Cách dùng các đại từ quan hệ

Chuyên đề Luyện thi Tốt nghiệp THPT và Luyện thi Đại học, Cao đẳng 2009 CHUYÊN ĐỀ LUYỆN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT VÀ LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC, CAO ĐẲNG 2009 Môn: TIẾNG ANH Chuyên đề: CÁCH DÙNG CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ I. MỤC ĐÍCH CHUYÊN ĐỀ - Không phải ngẫu nhiên mà người ta coi đại từ quan hệ là một trong “tứ trụ” trong cấu trúc tiếng Anh. Đại từ quan hệ được sử dụng rất rộng rãi cả trong văn nói và trong văn viết. Do đó các em cần tập trung vào học cấu trúc này. II. KIẾN THỨC CƠ BẢN 1. Who – that (chủ ngữ chỉ người) The man is my teacher. The man is at the door. Æ The man who/ that is at the door is my teacher. (phần gạch chân là mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ bổ nghĩa cho “the man”). The girl is from Vietnam. The girl is wearing red. Æ The girl who is wearing red is from Vietnam. 2. Which – that (chủ ngữ chỉ vật) The book is interesting. The book is on the table. Æ The book which is on the table is interesting. The pencil is Nam’s. The pencil is red and blue. Æ The pencil which is red and blue is Nam’s. 3. Whom, which, that (tân ngữ) 3.1. Whom (dùng cho người), that (dùng cho cả người và vật), which (dùng cho vật): là tân ngữ trực tiếp, không đi kèm giới từ. I know the man. You met the man yesterday. Æ I know the man whom/ that you met yesterday. He loves the children. You teach the children. Æ He loves the children whom you teach. I haven’t found the pen. I lost the pen yesterday. Æ I haven’t found the pen which/ that I lost yesterday. They like the book. You read the book everyday. Æ They like the book which/ that you read everyday. 3.2. Whom (dùng cho người), that (dùng cho cả người và vật), which (dùng cho vật): là tân ngữ giới từ. I don’t know the woman. You are talking about the woman now. Æ I don’t know the woman whom/ that you are talking about now. Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trường chung của học trò Việt Trang 1 Chuyên đề Luyện thi Tốt nghiệp THPT và Luyện thi Đại học, Cao đẳng 2009 Æ I don’t know the woman about whom you are talking now. (không dùng “that”) We like the book. Your mother spoke about the book yesterday. Æ We like the book which/ that your mother spoke about yesterday. Æ We like the book about which your mother spoke yesterday. (không dùng “that”) Chú ý: Nếu giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thì không dùng “that” cho cả người và vật. 4. Whose – of which (sở hữu) I teach the children. Their house is next to mine. Æ I teach the children whose house is next to mine. I work in the school. The gate of the school is blue. Æ I work in the school, of which the gate is blue. Æ I work in the school, the gate of which is blue. 5. When = on which (day, date), when = in which (year) I always remember the year when/ in which the war ended. She reminded me of the date. We first met on that date. Æ She reminded me of the date when/ on which we first met. 6. Wher/ in, at, to which We visited the village last week. We were born in the village. Æ We visited the village where/ in which we were born. 7. Why = for which He told me the reason. He was late for the reason. Æ He told me the reason why/ for which he was late. 8. Mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ xác định và không xác định - Mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ xác định: là thành phần cơ bản trong câu, không thể thiếu, không thể bỏ đi được. The book is interesting. The book is on the table Æ the book which is on the table is interesting. - Mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ không xác định: là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin, là thành phần không cơ bản, có thể bỏ đi được. Nam’s book is interesting. It is on the table. Æ Nam’s book, which is on the table, is interesting. Chú ý: o Mệnh đề này đứng giữa hai dấu phẩy o Mệnh đề tính ngữ không xác định khi thành phần trong câu đã được xác định bằng tính từ sở hữu, tính từ chỉ định hoặc yếu tố duy nhất. 9. Từ chỉ lượng với đại từ quan hệ some of/most of/a lot of/both of/neither of/a pair of…+ whom/ which I go to school with some friends. Most of them are boys. Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trường chung của học trò Việt Trang 2 Chuyên đề Luyện thi Tốt nghiệp THPT và Luyện thi Đại học, Cao đẳng 2009 Æ I go to school with some friends, most of whom are boys. We sent him two pictures. Both of them were new. Æ We sent him two pictures, both of which were new. 10. Các trường hợp không dùng “that” - Giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ I know the man with whom you live - Mệnh đề có chứa từ chỉ lượng They met many children, most of whom were girls. - Đại từ quan hệ thay thế cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó He often sailed across the lake, which nobody had done before. 