Ngữ pháp 2

Branches of linguistics

Ngữ pháp 2

- What is grammar?

Grammar drived from Greek “grammatike” meaning “to write”

- Kinds of grammar:

Prescriptive grammar: to be phrased as prohibition - standard grammar

Descriptive grammar: to describe the grammatical system of a language (e.g to describe how to play football: using a ball, hand and a basket )

• Phrase structures and transformational grammar:

- Phrasal structure: the division of a sentence into parts, or constituents, and the

division of those constituent into subparts

- the transformational rules can be informally thought of as an instruction to

change one structure to another

• Functional grammar: showing grammar communicating meaning in social

interaction

Branches of linguistics

- Syntax (phrases – clauses- sentences)

Semantics Words – Phrases – Clauses – Sentences

Grammar

Open class items

• It conveys content words (lexical

words)

• Too many of them, can not count them

- the number of this class is unlimited

• Two members can go together - the

members of this class do not exclude

each other

• Can always create new members

Closed system items

• It conveys function words

• Can count them - the number

of them is limited

• Two members cannot gotogether - the members of thisclass exclude each other

• Can never create newmembers

Morphology

Classes of word (different parts of

speech); - Different grammatical

categories of different parts of speech

Syntax

Deals with the combination of words

to make larger units of language

Finite - nonfinite - verbless

Sentences

Elements: S, V, C, O, AKinds: 2 kinds

- Simple

- Complex:

+ by using Coordinators+ by using Subordinators

1, Is it right to say that right wrongs no man?

2, One can not right all the wrongs in the world

3, Cure that cold with a drink of hot lemon before you go to bed

4, Drink this quick! Don’t let it get cold

5, Before the fire, there had been a plague, the like of which had not been known before and has not been seen since

6, It is a common failing to suppose we are not like other men, that we are not as other people are

7, As your doctor, I must warn you that the results of taking this drug may be very serious

8, Growth in weight results in the development of muscles and fat

9, Warm pan, sift dry ingredients and stir well

10, Dry hair thoroughly with warm towel and comb

Unit 1 - Phrases – clauses - sentences

1 PHRASES

1.1 Definition

A group of one or more than one words, equivalent to a part of speech

A phrase consists of (Pre-modification) + Head + (Post-modification)

a beautiful girl in the class premod N head postmod

b, Adjective phrase (Adj.P): a phrase in which there is an adjective as a head

d, Prepositional phrase (Pre.P):

in the class

pre NP

a noun phrase dominated by a preposition

e, Verb phrase (VP): a group of one or more than one verbs in which there is a verb as a head.

- Structurally, there are 2 kinds of VP:

Nonfinite VP: - Infinitive NFVP Bare Inf.NFVP

• Non – finite verb phrase: a verb phrase whose verb element does not agree with the

subject in person and number

- Infinitive non-finite verb phrase:

+ “To” infinitive non-finite verb phrase: To learn English is difficult

+ Bare infinitive non-finite verb phrase: Run away is what I could do then

- -Ing participle non-finite verb phrase: My duty is learning English.

- -Ed participle non-finite verb phrase: Asked a lot of questions, she was tired.

Finite VPs

• Finite VPs (V, V-s & V-ed1, etc.)

have tense and mood of a certain

type

They go there very often

He goes there twice a week

(Tense: past; mood : indicative)

We went there yesterday.

(Tense: past; mood : indicative)

• Finite VPs often have their own

subject

If she liked, she could go.

S + V-ed1

• Finite VPs often appear in the

simple, compound or complex

sentence (making up finite clauses)

2 CLAUSES

2.1 Definition a part of a sentence, conveying an independent supposition

2.2 Clause elements : S,V,O,C,A

a Object: - Direct object (Od.): I like him

S V Od

- Indirect object (Oi) + Od: I gave him a book

S V Oi Od

b Complements:

Subject complement (Cs): to describe or indicate the characteristics or feature of the subject

-after copular verbs (link verbs)

+ BE group: be, appear, seem, feel, look, see, sound, smell, taste…, expressing the current

- Object complement (Co): to describe or indicate the characteristics or features of the object:

She painted the door red

S V Od Co

He drove me mad

They elected him chairman

I have my car repaired

I saw her sleeping in the garden

They found a good wife for him

He gave a book to me

- Adjective complements (Cadj.)

