Câu điều kiện có thực là câu mà người nói dùng để diễn đạt một hành động hoặc một tình huống thường xảy ra (thói quen) hoặc sẽ xảy ra (trong tương lai) nếu điều kiện ở mệnh đều chính được thoả mãn.
Trang 1Câu điều kiện
1 Điều kiện có thể thực hiện được (điều kiện có thực hay điều kiện dạng I)
Câu điều kiện có thực là câu mà người nói dùng để diễn đạt một hành động hoặc một tình huống thường xảy ra (thói quen) hoặc sẽ xảy ra (trong tương lai) nếu điều kiện ở mệnh đều chính được thoả mãn Nếu nói về tương lai, dạng câu này được sử dụng khi nói đến một điều kiện có thể thực hiện được hoặc có thể xảy ra.
TƯƠNG LAI (FUTURE ACTION)
Ex: If he tries much more, he will improve his English.
If I have money, I will buy a new car.
THÓI QUEN (HABITUAL)
Ex: If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits every patiens in the affternoon.
I usually walk to school if I have enough time.
MỆNH LỆNH (COMMAND)
If + S + simple present tense + command form of verb
+
If you go to the Post Office, mail this letter for me.
Please call me if you hear anything from Jane.
if + S + simple present tense +
simple present tense
Trang 22 Điều kiện không thể thực hiện được (điều kiện không có thực hay điều kiện dạng II, III)
Câu điều kiện không có thực dùng để diễn tả một hành động hoặc một trạng thái sẽ xảy ra hoặc đã có thể xảy ra nếu như tình huống được đặt ra trong câu khác với thực tế đang xảy ra hoặc đã xảy ra Câu điều kiện không
có thực thường gây nhầm lẫn vì sự thực về sự kiện mà câu thể hiện lại trái ngược với cách thể hiện của câu: nếu động từ của câu là khẳng định thì ý nghĩa thực của câu lại là phủ định và ngược lại.
If I were rich, I would travel around the world.
(I am not rich) (I’m not going to travel around the world)
If I hadn’t been in a hurry, I wouldn’t have had an accident.
(I was in a hurry) (I had an accident)
2.1 Điều kiện không có thực ở hiện tại (dạng II)
PRESENT OR FUTURE TIME
If I had enough money now, I would buy a tourist trip to the moon.
He would tell you about it if he were here.
If he didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand him.
(He speaks very quicky) (You can’t understand him)
Động từ to be phải chia là were ở tất cả các ngôi.
If I were you, I wouldn't go to that movie.
2.2 Điều kiện không có thực trong quá khứ (dạng III)
PAST TIME
Trang 3If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter (We didn’t know ) (We didn’t write you a letter)
If we hadn’t lost our way, we would have arrived sooner.
If he had studied harder for that test, he would have passed it.
Chú ý: rằng cũng có thể thể hiện một điều kiện không có thực mà
không dùng if Trong trường hợp đó, trợ động từ had được đưa lên đầu câu,
đứng trước chủ ngữ Mệnh đề điều kiện sẽ đứng trước mệnh đề chính.
Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter Had he studied harder for the test, he would have passed it.
Lưu ý: Câu điều kiện không phải lúc nào cũng tuân theo qui luật trên Trong một số trường hợp đặc biệt, một vế của điều kiện là quá khứ nhưng vế còn lại có thể ở hiện tại (do thời gian qui định).
If she had caught the train, she would be here by now.
LƯU Ý:
+ Unless = if … not : trừ phi
+ Bên mệnh đề có if , chữ had trong loại 3, chữ were trong loại 2 và chữ should trong loại 1 có thể đem ra đầu câu thế cho if
( chữ should đôi khi có thể dùng trong loại 1 với nghĩa làm cho câu mơ hồ hơn)
Ví dụ:
- If he should call, … ( nếu mà anh ta có gọi, … ) => không biết có gọi hay không
= Should he call,… ( nếu mà anh ta có gọi, … )
- If I were you, …
= Were I you, …
- If she had gone there, …
= Had she gone there,…
Exercise : Conditional sentences
I Put in the verbs in brackets and form Conditional sentences type I or type II Mind the underlined verb forms.
Example: If they learn the poem, they (to get) a good mark.
Answer: If they learn the poem, they will get a good mark.