11. Mệnh đề tính ngữ rút gọn 11.1. Mệnh đề tính ngữ rút gọn với phân từ The Royal College, which was founded in 1076, is the oldest university in this country. Æ The Royal College, founded in 1076, is the oldest university in this country. Applications which are received after the deadline cannot be considered. Æ Applications received after the deadline cannot be considered. People who travelled into the city every day are used to the hold-ups. Æ People travelling into the city every day are used to the hold-ups. 11.2. Mệnh đề tính ngữ rút gọn với danh từ đồng cách Oak, which is one of the most durable hard woods, is often used to make furniture. Æ Oak, one of the most durable hard woods, is often used to make furniture. 11.3. Mệnh đề tính ngữ rút gọn với động từ nguyên mẫu Chúng ta dùng mệnh đề tính ngữ rút gọn với động từ nguyên mẫu sau các số thứ tự (first, second ), hình thức so sánh bậc nhất (oldest ), next, last, only: Who was the first person that conquered Mount Everest? Æ Who was the first person to conquer Mount Everest? She is the only student who has signed up for the course. Æ She is the only student to sign up for the course. 12. Các trường hợp dùng dấu phẩy - Khi danh từ đứng trước who, which, whom là danh từ riêng, tên. Ha Noi, which Mary, who is - Có “this ,that ,these ,those” đứng trước danh từ : This book, which - Có sở hữu đứng trước danh từ : My mother, who is - Là vật duy nhất ai cũng biết : Sun ( mặt trời ), moon ( mặt trăng ) The Sun, which Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trường chung của học trò Việt Trang 3 Chuyên đề Luyện thi Tốt nghiệp THPT và Luyện thi Đại học, Cao đẳng 2009 III. CỦNG CỐ KIẾN THỨC Bài tập 1: Nối câu bằng đại từ quan hệ 1. Peter wanted to have dinner with us. He hated eating on his own. 2. We saw several houses. Most of them were modern. 3. My brother has just sold his town house. His dream is to live in a farm house. 4. We pay a visit to the house. We lived in the house 10 years ago. 5. They’ll never forget the day. Their wedding took place on that day. 6. What was the name of the year? Your son was born on that year. 7. Hai phong is a nice city. Its streets are green. 8. I like the dog. Its fur is white. 9. Felipe bought a camera. The camera has three lenses. 10. Frank is the man. We are going to nominate Frank for the office of treasurer. 11. Janet wants a typewriter. The typewriter can self-correct. Bài tập 2: Chọn phương án thích hợp để hoàn thành những câu sau: 1. She gives her children everything……….they want. a.that b. who c. whom d.what 2. Tell me……….you want and I will try to help you. a.that b.what c.who d .which 3. The place………….we spent our holiday was really beautiful. a.what b.who c.where d.which 4. What was the name of the girl……… passport was stolen? a.whose b.who c.which d.when 5. The bed………….I slept in was too soft. a.whose b.which c.what d.who 6. Nora is the only person……… understands me. a.which b who c. what d . whose 7. Why do you always disagree with everything……… I say? a.who b. which c.when d.what 8. This is an awful film. It is the worst……… I have never seen. a.who b. that c. what d. whom 9. The hotel ……… we stayed was not clean. a.who b. that c. where d. when 10. The last time ……… I saw her, she looked very beautiful. a.who b.that c. where d. when 11. What was the name of the people ……… car had broken down. a.which b. who c.whom d.whose 12. I recently went back to the town………… I was born. a.what b. where c.who d.which Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trường chung của học trò Việt Trang 4 Chuyên đề Luyện thi Tốt nghiệp THPT và Luyện thi Đại học, Cao đẳng 2009 13. The reason……… I phoned him was to invite him to a party. a. what b. whose c.why d.which 14. I don't agree with ……… you have just said. a.what b. who c.when d.which 15. She told me her address………… I wrote on a piece of paper. a.what b. which c.when d. where 16. The dress didn't fit her, so she took it back to the shop…… she had bought it. a.where b.which c. what d. when 17. Do you know the girl………….Tom is talking to? a.whom b.what c.which d. whose 18. I gave her all the money ………… I had. a.that b.what c.when d.whose 19. The party……… we went to wasn't very enjoyable. a.who b.when c.that d.where 20. The stories……… Tom tells are usually very funny. a.when b.that c.where d.who 21. I met the woman……… can speak six languages. a.who b.that c.which d.whom 22. Have you seen the money ……… was on the table? a.who b.which c.where d.whom 23. Where is the picture……… was on the wall? a.when b.where c.which d.who 24. I don't like people ……… never stop talking. a.who b.which c.whom d.whose 25. Why does she always wear clothes……….are too small for her? a.which b.who c.whose d.where 26. The factory……… John works in is the biggest in town. a.when b.where c.which d.how 27. Have you ever seen the photographs……… Ann took? a.that b.where c.when d.who 28. Everybody………….went to the party enjoyed it very much. a. that b. whose c.which d.who 29. 