I’ m happy to meet you

S V Cs Cadj

- Prepositional complement (Cpre.)

She is interested in making up all day

S V Cs Cadj

- Adverbials:

+ Semantically: adverb of time, place and process (manner)

He worked hard at school then

S V Amanner Aplace Atime

Conjuncts: peripheral to the structure of the clause and connective function

Secondly, you have to learn French

A conjunct S V Od(finally, on the other hand, in brief, that’s why, in other words, in addition, moreover, in conclusion, what’s more, further more )

Ex 5, 7

2.3 Classification

a, According to usage: 2

- Independent clause:

+ Simple sentence : Tom saw Mary

+ Compound sentence: Tom saw Mary and he ran away

+ Complex sentence: When Tom saw Mary, he ran away

+ Dependent clause: When he saw Mary, he ran away

b, According to clause elements and verb complementation: 7 kinds

- S + V(intensive) + Adverb : He is in the garden

- S + V(intensive) + Cs : He looks tired

- S + V(mono transitive) + Od : I love you

- S + V(complex transitive) + O + A : They put him in a good position

- S + V(complex transitive) + Od + Co : He made me happy

- S + V(di transitive)+ Oi + Od : He gave me his book

Ex 98

c, According to Verb phrase structures (Structural classification): 3

Finite clause

+ “To” infinitive non – finite clause:

To learn English is difficult

+ Bare infinitive non – finite clause:

All I did was hit him on his head

-Ing participle non – finite clause:

The teacher being ill, we missed our lesson

- Ed participle non – finite clause:

Given a beautiful present, she was happy

His job finished, he went home

C3, Verbless clause: a clause whose verb element is absent

He went to bed angry

verbless ß> When he was angry, he went to bed

She stayed at home jobless

ß> Because she was jobless, she stayed at home

Ex: 11

d, According to syntactic function of the clauses: 2

- Independent clauses (main/super ordinate) :

He ran away when I turned out

- Dependent clauses (sub-clause/subordinate)

What he wants is what I want

Functionally : I think that you can do it if you try

c

b

a

‘a’ is the superordinate to ‘b’ or ‘c’ is the subordinate to ‘b’

‘b’ is the superordnate to ‘c’ ‘b’ is the subordinate to ‘a’

FCl FCl

FCl

Cl.elements + V.complementation:

s v

S V O A

e, According to the syntactic functions of sub-clauses: 4 kinds

- Nominal clauses: (S, O, C)

What I want is not what he wants

I wonder whether he’ll come or not

I know you are rich

I enjoy listening to music

I want to learn English

- Relative clauses:

The man who was standing at the door is my brother

Defining relative clause

3 SENTENCES

3.1 Definition

An English sentence must have the subject that governs the verb and a finite verb phrase

3.2 Sentence elements

1 Traditional classification: Subject + Predicate

2 Modern classification: S-V-O-C-A

Obligatory: 7 pattern clauses

Optional: Adverb of place/time

She went to London last Sunday.

Aplace Atime

The plane took off immediately.

Ex: 99

3.3 Classification

a According to communicative functions (purposes of utterances): 4

a Statements (Declarative): usually with the word order: S-V

- Affirmative: I’ll speak to him tonight (+)

- Negative: I won’t speak to him (-)

b Questions (Interrogative): Normally with the inversion of the first auxiliary verb or

modal verb - called the operator - and the subject

Do you like cat?

Op SQuestions are sentences marked by one or more of these three criteria:

- The placing of the operator in front of the subject (S-operator inversion):

Do you like coffee?

- The initial positioning of an interrogative or “Wh-” element:

What do you like?

- Rising intonation: You know him?

Ex: 15

c Commands (imperative): sentences which have no overt grammatical subject and

whose verb element is in imperative

VDon’t + V

- Without subject: Be careful

Don’t be silly

- With subject: Someone open the door

Don’t someone open the door

Let him know

Don’t let him go

Let him not go

Ex: 118

d Exclamations: sentences which have an initial phrase introduced by “what” or “how”

without the inversion of subject and operator

How + adj/adv + S + V! How beautiful she is!

