16 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 2 (85). 2011 BAN VE TIN NGUONG Cl/U THIEN HUYEN NC d VUNG HUE Onishi Kazuhiko* Ldfi noi dau Muc dich cua bai bio nay la khao sat tin ngffdng Cufu Thien Huyen Nff {)l^^~_k) d Hue, qua dd nhin lai tin ngffdng dan gian Viet Nam ndi chung, tin ngffdng dan gian Hue ndi rieng da tiep thu Dao gilo Trung Qud'c nhff the' nIo. Trong khi bin ve anh hffdng Dao gilo dd'i vdi he thd'ng nff than va tin ngffdng dan gian Hue', nha nghien cffu Nguyin Hffu Thdng cho ring: "Mgt trong nhiing dgc trUng tieu bieu cda logi hinh tin ngUang ddn giau Id tiep bien hinh tUgng - cu the hda nhdng vi thdnh than co ddng ddp, ehdc ndng, tdm tinh (tuy chi la suy tUdng) phu hgp vdi tdng lap binh ddn ngheo khd." [Nguyin Hffu Thdng, 2001, tr. 51-52]. ' Vl vay, trong nghien cffu nay, chung tdi xin de cap de'n mdt sd' van de lien quan den dac triing tiep bien (trffdng hgfp tin ngffdng Cufu Thien Huyen Nff) cung nhffng ly do ciia qua trinh tiep bien. De gili quyet van de nay, chung tdi khIo sat lai hinh ding, chffe nang va bd'i canh thdng qua dc cff lieu thff tich ghi chep ve vi nff thin nay. 1. Tin ngvrofng Cufu Thien Huyen NU Trffdc het, chung tdi dffa ra mdt sd' tai lieu cd bin mieu tl tin ngffdng nff than nay d Trung Qud'c. Tie'p theo, chung tdi tie'n hanh so sinh hinh thii tin ngffdng Cdu Thien Huyen Nff d mien Blc Viet Nam, vung Hue va mien Nam Viet Nam vdi cac ghi chep trong thff tich ciia Trung Qud'c. 1.1. Tin ngii&ng Ciiu Thien Huyen NdC d Trung Quoc Mdt trong nhffng van bin tai lieu Dao giao cd ban ve Cufu Thien Huyen Nff la truyen Cufu Thien Huyen Nff dffdc ghi trong Dung Thdnh tdp tien truyen (^il|$f^i^lE)"' {DTTTT) do dao sT Dd Quang Dinh (tt^ii: 850-933) bien soan. Truyen ghi lai tieu suf ve vi nff than nay. Trong truyen cd doan chep: Dich nghla: Cufu Thien Huyen Nff II thay cua Huynh De, va la hoc trd Thinh Mau Nguyen Quan (tffc Tay Vffdng Mau). ( ) Xi Vffu tao ra tai hga, cd 81 bgn anh em, than thu nhan ngff, ( ) tao hinh Ngu ho lam hai le din, ( ) khdng theo lenh De. De mud'n danh nd, Huyen Nff tffc truyen btja Luc Gilp Luc Nhim Binh Tin cho De ( ). Ig, ( ) ji^5i^:^jf^i^:i,'Sr^ftF. ( ) 'sm%-^, 'Ti? m±z. ( ) ^-kvnmrs.'^^:^^^ in^?^^ ( )". Tien sT, Nghien eu'u vien, Vien Nghien eu'u Tdn giao Viet Nam. Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, so 2 (85). 2011 17 Nhff neu tren, Cufu Thien Huyen Nff truyen cho bua Luc Giap Luc Nham Binh Tin de giup dd Huynh De dinh Xi Vffu. Vi vay, ngffdi ta cho ring nff thin nay la mdt vi thin quan sff linh thieng. Chung tdi dac biet Iffu y den ten Luc Giap Luc Nham (t\W^i^i) dffdc ghi tren bua. "Luc Gilp Luc Nham" II thin dch hda cua sff phd'i hdp ean chi (Ti), sau nay chung trd thanh nhdm nhffng vi tffdng than cd chffe nang trff tl ma [Ma 2002/1996, tr. 335-340]. Kinh dien Dao giao Hodng De dgn giap duyen thdn kinh (Il/tli®i13^t:t^l)'^' chep: "Neu mudn trii dc quy thi ve biia Luc Gidp, Luc At mang di, ddng thdi keu goi thdn Giap Ddn, ma quy diu bd chgy:tmm%^^ IfAq^A^:^rfI^IT^ 7f-DfEp-pr#, ^^SWm". Trong nhffng vi than dd, Luc Giap thffdng dffng d vi tri hang diu. Thi du, sach Bdo phdc td (Ifith'F, quyen 17, Dang Thiep: ^?l:v$) do Cat Hdng (Mll^.: 283-343ea.) bien soan, chep mdt ldi chu ndi tie'ng la "Luc Gidp Bi Chuc" (A tp tt-Dl). Dd chinh la bua Tff Tung Ngu Hoanh (milJIMn) dffdc ngffdi Viet Nam hay dung khi hanh li trff ta ma [Giran 1912, tr. 162], [Huynh Nggc Trang vl nhffng ngffdi khac 1993a, tr. 161-164], [Ho Tffdng 2005, tr. 170]. Trong DTTTT, ten (than) can chi cd vai trd thffc hien uy Iffc ciia Ciiu Thien