CHUYỂN CÂU TRỰC TIẾP SANG GIÁN TIẾP 1. Lời nói trực tiếp: là sự lặp lại chính xác những từ của người nói. - Lời nói trực tiếp được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép và sau động từ chính có dấu phẩy(,) hoặc dấu hai chấm(:). - Đôi khi mệnh đề chính cũng có thể đặt sau lời nói trực tiếp. Ex: “ I don’t like this party” Bill said. 2. Lời nói gián tiếp (indirect/reported speech) là lời tường thuật lại ý của người nói, đôi khi không cần phải dung đúng những từ của người nói. Ex: Bill said that he didn’t like that party. II. Những thay đổi trong lời nói gián tiếp: 1. Thay đổi động từ: Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi về quá khứ (các thì xuống cấp): Direct Speech Reported Speech 1. Present Simple:V1 Ex1: Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock” Ex2: He said “ I like beer” 2. Present Progressive: am/is/are +Ving Ex: He said “I’m watching TV” 3. Present Perfect: has/have + V3/ed Ex: He said “ I have just bought a new book” 4. Past Simple: V2/ed Ex: They said “ We came by car ” 5. Past Progressive: was/were + V-ing Ex: He said “I was sitting in the park at 8 o’clock” 6. Past Perfect: had + V3/ed Ex: She said “ My money had run out” 1. Past Simple:V2/ed EX1: Nam said (that) he was told to be at school before 7 o’clock. Ex2: He said (that) He liked beer 2. Past Progressive:was/were+Ving Ex: He said (that) he was watching TV 3. Past Perfect: had + V3/ed Ex: He said (that) I had just bought a new book 4. Past Perfect: had + V3/ed Ex: They said (that) they had come by car 5. was/were+V-ing or Past Perfect progressive Ex:-He said ( that ) he was sitting in the park at 8 o’clock” - He said ( that )he had been sitting in the park at 8 o’clock” 6. Past Perfect: had + V3/ed Ex: She said ( that) her money had run out 7. would + V without to ( Vo) 7. Future Simple: will +V without to (V0) Ex: Lan said “I’ll phone you” 8. can Ex: He said “ you can sit here” 9. may Ex: Mary said “I may go to Ha noi again” 10. must Ex: He said “I must finish this report” Ex: Lan said ( that) she would phone me 8. could Ex : He said ( that) we could sit there 9. might Ex: Mary said ( that) shemight go to Ha noi again 10. must/ had to Ex: He said ( that)he had to finish that report * Chú ý: Một số trường hợp không đổi thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp: - Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề giới thiệu được dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc tương lai đơn, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi Eg: He says/ he is saying/ he has said/ he will say, “the text is difficult”. → He says/ is saying/ has said/ will say (that) the text is difficult. - Khi câu nói trực tiếp thể hiện một chân lý hoặc một hành động lặp lại thường xuyên, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi Eg: My teacher said “The sun rises in the East” → My teacher said (that) the sun rises in the East. He said, ‘My father always drinks coffee after dinner’ → He said (that) his father always drinks coffee after dinner - Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại 2 hoặc loại 3: Eg: He said; “If I knew her address, I would write to her” → He said that he would write to her If he knew her address Eg: She said, “If I had enough money, I would buy a new bicycle.” → She said (that) if she had enough money, she would buy a new bicycle. Eg: The teacher said, “If John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.” → The teacher said (that) if John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam. Tuy nhiên nếu lời nói trực tiếp là câu điều hiện loại 1 thì được chuyển sang loại 2 ở lời nói gián tiếp Eg: The advertisement said; “If you answer the questions correctly, you may win one million dollar” → The advertisement said that I might win one million dollar If I answered the questions correctly. - Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “wish’ Eg: He said; “I wish I had a lot of money” → He wishes (that) he had a lot of money - Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “It’s (high/ about) time” Eg: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed; children” → She told her children that It’s about time they went to bed - Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề đi sau ‘would rather, would sooner” Eg: She said; “I would rather you stayed at home” → She said that she would rather I stayed at hone - Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định: Eg: He said, “I was born in 1980” → he said that he was born in 1980. - Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian trong câu phức có thì quá khứ đơn và quá khứ tiếp diễn Eg: “I saw him when he was going to the cinema” She said she saw him when she was going to the cinema 2. Thay đổi về đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu:Các đại từ nhân xưng và đại sở hữu khi chuyển từ lời nóitr ực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi như bảng sau: ĐẠI TỪ CHỨC NĂNGTRỰC TIẾPGIÁN TIẾP Đại từ nhân xưng Chủ ngữ I he, she we they you they Tân ngữ me him, her us them you them Đại từ sở hữu Phẩm định my his, her our their your their Định danh mine his, her ours theirs yours theirs 3. Thay đổi về từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn: Nhãm tõ trong c©u trùc tiÕp Nhãm tõ trong c©u gi¸n tiÕp Today/ tonight that day/ that night Yesterday the day before/ the previous day last month/ night … the moth before / the previous month/ night Tomorrow the following day/ the next day this moth that month The day before yesterday Two days before The day after tomorrow In two days’ time next month/ week. the month after / the following month/ week Here there Now then Ago before This that These those III. Những thay đổi cụ thể trong từng loại câu trong lời nói gián tiếp 1. Câu trần thuật trong lời nói gián tiếp: (Statements in reported speech) S + said (to + O) + that S + V…… S + told + O + that S + V…. Eg: ‘We will have a test tomorrow’, My teacher said. -> My teacher said (that) they would have a test the next day. *Note: Có thể sử dụng một số ĐT dẫn sau: thought, announced, explained, complained, believed… Exercise I. Change these sentences into reported speech. 1. Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock” 2. Thu said “All the students will have a meeting next week” 3. Phong said “My parents are very proud of my good marks” 4. The teacher said “All the homework must be done carefully” 5. Her father said to her “You can go to the movie with your friend” 6. Hoa said “I may visit my parents in the summer” 7. The teacher said “We can collect old book for the poor students” 8. She said “She doesn’t buy this book” 9. The boys said “We have to try our best to win the match” 10. Her classmate said “Lan is the most intelligent girl in our class” 11. They told us “Our friends will get the award for their highest scores” 12. He said “I will go to school by bus tomorrow” 13. Phong said “I need to learn more vocabulary” 14. His brother told him “You can use my computer today” 15. Mai said “I can not go to the movies with you, Nam” Key : 1. Nam said that he was told to be at school before 7 o’clock 2. Thu said that all the students woul have a meeting the next week 3. Phong said his parents were very proud of his good marks 4. The teacher said all the homework had to be done carefully 5. Her father said to her that she could go to the movie with her friend 6. Hoa said she might visit her parents in the summer 7. The teacher said they could collect old book for the poor students 8. She said she didn’t buy this book 9. The boys said they had to try their best to win the match 10. Her classmate said Lan was the most intelligent girl in her class 11. They told us their friends would get the award for their highest scores 12. He said he would go to school by bus the following day 13. Phong said he needed to learn more vocabulary 14. His brother told him he could use his computer that day 15. Mai said she could not go to the movies with him, Nam Exercise II: Choose one correct answer 1. “I’ll tell you about this tomorrow, Mary.” said Tom. a. Tom said to Mary that he will tell her about that the next day. b. Tom told Mary that I would tell you about that the next day. c. Tom told Mary that he would tell her about that the next day. d. Tom told Mary that she would tell him about that the next day. 2. “I have something to tell you” Kerry said to Cheryl. a. Kerry