What +NP + S +V! What a beautiful girl she is!

Sometimes, we have verbless utterances in exclamation (in spoken language)

b According to their structures:

Phrases - Word group: (Premod) + Head + (Postmod)

- Dependent or independent language units

1.1 Classification (Kinds of noun)

- Common nouns: count - mass

1.3 Syntactic function of Nouns

1 Subject Tom is a teacher

2 Direct object I gave him a book

3 Indirect object

4 Object complement They elected him chairman

5 Subject complement My mother is an actress

6 Attribute

In pocessive This is Tom's house

In direct address (vocative) Tom, come in please

In apposition My friend, Tom, is a teacher

7 As modifier of other noun I went to grocer store

Ex: 54, 56, 57, 58

2 Noun phrases

2.1 Definition: NP is a phrase, in which there is a noun as a head.

2.2 Kinds of NP: 2 kinds: Basic Noun phrases and complex noun phrases 2.2.1 Basic NP (BNP):

a Definition: Basic NP (BNP) is:

- a NP

- consists of (Pre-modification) + Head

- functions in the sentence as S, O and C

b Elements of the BNP:

1 Basic noun phrase is only one word:

Books are friends She is my friend

S Cs S Cs

2 The head of the Basic noun phrase is realised by:

- A common noun with zero modifier:

Pens are used for writing

- Proper noun with/without modifier realised by closed system items:

(A) Mr John wants to see you

- Common Noun with closed system item:

Closed system items Head

Pre-determiners Determiners Post-determiners

- as whole - articles - numeral

- multipliers - demonstratives - quantifiers

- fractions - pronouns

- interrogative deter

- indefinite deter

- quantifiers

* Determiners

- Articles

the children some children

- Demonstratives: this, that, these, those, e.g: this book, this boy

- Pronouns: my, your, his, her, thier e.g: my brother, thier discussion

- Interrogative deter.: whose, which, what e.g: which coulour, whose books

- Indefinite deter : some, any, each, e.g: some water, any car (s), every student,

- Quantifiers: much, e.g: much water

* Pre-determiners

- As whole (inclusives): all, both, hlf, e.g: all the book

- Multipliers: double, twwice, three times, e,g: dounle your salary

- Fractions: one-third, two-thords; e.g: one-third of this book

* Post-determiners

- Numeral: + Close-system: many, little, few e.g: many books, few apples

+ Open class: alot of, good deal of, a great number of

e.g a lot of book, a great deal of oil

- Quantifiers: + Cardinal: one, two, three; e.g: one book, two books

+ Ordinal: first, second, third, e.g: first book, second book

2.2.2 Complex noun phrases

Basic Noun phrase Complex noun phrase

- are noun phrases (N.P)

- Only permanent features

- Premod + head + postmod

- Premodification:

+ open class items (chiefly) + closed system items (optional)

- Premod (perm.) + Head + Postmod (temp)

- Permanent and temporary features

Complex Noun Phrase

Premodification Head Postmodification

Closed sys Items Open clas Items

Pre-deter Deter Post-deter Adjs Parts N Adv/ Prep NFCl Rel.Clinclusives art numeral

multipliers dem quantifiers

fraction pron

inter deter

indef deter

quantifier

Optional Chiefly (để phân biệt với BNP)

e.g: beautiful girl CPN Grocer stores CPN

N N-head

All my first student BCN

Premodification and postmodification: (self-study) trang 18,19,20,21 SGK

Ex: 248, 249, 250

2.3 Multiple Premodification and Multiple postmodification

2.3.1 Multiple Premodification

- The items can be premodifiers:

Predeter + deter + postdeter + adj + part + N + Nhead

all the three beautiful black young little dancing school girls

prede deter post adj.gen colour age size part Ns N-head

- Any change in set sequence will lead to change in meanings:

a beautiful black young girl - a beautiful young black girl

his last interesting novel - his interesting last novel

- Cases of premodified premodifiers:

the consumer goods prices increase control

the extremely out dated point of view

Ex: 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262

2.3.2 Multiple postmodification

- The items can be postmodifiers:

Nhead + Adv/ Pre.P + NFCl + Rel.Cl

Predet + deter + postdet + adj + part + N + Nhead + Adv/Pre.P + NFCl+ Rel.Cl

all the three beautiful black young little dancing girls in the corner talking to the director

who waved to you when you entered

- Any change in set sequence will lead to change in meanings

- Cases of modified postmodifiers:

the construction of the northern part of our country

a young son from his first marriage to a British actress

Ex: 252, 253, 254, 255

Unit 3 – adjectives and adverbs

1 Adjectives

1.1 Definition: a word belonging to an open class which generally denotes quality: good,

hot, little, young, fat, etc.; colour: black, white, etc or shape: square, round

1.2 Forms: no agreement with nouns

1 Simple adjs (root):

good, big, long, rich, nice, …

2 Derived adjs: (prefix or suffix + root)

beauty (n) => beautiful (a) (suffix can create a new part of speech)

happy (a) => unhappy (a) (prefix can create a new lexical meaning)

3 Compound adjs (root + root): good-looking, kind-hearted

4 Adj phrases: a six year old boy

a far more easily intelligible speech

5 Nouns as adj: a silver cup; a church lower

6.Participles as adjs:

-Ing parti.: indicating characteristics, features, functions, quality of the noun

-Ed parti.: expressing sth affected or attitude to sth

This film is very interesting.

We are interested in this film.

7 Advs as Adjs: the up train, the above statement

1.3 Syntactic features: 4

1 They freely occur in an attributive position, i.e they can pre-modify a noun :

- Attributive position:

attributive

This pre-noun position is called attributive because the adjective attributes a quality

or characteristic to the noun

a love relationship (adjectival attributive) (functioning attributively)

- Sometimes, adjectives can be postpositive attribute (post-modifier):

There’s nothing new, but something important

I have a house larger than yours

2 They can freely occur in predicative position, i.e they can function as: Cs & Co:The man seemed old

They painted the door blue

3 They can be pre-modified by intensifiers :

very, quite, rather, ….

The children are very happy

This is so difficult

4 They can take comparative and superlative forms whether inflectional.

The children are happier now

They are the happiest people

(beautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful)

1.4 Syntactic functions of adjectives: 5

a Modifiers: Pre-modifier and post-modifier:

- Adjectives are attributive when they pre-modify nouns:

This beautiful painting is his

The only child can do it

His main argument is on how to learn well

- Sometimes, adjectives can be post-modifier (or postpositive attribute):

Anyone intelligent can do it

There’s nothing new, but something important

I have a house larger than yours

b Complements:

Predicative adjectives can be:

(i) Cs (in intensive relationship with S):

Your daughter is intelligent

He’s rather careless

(ii) Co (in intensive relationship with O):

I consider him foolish

c Head of a noun phrase:

- Substantivised adjectives (the + adj.) can function as heads of NPs (as S, C, O andCprep.):

The poor are causing the nation’s leaders great concern

They will help only the humble poor.

d Supplementive adjective clauses:

Nervous, the man opened the letter.

The man, quietly assertive, spoke to the assembled workers.

When ripe, the apples are sweet.

e Exclamatory adjective sentences :

How good of you!

How wonderful!

Excellent!

1.5 Sub-classification of adjectives :

a According to syntactic functions: central, attributive, predicative.

- Central adjectives can function both attributively and predicatively

a hungry man ~ The man is hungry

- Attributive adjectives can be attributive (=modifier) only, e.g

The political situation

My former friend

He’s an out and out scoundrel/ an utter fool / a mere boy

- Predicative adjectives can be predicative (=complement) only.