Huyen Nff. Vi vay, chung tdi cho ring giffa hai vi thin nay cd quan he kha mat thiet. The' nhffng, theo nghien cffu trffdc day eiia dng Miyakawa Hisayuki, tin ngffdng Cufu Thien Huyen Nff bit diu phd bien tff thdi nha Dffdng den thdi Ngu dai [Miyakawa 1983, tr. 376, tr. 378-379, va tr. 380 (chu thich 4), tr. 393]. Hdn nffa, truyen Thuy hd (*J,IME) dffdc hinh thanh thdi nha Minh cung da gdp phin lam eho tin ngffdng Cdu Thien Huyen Nff dffdc phd bien sau rdng hdn. Vi trong truyen Thiiy hd, cd doan (hdi thff 42) ghi Cffu Thien Huyen Nff bio cho Tdng Giang - nhan vat nam chinh ciia tieu thuye't nay ring ngffdi va 108 hlo han la hda than ciia 108 vi thin tinh tu tffc 36 vi Thien Cang (ZAA^i^) va 72 vi Dia Sat ( LA^ii^). Cf day dffc Ciiu Thien Huyen Nff dffdc khac hga nhff mdt vi thin cd vi tri trung gian giffa Td'ng Giang vl nhffng vi than tinh tu dd [Ma 2002/1996, tr. 120]. Hdn nffa, trong truyen cdn cd doan (hoi thff 80) chep: vi nff thin nay huan luyen chie'n thuat cho Td'ng Giang [Sakuraba 1994, tr. 100]. Nhff vay, cung vdi nhffng vi than tinh tu, danh xffng ciia dffc Cdu Thien Huyen Nff dffdc phd bien khdng nhffng d trong truyen than tien DTTTT ma cdn d d tieu tuyet cd dien nhff truyen Thuy hd ciia Trung Qud'c [Ma, Sdd, tr. 120-121]. 1.2. Tin ngitdng CtCu Thien Huyen NvC d mien Bac Viet Nam Chung tdi mdi tim tha'y tai lieu xung quanh tin ngffdng ve Ciiu Thien Huyen Nff d Viet Nam ndi chung vl mien Blc Viet Nam ndi rieng trong Dgi Viet sd lugc ASiM^, quyen 3, phan nam Dai Dinh A;E thff 21 (1160), thdi nha Ly). Sach chep ring: "Mua xudn, thdng Gieng, dUng den Nhi Nd vd Xi Vuu a phudng Bd Cdi: ff, E J], fei-^'itritfcj A^.^.ii/J".''' CJ day, ngffdi ta chi tim thay ten Xi Vffu ma thdi. Lien quan de'n cac ghi chep neu tren, sIch Tdy Hd chi (Hi/iil;^;),"*' phan chep ve den Huyen Nff {KkiA) cd doan sau day: 18 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 2 (85). 2011 Dich nghla: Den nlm trong chiu Loa, Phffdng Dam, giai Bd' Cai, nay la a'p Trich Sai. Den dffdc xay dffng vIo mua xuan nam Canh Thin nien hieu Dai Dinh thff 21 thdi Ly Thai Tdng. Luc dd, Xi Vffu quay dao, nen den da dffdc dffng len d day de tra'n giff. Nay van cdn, tue goi la Cdng chua Loa. ^X^Ui^. ^m) ?^JAittlA«:t. ^mmM'iiiL^iil. '-' . SIch ghi dia chi cua ngdi den nay thudc a'p Trich Sai. Ap Trich Sai thudc dia phan phffdng Bffdi, quan Ba Dinh bay gid (phia tay bac ndi thanh Ha Ndi) [Bui Thiet 1993, tr. 463]. SIch cdn ghi ring ngdi den nay dffgfc dffng len de tra'n yeu khi cua Xi Vffu. Sau doan nay, sIch cdn chep mgt bai phu luc: "dUa vdo vdn bdn sd lieu, din Huyin Nd Xi VUu dugc xay, cd le cd viec thieu nhdm: f^iX5t^AS::tl"J. ^Wt9z". Tic gia bai phu luc nay khdng ghi cu the van bin suf lieu nao va "thieu nham" di gi. Chung tdi cho ring cd le "vdn bdn sH lieu" ma sIch de cap de'n chinh la doan chep trong sIch Dgi Viet sd lugc hay la Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU dffdc ke tren. Cdn di ggi II "thieu nhdm", viec ghi them ten "Xi Vuu" cho ngdi den nay trong "vdn bdn sd lieu" thi khdng hdp muc dich xay dffng ngdi den. Hoac, lai cd khi nang tff "Huyen Nd" i^k) do vie't nham cua Nhi Nff (Hic) trong tli lieu ke tren. Du sao di nffa, it nha't chung tdi cd the rd dffgrc 2 dieu. Thff nhat la thdi diem nam 1160, Xi Vffu da dffdc thd phung. Thff hai la cd kha nang trong tin ngffdng thdi Ly da cd sff phd'i hgp Xi Vffu vdi Cufu Thien Huyen Nff. Cd the xlc dinh- dffdc ring: cho de'n the ky XVHI, Xi Vffu trd thinh dd'i tffdng tin ngffdng theo each thffc II phd'i hdp vdi Cufu Thien Huyen Nff. Nhffng ldi "than chu hd than" trong sach Tam gido chinh dd thUc luc (Hfji; JEJt^li)'^' dffdc in ra vIo nam Bao Thii (j*#) thff 4 (1723) chep: Dich nghla: Chu ring. Sic tff tung ngu hoanh, ta mdi xua't hanh, Vu Vffdng'^' bio hd con dffdng, Xi Vffu hay lanh binh. Than ta phu hd tff ben trong, khi ve que hffdng minh thi bgn cffdp khdng day len. Cap cap Cufu Thien Huyen Nff luat lenh. Na md Quan The Am Bo Tit, ba tie'ng. nftE], mmpst^m, ^^ttin, i^T.nm, mxm^. ^n^m, m^.mm, mm^ m, m&T^n^, mmiiT^nn, ^.