told Cheryl I had something to tell her. b. Kerry told Chery he had something to tell her. c. Kerry told Cheryl she had had something to tell him. d. Kerry told Cheryl he had had something to tell her. 3. He said, “My wife has just bought a diamond ring.” a. He said that his wife had just bought a diamond ring. b. He said that my wife had just bought a diamond ring. c. He said that his wife has just bought a diamond ring. d. he said that his wife just bought a diamond ring. 4. “I will come with you as soon as I am ready”, she said to Philip. a. She said to Philip he will come to see you as soon as he I am ready. b. She told Philip she will come to see her as soon as she was ready. c. She told Philip she would come to see you as soon as she was ready. d. She told Philip she would come to see him as soon as she was ready. 5. “I wrote to him yesterday” a. She said to me I wrote to him the day before. b. She told me she wrote to him yesterday. c. She told me she had written to him yesterday. d. She told me she had written to him the day before. 6. “He is talking to your sister”, She said to me. a. She told me he was talking to your sister. b. She told me she was talking to my sister. c. She told me he was talking to my sister. d. She told me he was talking to her sister. 7. “It is the time to check what you have done”, the father said to the boys. a. The father said to the boys it was time to check what they had done. b. The father told the boys it was time to check what they had done. c. The father told the boys it was time to check what they have done. d. The father told the boys it is time to check what they had done. 8. “You will like my sister when you meet her” a. He told me you will like her sister when you meet her. b. He told me I will like his sister when I met her. c. He told me I would like his sister when I met her d. He told me I would be liked his sister when I met her. 9. “I didn’t meet Susan last week” a. He said he didn’t meet Susan the week before. b. He said he hasn’t met Susan last week. c. He said he hadn’t met Susan last week. d. He said he hadn’t met Susan the week before. 10. “I didn’t break your watch” a. The boy told the girl he hadn’t broken her watch. b. The boy asked the girl he hadn’t broken her watch. c. The boy told the girl he didn’t break her watch. d. The boy told the girl he hadn’t broken your watch. 11. “I found a lot of mistakes in your plan”. Catherine said to Kevin. a. Catherine told Kevin she found a lot of mistakes in his plan. b. Catherine told Kevin she has found a lot of mistakes in his plan. c. Catherine told Kevin she had found a lot of mistakes in his plan. d. Catherine told Kevin she had found a lot of mistakes in her plan. 12. “I have just seen your mother this morning”. a. Laura told Lewis I have just seen your mother this morning. b. Laura told Lewis she had just seen his mother that morning. c. Laura told Lewis she has just seen his mother that morning. d. Laura told Lewis he had just seen her mother that morning. 13. “We are ready to come with our friends” a. They told us they are ready to come with their friends. b. They told us they were ready to come with our friends. c. They told us we were ready to come with our friends. d. They told us they were ready to come with their friends. 14. “I couldn’t get into the house because I had lost my key” a. He said he couldn’t get into the house because he had lost my key. b. He said he hadn’t been able to get into the house because he had lost his key. c. He said he had been able to get into the house because he had lost his key. d. He said he hadn’t been able to get into the house because he lost his key. 15. I was intending to meet you tomorrow. a. She told me she was intending to meet me tomorrow. b. She told me she had intending to meet me the next day. c. She told me she had been intending to meet me tomorrow. d. She told me she had been intending to meet me the next day. 16. Dont make noise because I am listening music now a. He asked me not to make noise because I am listening music now b. He asked me not to make noise because I was listening music then c. He asked me not to make noise because he was listening music then d. He asked me to make noise because I was listening music then 17. Cindy said that I havent seen John since last month. a. Cindy said she doesnt see John since the previous month. b. Cindy said she wasnt seen John since the previous month. c. Cindy said she hasnt seen John since the previous month. d. Cindy said she hadnt seen John since the previous month 1. Câu hỏi: (questions) Câu hỏi đảo ( yes/ no question) S + asked + ( O ) + if / whether + clause* * Clause: trật tự từ trở về dạng câu trần thuật, thay đổi về thì, đại từ, từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn cho phù hợp với văn cảnh lời nói. Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi: (wh - question) S + asked + (O) + wh word + clause* * Clause: trật tự từ trở về dạng câu trần thuật, thay đổi về thì, đại từ, từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn cho phù hợp với văn cảnh lời nói. 2. Dạng mệnh lệnh thức / câu ra lệnh , đề nghị: (command/ requests) - Dạng khẳng định: S + động từ tờng thuật + O + to infinitive - Dạng phủ định: S + động từ tờng thuật + O + not + to infinitive ộng từ tờng thuật : told, asked, advised, persuded, taught, directed, begged, encourage 3. Danh động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp: - Khi lời nói gián tiếp là lời đề nghị, chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi, động từ tờng thuật cùng với danh động từ theo sau nó thờng dùng để truyền tải nội dung lời nói trên. Động từ tờng thuật + (O) + giới từ + danh động từ (V-ing) * Động từ tờng thuật : thank sb for, accuse sb of, congratulate sb on, dream of, object to, apologize sb for, insist on, complain about Động từ tờng thuật + danh động từ( V-ing) * Động từ tờng thuật: deny, admit, suggest, regret Danh động từ tờng thuật thờng đi theo động từ tờng thuật SUGGEST trong các mẫu câu đề nghị sau: Why dont you/ Why not / How about -> suggest + sb + V- ing Lets / Lets not -> suggest + V-ing/ suggest + not+ V-ing Shall we/ Its a good idea -> suggest + V-ing. 4. Động từ nguyên mẫu trong lời nói gián tiếp - Khi lời nói gián tiếp là lời đề nghị, mệnh lệnh, ý định, lời hứa, lời yêu cầu, động từ tờng thuật cùng với động từ nguyên mẫu theo sau thờng dùng để truyền tải nội dung lời nói trên. Động từ tờng thuật + tân ngữ + động từ nguyên mẫu (to- infinitive) *Động từ tờng thuật: ask, advise, command, invite, order, recommand, encourage, urge, warn, want Động từ tờng thuật + động từ nguyên mẫu (to-infinitive) *Động từ tờng thuật:agree, demand, hope, promise, threaten, offer, refuse, decide Would you/ Could you / Will you/ Can you -> asked+ sb + to + V Would you mind + V-ing /Do you mind + V-ing -> asked + sb + to +V Would you like/ Will you -> invited + sb + to + V Had better/ If I were you/ why dont you -> advised + sb + to + V 5. Câu điều kiện trong lời nói gián tiếp - Nếu trong lời nói gián tiếp có câu điều kiện, thì chỉ có câu điều kiện loại một là thay đổi về thì, hai câu điều kiện còn lại vẫn giữ nguyên hình thức động từ. Exercise I. CHANGE INTO REPORTED SPEECH: 1. Mr Clack said, why are you so sad, Join? 2. Is it time to go? she wondered. 3. They said to me, do you sleep in the afternoon? 4. why didnt you come here last Sunday? asked Mary. 5. The traveler said, how long does it take to get to Ha Noi by plane? 6. Susan said to Tom, dont sit on my bed! 7. The teacher said, leave your books on the table. 8. Don’t call me again at this late hour, please.” She said. 9. Father said to his children, “hurry up if you want to go with me.” 10. The driver said, “are you ready to start? The car is waiting at the gate.” Exercise II: Choose one correct answer 1. She said to Nam: “Come into my office, please. ” A. She told Nam to come into her office. B. She told Nam to come into my office. C. She said Nam come into her office, please. D. She said Nam come into my office, please. 2. The traffic policeman said, “Show me your driving license, please. ” A. The traffic policeman asked to show me your driving license, please. B. The traffic policeman suggested to show him your driving license. C. The traffic policeman suggested showing him my driving license. D. The traffic policeman asked to show me his driving license. 