1945 was the year……… the second world war ended. a.which b.why c.when d.where 30. Is there a shop near hear………… I can buy a postcard? a.when b.which c.where d.who Đáp án: Bài 1: 1. Peter, who hated eating on his own, wanted to have dinner with us Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trường chung của học trò Việt Trang 5 Chuyên đề Luyện thi Tốt nghiệp THPT và Luyện thi Đại học, Cao đẳng 2009 2. We saw several houses, most of which were modern. 3. My brother, whose dream is to live in a farm house, has just sold his town house. 4. We pay a visit to the house where we lived 10 years ago. 5. They’ll never forget the day on which their wedding took place. 6. What was the name of the year in which your son was born? 7. Hai phong, whose streets are green, is a nice city. 8. I like the dog whose fur is white. 9. Felipe bought a camera which has three lenses. 10. Frank is the man whom we are going to nominate for the office of treasurer. 11. Janet wants a typewriter which can self-correct. Bài 2: 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. b 7. b 8. b 9. c 10. d 11. d 12. b 13. c 14. a 15. b 16. a 17. a 18. a 19. c 20. b 21. a 22. b 23. c 24. a 25. a 26. c 27. a 28. d 29. c 30. c IV. BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ Bài tập: Điền một đại từ quan hệ phù hợp để hoàn thành những câu sau: 1. The men _______ live next-door are English. 2. The dictionary _______ you gave me is very good. 3. Do you know the girls _______ are standing outside the church? 4. The police are looking for the thief _______ got into my house last night. 5. The chocolate _______ you like comes from the United States. 6. I have lost the necklace _______ my mother gave me on my birthday. 7. A burglar is someone _______ breaks into a house and steals things. 8. Buses _______ go to the airport run every half hour. 9. I can't find the key _______ opens this door. 10. I gave you a book _______ had many pictures. 11. I don't like the boy _______ Sue is going out with. 12. Did you see the beautiful dress _______ she wore yesterday. 13. The man _______ she is going to marry is very rich. 14. This is the bank _______ was robbed yesterday. 15. He wore a mask _______ made him look like Mickey Mouse. 16. He arrived with a friend ______ waited outside in the car. 17. The man ______ mobile was ringing did not know what to do. 18. The car ______ the robbers escaped in was a BMW. 19. The woman ______ daughter was crying tried to calm her down. 20. The postman ______ works in the village is very old. 21. The family ______ car was stolen last week is the Smiths. Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trường chung của học trò Việt Trang 6 Chuyên đề Luyện thi Tốt nghiệp THPT và Luyện thi Đại học, Cao đẳng 2009 22. The cowboy ______ is wearing a red shirt looks very funny. 23. A bus is a big car ______ carries lost of people. 24. The volunteers, ______ enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly. 25. Children ______ like music are often good at mathematics. 26. The engineers ______ designed the building received an award. 27. The girl ______ recited the poem is my niece. 28. The town people, ______ pride in their community is well- known, raised enough money to build a new town hall. 29. The Pacific Ocean, ______ might have been crossed by raft during the Stone Age, is the world's largest ocean. 30. The newspaper to ______ we subscribe is delivered regulary. Giáo viên: Nguyễn Thị Tâm Nguồn: Hocmai.vn Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trường chung của học trò Việt Trang 7 . nghiệp THPT và Luyện thi Đại học, Cao đẳng 2009 CHUYÊN ĐỀ LUYỆN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT VÀ LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC, CAO ĐẲNG 2009 Môn: TIẾNG ANH Chuyên đề: CÁCH DÙNG CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ I. MỤC ĐÍCH CHUYÊN. nhiên mà người ta coi đại từ quan hệ là một trong “tứ trụ” trong cấu trúc tiếng Anh. Đại từ quan hệ được sử dụng rất rộng rãi cả trong văn nói và trong văn viết. Do đó các em cần tập trung vào. Các trường hợp không dùng “that” - Giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ I know the man with whom you live - Mệnh đề có chứa từ chỉ lượng They met many children, most of whom were girls. - Đại