^uA^ti^w^. mmm^n^m, E.P. [Ddng thff 5, tr. 4b-ddng thff 2, tr. 5a]. Trffdc khi thffc hien nghi le dim ma, cIc vi thay cung hoac nha sff dung "thin chu hd than" de tff bao ve bin than minh trffdc ma quy. Cd le, nhffng nghi li nay thffdng dffdc sijf dung cho nen trong dc ban sIch dffdc in lai nhieu lan, cd the ddn cuf trffdng hdp ban in nam Gia Long thff 16 (1817), mang ten la Tdn tuyen tam gido chinh do thUc luc (iftmHl^IEi^^f;!)'^' cung cd phin "thin chu hg than" [ddng thff 3-6, trang 2a] gid'ng nhff ban in nam Bao Thai. Phan gidng nhau trong Tam gido chinh do tap yeu {EL^^JEf^^WY^^ - ban tdm Iffdc ciia Tam gido chinh do thUc luc dffdc in ra vao nam Thanh Thii thff 11 (1899) cung chep nhff sau: Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, so 2 (85). 2011 19 Dich nghla: Chu ndi. Sic tff tung ngu holnh, ta mdi xua't hanh, Vu Vffdng bio hd con dffdng, Xi Vffu lanh binh. Than lanh bao hd, ffdng sat hay tiem an va kinh sd. Cap ea'p nhff Ciiu Thien Huyen Nff luat lenh. |%B, mmiiijim, ^A^'iiiT, iS:T.^!^m, ^xm^. ^n^^m, vvMin, .t.tto AA^^#4\ [Ddng thff 4-6, tr. 3a]. Nhff da neu tren, du Tam gido chinh do thUc luc cd mang mau sic Phat gilo nhff niem "Na mo Quan The Am Bd Tdt", nhffng cdt ldi cua "thdn chu" nay la sff phd'i hdp giffa Cufu Thien Huyen Nff, Xi Vffu va ldi chu tff tung ngu hoanh vd'n mang ten la "Luc Gidp Bi Chuc". Hdn nffa, qua viec Tam gido chinh do tap yeu bd sdt cau "Na mo Quan The Am Bd Tdt", ehung tdi cho ring hat nhan quyen uy ciia than chu la Cufu Thien Huyen Nff tang len. CIc dng Gustave Dumoutier, Nguyen Van Khoan, TrIn Van Giap da chi ra ring cho tdi sau the ky 20, nhffng van bin he thdng cua Tain gido chinh do thUc luc van dffdc thay cung hoac nha sff suf dung trong dc sach nghi le. [Dumoutier 1904,'tr. 1-2], [Nguyin Van Khoan 1933, tr. 29], [Tran van Giap 1939, tr. 246]. Nhff the' thi, trong y thffc ve cap bac ciia nhffng ngffdi tin ngffdng dan gian,'^' Cufu Thien Huyen Nff la mdt vi than cd uy Iffc manh me de thffc hien viec trff ta ma. Ong Gustave Dumoutier lai ghi ring: "Cdu Thieu Huyin Nd hogc nd thdn deu tdi tren cdc tdng trdi. Do la sU tdn tgi cao quy nhdt d chiu tdng trdi cua tin do Dgo gido, mgt vi thdn link nam gid todn bg ky thudt qudn sU, sdch vd qudn sU vd luon cd vu nhiing viec thuc hdnh cua thdy phu thiiy CO muc dich vi qudii sii. Cdu Thien Huyen Nd dinh ra: vdo ngdy 30 Tet, ve hinh cung ten treu sdu troiig gia dinh de trU td ma." [Dumoutier 1907, tr. 56]. Du ghi lai nghi le trff ta ma dffdc thffc hien trong ngay Tet, song ndi dung chu yeu ciia nhffng ldi dng Dumoutier la Cffu Thien Huyen Nff vin dffdc coi nhff la mdt vi thin cai tri viee quan sff. Chinh vi the', chung tdi eho rang chffe nang trff tl ma ciia Cdu Thien Huyen Nff dffdc phat sinh ra tff uy Iffc manh me vd'n cd ciia nff thin quan sff. 1.3. Tin ngitdng Citu Thien Huyen NU d viing Hue vd mien Nam Viet Nam Ve he thd'ng tin ngffdng dan gian d vung Hue, dng TrIn Dai Vinh khang dinh la dffc Cufu Thien Huyen Nff cd chffe nang tdng hdp va la nff than nlm d vi tri hIng dau trong nhffng vi nff thin khac nhff Thien Y A Na Diin