3. Mrs. Jackson said to Alice, “Could you give me a hand, please” A. Mrs. Jackson said Alice if she could give her a hand. B. Mrs. Jackson told Alice to give her a hand. C. Mrs. Jackson asked to Alice to give her a hand. D. Mrs. Jackson cursed Alice if she could give her a hand. 4. Nam said to the taxi driver, “Please turn left at the first traffic light. ” A. Nam asked the taxi driver please turn left at the first traffic light. B. Nam said the taxi driver to turn left at the first traffic light. C. Nam asked the taxi driver turning left at the first traffic light. D. Nam told the taxi driver to turn left at the first traffic light. 5. The police said, “Don’t touch anything in the room. ” A. The police commanded us not to touch anything in the room. B. The police advised to not touch anything in the room. C. The police said not touch anything in the room. D. The police asked not touching anything in the room. 6. Mary said to John, “Can you carry my suitcase, please?” A. Mary ordered John if he could carry my suitcase, please. B. Mary asked John if he could carry my suitcase, please. C. Mary had John carry her suitcase. D. Mary suggested John to carry her suitcase, please. 7. “Would you like to have dinner with me?”, Miss Hoa said to me A. Miss Hoa asked me if would I like to have dinner with her? B. Miss Hoa suggested me if I would like to have dinner with her or not. C. Miss Hoa told me to like to have dinner with her or not. D. Miss Hoa invited me to have dinner with her. 8. “You should stay in bed”, I said to him. A. I said him he should stay in bed. B. I advised him to stay in bed. C. I prayed him to stay in bed. D. I ordered him you should stay in bed. 9. My mother told me “You should visit your grandmother tomorrow” A. My mother told me I should visit your grandmother tomorrow. B. My mother invited me to visit my grandmother tomorrow. C. My mother advised me to visit my grandmother the day after. D. My mother urged me visiting my grandmother the next day. 10.His sister said, “I don’t buy this book. ” A. His sister said I don’t buy this book. B. His sister said she didn’t buy this book. C. His sister said I didn’t buy that book. D. His sister said she didn’t buy that book. 11.They said, “We have to try our best to win the match. ” A. They said we have to try our best to win the match. B. They said we have to try their best to win the match. C. They said they had to try their best to win the match. D. They said they had to try our best to win the match. 12.“I will expect to see you next Wednesday”, said Mary to her boy friend. A. Mary sai to her boy friend she would expect to see you the following Wednesday. B. Mary promised her boy friend that she would expect to see you the following Wednesday. C. Mary expected to see her boy friend the following Wednesday. D. Mary told boy her friend that she would expect to see him the next Wednesday. 13.“She is my friend”, I said to Nam. A. I said to Nam she is my friend. B. I told to Nam she was my friend. C. I told Nam she was my friend. D. I asked Nam if she was my friend. 14.“Do you enjoy reading books?”, Phong asked Peter. A. Phong asked Peter if he enjoyed reading books. B. Phong asked Peter whether he enjoys reading books or not. C. Phong asked Peter if he enjoyed reading books or not. D. Phong asked Peter whether did he enjoy reading books. 15.“Does she like sports?”, Hoa asked Lan. A. Hoa asked Lan whether she liked sports or not. B. Hoa asked Lan if she liked sports or not. C. Hoa asked Lan whether did she like sports. D. Hoa asked Lan if did she like sports. 16.“Can you ride your bicycle to school?”, Bá said to Tuấn. . CHUYỂN CÂU TRỰC TIẾP SANG GIÁN TIẾP 1. Lời nói trực tiếp: là sự lặp lại chính xác những từ của người nói. - Lời nói trực tiếp được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép và. hữu:Các đại từ nhân xưng và đại sở hữu khi chuyển từ lời nóitr ực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi như bảng sau: ĐẠI TỪ CHỨC NĂNGTRỰC TIẾPGIÁN TIẾP Đại từ nhân xưng Chủ ngữ I he, she we they you. advised + sb + to + V 5. Câu điều kiện trong lời nói gián tiếp - Nếu trong lời nói gián tiếp có câu điều kiện, thì chỉ có câu điều kiện loại một là thay đổi về thì, hai câu điều kiện còn lại vẫn