He’s afraid to do it

I’m sorry (about/for)

The doctor made the patient well

S V Od Co

b According to Semantic functions:

b1

Stative/ dynamic:

- Stative adjectives: be characteristically stative:

It’s a male cat

- Dynamic adjectives: can be seen as dynamic,

It’s an old blue jacket

b2 Gradable/non-gradable adjectives:

- Gradable adjectives: can be modified by intensifiers and include comparison:

very young, so plain,

useful - more useful - most useful

These include all dynamic adjectives and most stative adjectives

- Non-gradable adjective: principally technical adjectives and adjectives denotingprovenance

atomic, British

wonderful, fantastic, perfect

1.6 Comparison of adjs: self-study

Ex: 68, 69, 70, 74, 75

2 Adverbs

2.1 Definition: belonging to an open class, often used as:

- adverbials:

They’re waiting outside

He spoke to me about it briefly

- modifiers:

That was a very funny film

She has a really beautiful face

2.2 Kind of Advs: 9

1. Adv of time: yesterday, this morning, at 6 o’ clock

2 Adv of frequency: always, every month, once a week

3 Adv of duration: some time, for a while, for a long time

4 Adv of place: on the table, in the office, at work

5 Adv of direction: around the world, to the airport, forwards

6 Adv of distance: near, next, far a way, a long way

7 Adv of manner: badly, quickly, fast

8 Adv of means and instrument: by bus, with a knife, without a ruler

9 Adv of degree: very, too, extremely, absolutely, completely

2.3 Forms

1 Simple: too, very, always, often, ever, never, far

2 Derived of adverbs: generally, backward, quickly, clockwise

3 Compound adv: whole-heartedly, shamefacedly, self-confidently

4 Adv phrases: now and again, five years ago, since three o’clock

5 Adj and adv of same form:

an early train The train arrived early

a wrong answer You’ve got it wrong

a long rest You mustn’t stay too long

6 Advs having 2 forms:

a) The same meaning:

I bought this car cheap/cheaply He has to drive slow/slowly.b) Different meaning:

They’re working hard I did hardly any work today.I’ll tell you directly, he comes The train goes there direct

7. Correspondence between adj and adv:

He answered the question very well

~ He gave a very good answer to the question

It is badly decided ~ It is a bad decision

He spoke to John sharply ~ He spoke to John in a sharp manner

2.4 Syntactic functions of adverbs:

a Adverbials :

- Adjuncts: They’re waiting outside.

- Disjuncts: Frankly, I’m tired

- Conjuncts: (They tried to listen.) However, they heard nothing.

b Modifiers:

- Modifier of adjective:

It is extremely good of you to say this

They are very / quite tired now

- Modifier of adverb:

They smoked very heavily

They knocked the man right out

- Modifier of prepositional phrase :

The nail went right through the wall

This deals exactly with the right answer

- Modifier of determiner:

About a week is enough for this practice

She gave me almost the largest piece of cake

- Modifier of noun phrase:

He told such a funny story It was rather a mess

He was quite some player How tall a man he is

c Complement of preposition (Cprep):

- Preposition + Adverbs (time):

Since: lately, recently, then, today, yesterday,

till/until: now, tomorrow, tonight, after, afterwards, later,

- Preposition + Adverbs (place):

up: here / there

from: above, abroad, below, downstairs, indoors, inside, outside, upstairs,

2.5 Comparison of adv: self-study

Ex: 67, 77, 78

Unit 4 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

1 Components of prepositional phrases:

1.1 Structure of prepositional phrases:

Preposition + Prepositional complement

according to these rules

1.2 Prepositional complements may be realised by:

a Noun phrases:

He was surprised at her remark

b -Ing participle clauses:

He was surprised at her saying that

c, Wh- interrogative clauses:

He was surprised at what she said

d, Yes/no interrogative clauses:

It depends on whether he would win the match or not

e, Nominal relative clauses:

I was interested in whatever he was saying at the time

f Adv: Since then, I’ve been very happy

2 Syntactic functions of prepositional phrases:

2.1 Adjuncts: He talks to her in a friend way

She comes here on foot

2.2 Disjuncts:

in fact, of course, to my surprise, to some extent,

in some way, by all means

2.3 Conjuncts:

on the other hands, in other words, at last, in short, apart from, in addition, in a word, inbrief, instead of

Other functions:

2.4 Post modifier in a NP:

The book on grammar is difficult to read

I’m a woman in love

2.5 Complementation of a verb:

Everything depends on the weather

Everyone is looking for that picture

2.6 Complementation of an adj.:

I’m afraid of a dog

I’m interested in reading books

Ex: 79,80,85,90

Unit 5 - VERB PHRASES

1 Categories of verbs (classification)

According to their functions of these items in the same verb phrase: auxiliary(grammatical) and lexical verb (semantic) verbs

I shall have been being followed.

auxiliary lexical

Lexical verbs (semantic verbs)

V

Auxiliary verbs (grammatical verbs)

1.1 Auxiliary verb: help complete the meaning of the verbs phrase (that has

grammatical function in the verb phrase)

shall => tense have => the aspect (perpective aspect)been => voice

being => the aspect (continuous aspect)

à Grammatical device (tất cả trên gọi là công cụ ngữ pháp)

Auxiliary verbs gồm 3 loại:

- Primary auxiliary verbs: be, do, have

- Modal auxiliary verbs: 10 modal verbs

- Semi-modal auxiliary verbs: dare, need

1.2 Lexical/semantic verb: carries full dictionary meaning / that denotes action or state.

b, Forms of the verbs following them:

They didn’t go there

Why did she come late?

She hasn’t done it?

d, Used as proform ( pro-verb):

She went there but I didn’t

Have you finished ?Yes, I have

e, Only ‘Do’ can be used as emphatic auxiliary:

Do come in and sit down

Ex: 26, 14

2.2 Modal auxiliaries: their syntactic features: self-study

a, List of items: can, may, must, shall, will, ought to; dare, need

b, Their own forms:

Present: can, may, shall, will, must, ought to, need, dare

Past: could, might, should, would

c, Form of the verb following them:

Modal + V (base) of the lexical / auxiliary verb following it

You can go.

They must have gone out.

d, Used as operator:

She can't do it now.

He couldn't swim.

What must we do now?

Why shouldn't they have taken photographs then?

e, Used as pro-form:

You must go there but they mustn't (needn't).

2.3 Semantic features of modal verbs: (trang 30 SGK)

Semantically modal verbs form a scale of modality when they are use withc lexicalrebs:

a, Ability: (Khả năng)

- Present: He can speak 3 foreign languages

- Past: He could play the guitar when he was 3

be able to V

be capable of

know how to do something

b, Possibility: dùng can Cho người - Có thể; cho vật-Có lẽ

c, Permission: Cho phép

be allowed to V

d Obligation: be obligatory for somebody to do something

must, have to

e, Necessity: be necessary for (somebody) to do something

f, Advisability: should/ ought to

g, Suggestion: Shall, why don’t you

h, Habituality:

Past: be used to do something

Present/future: get used to V_ing

i, Volition: Will go

j, Prediction: be going to do something

be about to do something

k, Futuriry: will do shall do

Some auxiliary verbs

- Ability: (to be able to/ to be capable of)

He can speak English

(He is able to speak E)

- Ask for permission: (to be allowed to, to be permitted to)

Can I use you dictionary?

(Am I allowed to /Am I permitted to ?)

- Possibility (objective): (to be possible to )

The road can be blocked

(The road is possible to be blocked.)

- Past ability: (was/were able to)

I could swim when I was 8

(I was able to swim when I was 8)

- Permission in the past: (was/were allowed to)

I could use anything available in the office

- Present or future permission (polite): (to be allowed to)

Could I smoke in here ?

- Present possibility: (to be possible to)

The road could be blocked

(The road is possible to be blocked

It is possible that the road is blocked)

3 May

- Permission: (to be allowed to)

May I borrow your bicycle?

- Possibility of present or future: (to be possible to)

The road may be blocked

- Permissional present or future: (to be allowed to)

Might I smoke in here?

(Am I allowed to smoke in here.)

- Possibility of present or future: (to be able to)

What you say might be true

5 Shall

- Willingness on the part of the speaker (second or third person)

He shall get his money

You shall do exactly as you wish

(It is certain that )

- Intention of the part of the speaker (first person)

I shalln’t be here longer

(I don’t intend to be here longer)

- Insistence (second or third person)

You shall do as I say

(You must do as I say / It is obligatory for you to do as I say)

- Obligation:

They should be home by now

(It is necessary/obligatory for them to be home by now.)