Nggc'Phi (AifcKiJIJilu-Kii!), Thanh Mlu Liiu Hanh (Wl^^^yfa) [TrIn Dai Vinh 1995, tr. 112]. Ong cung neu len chi tiet mdt sd' chffe nang cua nff thin nay la td nghe mdc va td nghe ne [Sdd, tr. 151-152]. Theo dng Huynh Dinh Ket gidi thieu: nhieu lang vung Hue lap mieu thd than nay; dng eung danh gil nff than nay dffdc tdn vinh la "td sff bach nghe, la td sff nghe mdc" [Huynh Dinh Ket 1998, tr. 38-39]. Ong Ke't cdn de cap de'n chffe nang khac ciia nff thin nay la than "bdn mang" (vi thin phu hd sinh menh) ciia cac ba vd trong gia dinh, nen nhieu gia dinh d Hue lap ban thd vi nff thin nay [Sdd, tr. dd]. Hdn nffa dng Ket lai chi ra ring nff than nay dffdc thd d Thff 20 ' Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 2 (85). 2011 Thanh Binh la cd quan phu trich ve ca mua thdi Nguyen, dong thdi la thuy td ciia td chffe hdi doan nghe nghiep cua dc nghe nhan mua hit truyen thd'ng Hue [Sdd, tr. 178-179]. d mien Nam Viet Nam cung cd tin ngffdng thd Cufu Thien Huyen Nff gidng nhff vung Hue. Vi du, khao sat cua nhdm Huynh Nggc Trang da khang dinh ring: "Bd cung cdu do cho gidi nd, ddng thdi Id vi td cua cdc nghi thu cong {thg mgc, thg may ), ( ) Cdu Thien Huyin Nd dugc thd a cdc mieu ngodi dinh hoac ngay trong chdnh dien cua dinh, ( )" [Huynh Ngoc Trang 1993, tr. 76-77]. Cd the thay, trong khii niem tin ngffdng dffc Cufu Thien Huyeri Nff d cl vung Hue va mien Nam Viet Nam cd dii'm tffdng ddng, dd la: vi thin nly cd nhieu chffe nang khac nhau nhff td nghe mdc, nghe ne, nghe mua hit va "bdn mgiig" cua phu nff nffa. Tieu ket So sanh qui trinh tie'p bien tin ngffdng Cufu Thien Huyen Nff d mien Bac Viet Nam vdi vung Hue va mien Nam Viet Nam, thi tha'y tin ngffdng Cdu Thien Huyin Nff d mien Bac vin dam trich ve quan sff va viec trff tl ma. Dong thdi, trong each thffc tiep thu tin ngffdng Cufu Thien Huyen Nff cd mdt dac trffng la sff phd'i hdp giffa nff thin nly vl than linh khIc. Vi du, sff phd'i hdp giffa Cufu Thien Huyen Nff vl Xi Vffu da phin Inh trong nhffng ldi than chff trong he thd'ng sach Tam gido chinh do thUc luc ma dc thay cung hoac nhi sff Viet Nam thffdng dung. O vung Hue' va mien Nam Viet Nam thi hinh nhff chffe nang ciia vi nff thin nly dffdc da dang hda nhff trd thanh vi td sff bach nghe, trong dd noi bat len la vai trd td sff nghe mdc. Sff khac biet nly, II do sff tie'p thu trong mdt thdi gian lau dai va dffdc trii rdng tren khlp lanh thd Viet Nam ma ed. Song, theo chung tdi thi trong tin ngffdng CiJfu Thien Huyen Nff tai vung Hue' khi gid'ng vdi trffdng hdp d mien Blc, dd la van cd tin ngffdng thin trff tl ma phat sinh tff uy quyen va chffe nang cua vi than quan sff. De minh chffng cho gia thuye't nly, d phan sau, chung tdi xem xet lai mdt sd tin ngffdng Cdu Thien Huyen Nff tai vung Hue thdng qua dc van ban suf lieu lien quan den van de nly. 2. Nhufng van ban suf li$u ve tin ngvfdng Cijfu Thien Huyen Nvf of vung Hue Tie'p theo, chung tdi khao sit lai 3 van ban sijf lieu trieu Nguyen gom dc tap van khan, van sd cd lien quan tin ngffdng Cufu Thien Huyen Nff de xem xet lai vai trd ciia vi nff thin nay mdt dch cu the, sff phd'i thd va dch bd tri giffa nff than nay vdi dc vi thin linh khIc. 2.1. Van hdn cua qudn Linh HUu trong Kham dinh Dai Nam hpi dien s\i le Vua Minh Mang dffdc nhieu ngffdi bie't de'n la vi vua da lam chan hffng Nho gilo. Song, ben canh dd, nhi vua lai cho xay dffng mot ngdi dao quIn Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, so 2 (85). 2011 21 la quan Linh Hffu (M?