 44,21% va 55, 79% C 60,80% va 39, 20% D 52,70% va 47,30% II BAI T A P T l J L U A N 3.27 a) Trong c6ng nghifip, tir 1kg quang pirit nguydn cha't c6 the' dieu che duoc bao nhieu kg dung dich axit H2SO4 98 %? Biet hieu suat toan b6 qua trinh sdn xua't la 90 % b) Neu each lam d^ pha che' dung dich H2SO4 c6 ndng d6 3,75M tit... 20% va 1 09, 36 m l B 10% va 1 09, 4 m l •; C 2 0 % va 120,62 m l D 18% va 1 09, 36 m l 1.23 De dieu che Cu(0H)2 ngucfi ta dung cac hoa chat: A HCl B H2SO4 A Cu, HCl, NaOH B CuO, HCl, NaOH C.NaOH D.NaCl C Cu, H2SO4 (d.n), K O H D Ca B va C deu dugc ~? ; 1.24 TrSn dung djch chiia 0,2 mol CuClj vdi dung dich chiia 20 gam NaOH Khd'i lucfng ket tua thu duoc la (biet hieu suat phan ling la 80%) A 19, 6 gam... xua't tCr mudi an (NaCl) Ti'nh thanh phan phan tram theo khdi lugng mdi hidrocacbon trong hdn hgp Biet rang cac the' tich deu do d dktc 2.41 Hdn hgp khi A gdm CO va mot hidrocacbon De ddt chay hoan toan 6,72 lit khi A dung het 39, 2 lit khdng khi Phan ung tao thanh 8 ,96 lit CO2 va 1,8 gam H2O Xac dinh cdng thirc phan tii cua hidrocacbon va thanh phan tram theo the tich cac khi cd trong hdn hgp A Biet rang... 0, ^ 2Fe + S C O ^ dugc V l i t k h i cacbonic ( d dktc) Biet hieu sua't phan ihig l a 9 0 % 2Hfi B SiOj + 4HC1 ^ SiCl^ T + B magie J 3.15 D u n g d i c h chiJa 98 0 gam H2SO4 tac dung he't v d i N a H C O , d u , t h u 3 .9 Phan utig hoa hoc nao sau day khOng xay ra? , " ,^ K i m loai d d la D 0,03 l i t 3. 19 Hoa tan 4,48 l i t k h i hidro clorua ( d dktc) vao 42,7 m l nude, thu dugc dung d i c... b) Ti'nh thanh phSn phSn tram theo kh6'i lugng cua FcjO, trong quang c) Can bao nhifiu ta'n quang noi tren de san xua't duoc 1 ta'n gang chua 96 % sat? 1. 39 Cho 10 gam b6t h6n hop cac kim loai g6m Al, Mg va Cu vao dung dich HCl du Phan ling ket thiic, thu dugc 10,08 lit khi (dktc) va 1 gam chat ran kh6ng tan a) Viet cac phuofng trinh hoa hoc b) Tinh thanh phan phan tram theo kh6'i lugng m6i kim loai... CH3COOH 0,4M C6 can dung dich thu dugc m gam mu6'i A 4,10 B 4,80 C 3 ,96 D.4,34 5.25 Cho 6 gam axit axetic phan ling vdi 9, 2 gam rucm etylic c6 axit sunfuric dac lam xiic tac Biet hieu suat phan ung la 60% Kh6'i lugng este thu dugc la A 6,16 gam B 7,12 gam C 4 ,94 gam D 5,28 gam 5.26 Len men rugu m gam glucoza thanh rugu etylic vdi hieu sua't la 90 %, thu dugc 11,2 lit khi CO2 (6 dktc) Gia tri cua m la Gia tri... 28,426 D 28 ,96 3 A 49 B 50 C 52 D.46 5.27 Dot chay hoan toan 4,5 gam chat hOu co X , thu duac 6,6 gam khi CO va 2,7 gam H2O Bie't kh6'i luong mol cua X la 60 gam C6ng thiic phan tir cua X la M, A A C2H4O2 B Q H A C CH4O ? D QH12O6 5.28 Thuy phan cha't h6o tristearat glixerol (C,7H3,COO)3C3H5 phai dung I , 2 kg NaOH Biet hifiu sua't la 80% Kh6'i lugmg glixerol thu duorc la A 0 ,92 8 kg B 0, 694 kg • C... trinh hoa hoc: FeCl„ + nAgNO, -> Fe(N03)„ + nAgCl i Phuong trinh hoa hoc: S6 mol AgCl i = Fe,0^ + yCO ^ xFe + yCOj mo=nip,„ - m p ^ - 3 2 - 2 2 , 4 = 9, 6(gam) ' + yO 56x ' ' 16y 22,4g 9, 6g 56x 16y 224 " "96 " X ^ y " 3 ' ^^^Ov Zn + Cu(NO02->Zn(NO,)2+Cu>l J Theo d^ bai, ta c6: (1) Zn + Pb(NO,),->Zn(N03),+Pb>l (2) b) Goi X la so mol Zn da tham gia timg phan ting Giai phuong trinh dugc: n = 3 giam 4,8 gam... c6 chiJa B C^Hfi 19, 4% tap chat khong phan ling, biet su hao hut trong san xua't la 15% 4.33 D6't chay hoan loan m6t lirgng khi metan can vCra du 11,2 lit oxi (dktc), thu dugc CO2 va H2O a) Viet phucfng trinh hoa hoc ^ b) Tinh the tich (dktc) cua khi metan dem dd't va khi CO2 tao thanh sau phan ling 4.34 Thanh phSn cua m6t loai k h i thien nhien c6 chira 96 % CH4, 2% N2 va 2% CO2 theo the' tich Dot . lam bai (Theo chudn kien tMc) - Hod hoc 9& quot; nham giiip cac em hoc sinh lop 9 nam chac kidn thiic va nang cao ki nang giai bai tap Hoa hoc thu6c chuong trlnh Idp 9, trong. cuon sach gom 4 phSn: PHANI - ON TAP THEO CHUAN KJEN TfflJC Phan nay trlnh bay tom tat nhung tdng hop toan bo kien thiic Hoa hoc cua sach giao khoa Idp 9 theo chuong trinh cai each ciia Bo Giao. (C%) va the tich dung dich thu dugc la ^ A. 20% va 1 09, 36 ml. B. 10% va 1 09, 4 ml. •; C. 20% va 120,62 ml. D. 18% va 1 09, 36 ml. 1.23. De dieu che Cu(0H)2 ngucfi ta dung cac hoa