- Necessity:

You should do as he says

(It is necessary/obligatory for you to do as he says)

- Putative use: “it”

It is odd that you should say this for me

- Willingness:

He’ll help you if you ask him

(He will be willing to help you if you ask him.)

- Intension (contrasted – the first person):

I’ll write as soon as I can

- Insistence:

You’ll do whatever you say

You shall do whatever you say

- Prediction:

The game will be finished by now

8 Would

- Willingness:

Would you excuse me ?

(Are you willing to excuse me ?)

- Insistence:

It is your own fault you would take your baby with you

- Characteristic activity in the past:

Every morning he would go for a long walk

- Obligation:

You must be back by 10 o’clock

(It is obligatory for you to be back by 10 o’clock)

- Certainty:

They must be a mistake

(It is certain that there is a mistake.)

- Feelings and emotion:

admire hate mind adore detest loathe appreciate

desire respect fear care for like dislike

- Thinking and believing:

recall suppose believe forget recollect think expect feel remember understand

- Wants and preferences: prefer, want, wish

- Perception and senses: perceive, recognize, see, hear, feel, taste

- Being, seeming, having, owning:

- States and conditions:

concern contain hold consist keep matter signify

b Dynamic: indicates an action or single event, has continuous form.

Deliberate action State

I’m weighting myself I weight 50kg.

I’m tasting the soup It tastes salty.

He was in the class

Resulting intensive: become, come, get, go, grow, turn, keep, turn into, prove

Her dream came true

- All these intensive verbs are intransitive verbs

- With intensive complementation (sentence types SVC and SVA)

b Intransitive verbs: With zero complementation (sentence type SV)

There are two subclasses of intransitive verbs:

- Common Vintransitive:

He arrived

- Phrasal Vintransitive: come in, go out, blow up, take off, come to, give in

The plane took off.

c Montransitive verbs: takes one object:

He wrote a letter.

- Sentence pattern: SVO

d Ditransitive verbs: take two objects

- Simple Vditrans: give, get, bring, take, …

He gave me his book

- Prepositional Vdistrans: inform of, accuse of, provide with, …

They informed him of bad news.

- Idiomatic Vditrans: make use of, pay attention to, ….

They made use of his watch.

With ditransitive complementation: sentence type SVOO

e Complex transitive verbs: take Od Co or Od A

e1 With SVOC type:

I think life to be thus

I have my hair cut

e2 SVOA type: put, place, stand, hang,

They put him in a good position

They hit him on the head

With complex transitive complementation (sentence types SVOC and SVOA)

complextransitive

4 The form of verb

Base form -s form - ing form -ed form -ed/ -en participle

4.1 Base form:

- Imperative form: Be quiet.

Give me your book.

- All the present tense except the third person singular:

They work hard.

- After modal auxiliary verb: I can cook.

- As object complement: He made me cry.

S V O Co

- In subjunctive sentences:

He orders that we be here at 7.

4.2 -s form: The third person singular present tense:

He goes to work every day.

4.3 -ing form:

- Progressive aspect:

He is reading my letter.

-Ing participle clause:

Going home, I did some shopping

ó When I was going home, I did some shopping.

I enjoy listening to music

4.4 V-ed form (past form – P1): simple past tense

I went to the dentist yesterday.

4.5 -ed/-en participle form (P2):

- Perfective aspect: I have finished my work.

- Passive voice: He’s called John.

- -Ed participle clause:

Given a beautiful present, she was happy.

ó When she was given a beautiful present, she was happy.

Ex: 17, 20, 22

5 Combination of verbs

Four basic verb combinations:

B Perfective: He has typed several letters.

From these four basic verb combination, other combinations may be combined:

A + B: He can have typed several letters.

A + C: He can be typing my letter.

A + D: My letter may be typed.

B + C: He has been typing my letter.

B + D: My letter has been typed.

C + D: My letter was being typed.

A + B + C: He can have been typing my letter.

A + B + D: My letter may have been typed.

Ex: 24