^II) vdi quy md ldn trong Dai Ndi vao nam 1829 (nam Minh Mang thff 10). Vao the ky XIX, mdt dao quan mdi cd quy md ldn cua khu vffc van hda Ddng A lai dffdc xay dffng trong ndi cung. Day la mdt hien tffdng ding chu y trong lich suf Dao gilo. Can cff vao khIo sat dffdi day, chung tdi cho ring dffc Cufu Thien Huyen Nff chinh la vi thin dffdc thd chinh trong quan Linh Hffu. Ve quIn Linh Hffu, trong phan Tetff dc din mieu (^lE), Bd Li, quyen 92 cua bd Khdm Dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU le {KDDNHDSL: I^^Af^^H ^i^J) cd doan nhff sau: Dich nghla: Nam Minh Mang thff 10, xay dffng quIn Linh Hffu tai dau phffdng Linh Thii xffa, nlm d phia bac sdng Ngff Ha trong Kinh thanh. Ben trong quIn dffng dien Trung Tieu. Gian giffa bIy 1 di kham phung thd tffgfng dong Cufu Thien Thanh Td va 2 tffdng ddng Kim Dong, Nggc Nff. An thff nha't ben ta, bIy tffdng dong Luc Giap; In thff nhi ben tl, bay tffdng td 72 bd Dia Sit, do vien dao luc phung thd.( ). It. (Tffl^). Doan tiep theo cd phan mieu ta ve cac tda nhi khIc nlm ben phli dien Trung Tieu (ffl'SRx), lam gac Tffdng Quang (?¥Afs]), ben trai dien Trung Tieu, lam glc Tff Van (ifvSTfS). Nhff vay la dien Trung Tieu dffdc nam vi tri trung tam ciia cac tda nhi, tffc dien nay II dien chinh ciia quan Linh Hffu [TTBTDTCDH 1997, tr. 187]. Vi thin chinh dffdc thd tai dien Trung Tieu la Ciiu Thien Thanh Td (;^Al£?il). Vi vay, chung tdi cho ring mdt trong nhffng ly do chinh de xay dffng quan Linh Hffu II de thd dffc Cufu Thien Thanh Td. Ten rieng dffc Ciiu Thien Thinh Td nly khd tim ra trong danh muc ten thin thanh cua Dao giao. Dffa vao mdt so cff lieu dffdi day, chung tdi doln ring dffc Cufu Thien Thanh td chinh la Cufu Thien Huyen Nff: Trffdc he't, trong bai sd li Thffgfng Iffdng (A!^?L) dffdc sffu tim d Hue' gan day cd doan ggi ten thin cai tri gidi thd mdc va bio ve li nay la "Cdu Thien Huyin Nd Thdnh To Dgo Mdu Nguyen Qudn (A.A^^l?ffliI#7C©)". Theo chffe nang cua nff than nly, chung tdi nghT ring "Cdu Thien Thdnh To" la each viet tit ciia "Ciiu Thien Huyin Nd Thdnh Td Dgo Mdu Nguyen Qudn". Chung tdi se ban lai ve ten vi thin nay trong bai sd li Thffcfng lffdng trong phin 2.3 ciia bai bio nay. Tie'p theo la nhffng vi thin Luc Gilp (A^) dffdc thd ben trii tffdng dong Ciiu Thien Thinh To, la mdt trong nhffng phu thin chii yeu ciia Cffu Thien Huyen Nff nhff chung tdi da neu trong phan trich din sach DTTTT. Hdn nffa rat cd khi nang, ngffdi dffdng thdi suy nghT ring 72 vi Dia Sat dffdc thd ben trii ciia Cufu Thien Thinh Td chinh la boi thin (thin phu giiip) ciia Ciiu Thien Huyen Nff. Bdi vi, trong truyen Thuy /iw','"' cd doan (hdi thff 42) ndi tie'ng la dffc "Ciiu Thien Huyen Nff" chi ra quan he giffa cac vi than 22 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trie'n, sd 2 (85). 2011 "72 bd Dia Sat" va Td'ng Giang (nhan vat chinh truyen nay), hinh nhff nff than nay cai tri nhffng vi than "72 bd Dia Sit". Ddng thdi, nhff da neu tren, truyen Thuy hd ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec phd cap tin ngffdng Cufu Thien Huyen Nff. 2.2. Vdn te le Thiigtng liicmg diicfc litu trU tai mieu Khai canh cua ldng Thanh Phiidc d viing Hue Nhffng tai lieu van ban dffdc Iffu giff tai mieu Khai canh lang Thanh Phffdc'^2' d vung Hue' dffdc ghi trong tap van khan Huatig trung tU dien nghi van tiet tU thd tU thdc (f.lJ^'lEAiSj^Innffii^^FA:),'^^! ^6 chep bai van khan li Thffdng Iffdng. Bii nly liet ke ten dc vi than linh ma dan lang cung de khan phu hd trong buoi li. Doan chep nhff sau: Dich nghla: Quan Thinh Hau Thd Nguyen Quan, Thai Tue Chi Dffc Tdn Thin, Cao CIc QuIng Thd Dai Vffdng, Cufu Thien Huyen Nff Tien Phi, Dffdng CInh Thanh Hoang Dai Vffdng, Sdn Xuyen Nhac Dgc Tff Cd Tdn Than, Bdn Thd Thd Dffc Tien Nffdng, Bdn Thd Hda Dffc Tien Nffdng, Bach Hac Tien Sinh Chi Thin, Da Hac Tien Sinh Chi Than, Ld Ban Lo Bd'c Tien Sinh Chi Thin, Ngu Phffdng Long Thin Tru Trach. fyV^)a±jtm, ±ik^m^-^, ^rsjiAAAT., AA^AiiJi^e, nmm^i^T., oj ill SiftK«i|c#, ^±±\^\^^, t^±')cmm{, es5t^A#, sfs^t^A^, SAm F 3tAA#, A AHl#tt'A'. [Tap van khan, tr. 23a] Trong sd 12 vi thin linh neu tren, chung tdi cd the sap xep lai theo 3 cap bac khae nhau can cff vao thff tff dffdc chep lai. • Cap bac thff nhat: Tff Quan Thanh Hau Thd Nguyen Quan den Cufu Thien Huyen Nff Tien Phi la nhffng vi thin cd lai lich kha rd rang. Cap bac thff hai: Tff Dffdng CInh Thanh Hoang Dai Vffdng de'n Da Hac Tien Sinh Chi Thin la nhffng vi than chung chung va lai lich khdng rd rang. Ca'p bac thff ba: Lo Ban Ld Bdc Tien Sinh Chi Thin, Ngu Phffdng Long Than Tru Trach. Tffc la td sff thd mdc vl thd thin ma cl ngffdi Hoa va ngffdi Viet thffdng thd cung [Huynh Nggc TrIng, 1993b, tr. 28]. Trong cap bac thff nha't, Quan Thinh Hau Tho Nguyen Quan la vi than ml Quan Thanh De Quan (Ml^w^) ke't hdp vdi Hau Tho Nguyen Qukn (Is A AS) la vi nff thd than [Ma 2002/1996, tr. 46-48]. Thai Tue Chi Dffc Tdn Than vffa la mdt vi mdc tinh tren trii da't vffa la mdt vi hung thln'^^'-ra't ddc ac [Man - Ly 1995, tr. 236]. Cao Cac Quang Thd Dai Vffdng la vi thin cai quan mdt vung [TrIn Dai Vinh 1995, tr. 101], [Huynh Dinh Ke't 1998, tr. 39]. Trong danh sIch dc vi than dffdc ghi d tren, ngffdi ta lai tim ra dffdc ten ciia dffc Cufu Thien Huyen Nff. Chung tdi chffa rd ve 2 vi thin Bach Hac Tien Sinh va Da Hac Tien Sinh Chi Thin trong cap bac thff hai, tff doan ghi Dffdng Canh Thinh HoIng Dai Vffdng trd vi sau la thin dia linh hoac than dat dai ciia chu xff. Cac vi Ld Ban Ld Bdc Tien Sinh Chi Than, Ngu Phffdng Long Thin Tru Trach thudc cap bac thff ba II nhffng vi than td sff nghe mdc Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, so 2 (85). 2011 23 hoac than thd dia cua Trung Qud'c. Theo muc dich xay nha, than da't dai hoac thin khu vffc chie'm mdt nufa, song cin lifu y ring dc thin chiem vi tri hang diu van bao gdm than quan sff nhff Quan Thanh vl Ciiu Thien Huyen Nff hoac hung thin nhff vi thin Thii Tue. Hdn nffa, Lo Ban vl Lo Bd'c la hai vi td sff nghe mdc, nhffng ngffdi Hoa lai xep d cap bac dffdi. Tff viec quan sat eac vi du neu tren, cd the thay: de bio ve cho ngdi nhi trong qua trinh xay dffng, bffde diu cd the trdng cay vIo dc vi than vdi mong mud'n cd dffgfc uy Iffc ldn manh Trong tap van khan lai cd van Chinh ky (lE^.JC) [tr. lla-14b]. Ndi dung bii nly dffdc dung trong li cau an de trinh dn dich, cd the ke ra day nhffng vi than On dich nhff Ngu On Thin (5;ll#), Dai Le Than i±Mi^) v.v [tr. 13a-13b]. Trong dc vi than dffdc neu ten dd, lai tha'y xuat hien ten Luc Gilp Luc Dinh Chi Thin (T^^^/^TZ^^) [tr. 13b]. Nd cung gid'ng nhff trffdng hdp Cufu Thien Huyen Nff dffdc neu trong DTTTT vl phu than trong quIn Linh Hffu. Bii van Chinh ky chep ve nhffng vi than dffdc liet ke ring "Tdti thdn ngu tai hdn hga chi thdn (^tt'^l^lf l^:^#)". Nhff the' la dan lang mong ddi thin Luc Gilp Luc Dinh thffc hien vai trd cua vi than ngff tai han hga. Day cd the nghT den khi nang: khai niem dffdc phai sinh tff uy Iffc ciia vi than quan sff. Nhff vay, du da dffgfc ghi d cac trang khac nhau, nhffng d hai vi than Ciiu Thien Huyen Nff va Luc Giap deu nhd cd uy Iffc manh me ciia vi thin quan sff, van duy tri chffe nang vd'n cd la trff ta ma. Chinh vi the', chung tdi khang dinh ring sff phd'i hgfp cua hai vi than ke tren van dffdc tai hien lai tren cac tap van khan dffdc Iffu giff tai cae lang lan can cua thanh phd' Hue' gidng nhff truyen Ciiu Thien Huyen Nff trong sIch DTTTT hoac nhff each bd tri dc pho tffdng tai quan Linh Hffu. 2.3. Bdn ve bdi s& le Thitcfng liicnig ditcfc hdn d Hue Trong bii sd'^^' dffdc dung trong li Thffgfng Iffdng (AII^A) do tic gil bii bio nay sffu tap dffgfc d chgf Ddng Ba vao nam 2007 cd doan ghi ten cac vi thin linh cd lien quan de'n le Thffgfng Iffdng, nhff sau: Dich nghla: Nha't thinh thffdng dat Cufu Thien Huyen Nff Thinh Td Dao Mau Nguyen Quan chieu gilm, Vd Thanh Khffdng Thai Cdng tai thii Bit Quii Phu, Cd Tich Thien Dai Phong Thin Tdn Vi, Lo Ban Lo Bdc Nhi Vi Tien Sff Tdn Than, Ban Xff thinh Hoang Tdn Thin, Bin Xff Thd Dia Tdn Than, Ngu Hinh Liet Vi Nffdng, Lich Dai Sff Tdn Than, Ddng Tru ty Mang Tao Quan Ngu Phffdng Thd Cdng ton Thin, Bin Xff Thien Thin, Thi Tdng Bd Ha, Vd Tff Am Cd Hon Liet Vi ddng thuy chieu gilm ( ). ii, mi^\-^.{tL'k.mnw, ^^m^m^\ ^^±i'km^, urmmt^mimm^, ^f?H]^ffiAAAA?i'-#, AM#iA mittX'T, m^\mtAmi, w\^m^{ ) [Ddng thff 7- ddng thff 13] 24 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, so 2 (85). 2011 O day, ngffdi ta nhin tha'y ten dffc Cufu Thien Huyen Nff dat d vi tri hang diu trong so' ten dc vi than khIc nhau. Hdn nffa, theo dch bd tri doan van thi, giffa Cufu Thien Huyen Nff va nhffng vi thin linh khIc chia thinh hai phan, cd ve nhff vi nff thin nay dffdc dai ngd dac biet. Dieu dd lam cho ngffdi ta cd the xlc nhan dffcfc la dd'i tffgfng tin ngffdng chinh ciia li Thffdng Iffdng la dffc Cufu Thien Huyen Nff. Khffdng Thai Cdng'>«' cung dffdc dai ngd dac biet sau vi nff thin nay. Can Iffu y ring, Khffdng Thai Cdng cung II mdt vi thin quan sff, cd xiing hieu Vd Thanh'^'" trong bai sd. Nhffng vi thin linh khac trong bai sd nay lai cd ten vi than Ld Ban. Than Ld Ban vd'n II mdt ngffdi thgf mdc kheo tay cua Trung Qud'c cd dai. Va d Dai Loan hien dai, dng dffdc tdn sung la vi thin nghe mdc kheo leo vdi danh Xffng Xao Thinh Tiep Sdi^m^m) [Lffu Chi Man 1994, tr. 352, 365]. Trong bii sd nly, ngoai Lo Ban Ld Bd'c ra, lai cd ten Lich Dai Sff Ton Than vdi nghTa II nhffng vi td sff ciia nghe mdc d Viet Nam. 0 khu vffc Ddng A, ngffdi ta lai dung mdt di thffdc dac biet cd ten la thffdc Lo Ban (f^MK) vffa di' do kich thffdc nhi cijfa vffa de doan may rui. 6 Viet Nam, thffdc Ld Ban cung dffgfc suf dung [Phan Thanh Hii 2003, tr. 326- 327]. Trong dd sffu tam ciia Vien Bio tang Lich sii d Ha Ndi, tren thffdc Lo Ban, cd khim mdt cai bua vdi ldi chu "Cdp cdp nhU Cdu Thien Huyin Nd lugt le" (Anh 1). Theo ldi TS Trinh Chinh Hao (ll[^A?^)'i^' khi trao ddi vdi tic gil bii nly vao ngly 15 thing 8 vffa qua, thi: quan he giffa Cufu Thien Huyen Nff vdi td sff nghe mdc d Dai Loan chffa rd rang va hdn nffa trong thffdc Ld Ban ma TS Trinh da sffu tap khdng cd ten vi nff thin nay. Nhff vay, qua so sinh tin ngffdng hien tai ve td sff nghi mdc giffa ngffdi Hoa va ngffdi Viet tha'y cd diem gid'ng nhau dd la cung thd chung vi thin Ld Ban nhffng lai cd diem khac nhau, dd II: d thdi diem hien tai chi cd d Viet Nam mdi cd tin ngffdng dffc Cufu Thien Huyen Nff.'^^* Mdt dieu ml chung tdi khdng the bd qua trong bii sd neu tren dd la sff ke't hdp danh xffng Ciiu Thien Huyin Nff va Thanh Td Dao Mau Nguyen Quan (l??JliI^A^). Chung tdi cho ring trong ten nay cd sff ke't hdp hai vi nff than khIc nhau II Cufu Thien Huyin Nff va Tay Vffdng Mau (H A#). Phan ldi tffa DTTTT ghi ring: "Phu nff die dao thi vi tri cao nha't la Nguyen Quan. T^p truyen nay viet Kim Mlu trd thinh Chu Nguyen Quan (AAlf iljwftj^^^, iUi\::X±nh±jtm). Theo dd, ne'u dffa vao thuat ngff than hoc Dao gilo, Nguyen Quan trong "Thdnh Td Dgo Mdu Nguyen Qudn" cd y nghia II "Tdy Vuang Mdu". Cdn theo truygn Cufu Thien Huyen Nff trong DTTTT nhff da ke tren, cd doan chep nff thin nay la "de td cua Thanh Mdu Nguyen Qudn: M^^Al" 51^ Am." Truyen Tay Vffdng Mlu trong DTTTT lai cd doan: "Tdy Vuang Mdu ( ) lgi CO hieu la Kim Mdu Nguyen Qudn. ( ) Vuang Mdu ra letih cho mat phu nd ddu chim minh ngUdi vd ndi vdi (Hodng) De rdng: Ta Id. Cdu Thien Huyen Nd { ): n^M { ) ^^^B^^jtm ( )Aig:Ai1^-^f AAt.*t, m'Zi H|ic AA^Atil ( )". Nhff vay, trong dc tai lieu quan trgng, cd the thay rd mdi quan he giffa Cufu Thien Huyen Nff va Tay Vffdng Mlu kha mat thiet. Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 2 (85). 2011 25 Hdn nffa, tin ngffdng thin bdn mang d Hue cd 2 he thd'ng cung song song tdn tai: mdt la Tay Cung Vffdng Mlu (ffi??^T.#)/ Doai Cung Vffdng Mlu i^'F\T.^-) hay ndi dch khIc thudc he Tay Vffdng Mlu [Ca'diere 1958/1930, tr. 72], [Tran Dai Vinh 1995, tr. 119], hai la thudc he Cufu Thien Huyen Nff [Huynh Dinh Ket 1998, tr. 38]. Nhffng nam gan day, hai vi nff than nay vin dffdc phd'i thd nhff ghi chep trong sIch Dia chi Phong Diin (thudc phia tay blc tinh Thffa Thien Hue): "Ddi vdi phu nd, vdi niim tin cd truyin, hg con thd Cdu Thien Huyen Nd, Tdy Cung Vuang Mdu Bdn Mgng Chua Tien " [Nguyen Van Hoa 2005, tr. 485-486]. 6 day, dffc Cufu Thien Huyen Nff dffgfc neu len d vi tri hang dau trong nhdm dc vi thin linh, va cl hai vi nff thin nay deu la vi thin bdn mang ciia ngffdi phu nff. Tff quan niem tiep can neu tren, d vung Hue da nay sinh quan niem cd sff ke't hgfp giffa Cufu Thien Huyen Nff va Tay Vffdng Mlu. Chd nen ten chii than la "Cdu Thien Thdnh To" dffdc thd d quIn Linh Hffu neu tren cd nhieu kha nang la sff ke't hdp ten ggi ciia d hai vi nff thin. Mac du vay, trong nhffng vi than phu dffgfc dat ben canh than chii cd lien quan de'n tin ngffdng Cijfu Thidn Huyen Nff, thi tinh dch ciia Cufu Thien Huyen Nff, tffc vi thin trdng coi chie'n tranh va trff ta ma, lai ndi bat nhieu hdn Tay Vffdng Mlu. Tieu ket Nhff vay, chung tdi nghT ring sff phd'i hdp giffa thin chinh Cdu Thien Huyen Nff vdi cac vi thin phu, dac biet vdi thin Luc Giap dffgfc ke trong van bin tai lieu Dao giao vdui DTTTT da phin anh trong viec bd tri cac pho tffdng tai chinh dien cua quan Linh Hffu hoac trong bai van khan dang lffu giff tai ling Thanh Phffdc. Dieu nay dffdc trien khai rd rang theo dch thffc vffa ndi bat len trong nhffng vi thin td sff nghe mdc khac nhff Ld Ban, vffa pha trdn vdi Tay Vffdng Mlu tai vung Hue'. 3. Khao sat Dffdi day, can cff vIo ket qui xem xet nhffng van bin neu tren, chung tdi se thijf khIo sat hoac dffa ra gil thuyet ve nhffng ly do cho viec xay dffng quIn Linh Hffu, nguyen nhan tai sao dffc Cufu Thien Huyen Nff dffdc Thanh Binh Tff Dffdng thd phung va trd thanh td sff nghe mdc. 3.1. Thvi khdo sdt ve ly do md dUc CvCu Thien Huyen NU ditcfc thd phung v&i tit each la vi than chinh cua qudn Linh Hi/u Gid'ng nhff nhieu chua quan khac, chffa cd tli lieu nao ghi rd ly do cu the vl ti mi vi viec dffng quIn Linh Hffu. Song chffng tdi cho ring viec xay dffng quan Linh Hffu la bieu tffdng ciia viec hoan thinh he thd'ng bio ve xung quanh kinh dd Hue' va phii Thffa Thien. Theo quyen 23, Minh Mgng chinh yeu {SHinii^W), cho de'n nam Minh Mang thff 9 (1828), trieu Nguyin cho xay dffng lai he thd'ng bio ve xung quanh d phii Thffa Thien va kinh dd Hue' nhff sau: Phia ddng: nam diu (1820), "Sda ddp ddi Trdn Hdi: ii^mUMii"''''>