1) If you come with me, I ………… (to do) the shopping with you.
2) Walter ………….(to help) his mother in the garden if she reads him a story this
Trang 43) If it ………(to rain), I will stay at home.
4) Our teacher will be happy if we ……….(to learn) the poem by heart.
5) If they had enough money, they ……….(to buy) a new car.
6) We ………(to pass) the exam if we studied harder.
7) If Pat ………(to repair) his bike, he could go on a bicycle tour with us.
8) She would get 100 pounds if she ……….to sell) this old shelf.
9) If I was/were you, I ……….(to invite) Jack to the party.
10) If the weather ……… (to be) fine, the children can walk to school.
II.Put in the verbs in brackets and form Conditional sentences type I or type II Mind the underlined verb forms.
Example: If they learn the poem, they (to get) a good mark.
Answer: If they learn the poem, they will get a good mark.
1) If you come with me, I ………(to do) the shopping with you.
2) Walter ……… (to help) his mother in the garden if she reads him a story this
evening
3) If it ……….(to rain), I will stay at home.
4) Our teacher will be happy if we ………(to learn) the poem by heart.
5) If they had enough money, they ……….(to buy) a new car.
6) We ……… (to pass) the exam if we studied harder.
7) If Pat ……… (to repair) his bike, he could go on a bicycle tour with us.
8) She would get 100 pounds if she ……… (to sell) this old shelf.
9) If I was/were you, I ……….(to invite) Jack to the party.
10) If the weather ……….(to be) fine, the children can walk to school.
III Put in the correct phrases and form a conditional sentence (type I, II, III) Watch the underlined verbs.
Example: If he had studied harder, he (to pass) his driving test Answer: If he had studied harder, he would have passed his driving test.
1) If we meet at 9:30, we ………… (to have) plenty of time.
2) Lisa would find the milk if she ………(to look) in the fridge.
3) The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she ………(to feed) the
animals
4) If you spoke louder, your classmates ………(to understand) you.
5) Dan ……… (to arrive) safe if he drove slowly.
6) You ……… (to have) no trouble at school if you had done your homework 7) If you ………(to swim) in this lake, you'll shiver from cold.
Trang 58) The door will unlock if you ………(to press) the green button.
9) If Mel ………(to ask) her teacher, he'd have answered her questions.
10) I ……… (to call) the office if I was/were you.
IV Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a Conditional sentence - type I Only use the will-future in the main clauses Mind the negations in the sentences.
Example: If I (to go) to the café, I (not/to drink) milk.
Answer: If I go to the café, I will not drink milk.
1) If it ………… (to rain), the children ……… (not/to go) for a walk.
2) If she ……… (not/to read) the novel, she …………(not/to pass) the literature test 3) If I ………….(not/to argue) with my father, he ………(to lend) me his
motorbike
4) If we ……… (to take) the bus, we ………(not/to arrive) in time.
5) If Dick ……….(not/to buy) the book, his friends ………(to be) angry with
him
6) If Tom ……… (not/to tidy up) his room, Victoria ……….(not/to help) him with the
muffins
7) If the boys ………….(not/to play) football, the girls ……….(not/to come) to the
football pitch
8) If you ………… (to eat) too much junk food, you ……….(not/to lose) weight 9) If I ……….(not/to make) breakfast tomorrow morning, my girlfriend
……… (not/to love) me anymore.
10) If they ……… (not/to hurry), they ……….(not/to catch) the train.
VI Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a Conditional sentence - type III Mind the negations in the sentences.
Example: If I _ (to go) to the café, I (not/to drink) milk.
Answer: If I had gone to the café, I would not have drunk milk or
If I'd gone to the café, I wouldn't have drunk milk.
1) If you ………(to check) the car, it ………… (not/to break) down in the middle
of the desert
2) If it ……….(not/to rain), the children ………….(to play) outside.
3) If my parents ………(not/to be) so tired, they ……….(to watch) the film on
TV
4) If she ……….(to buy) a new hard disk, she ………… (not/to lose) all data 5) If we ………… (to use) the town map, we ………… (not/to get) lost.
6) If Tom ……… (to eat) more salad, he ………(not/to catch) a cold.
7) If the police ……… (not/to stop) me, I ……….(to reach) you in time.
Trang 68) If his older brother ……….(not/to drive) so fast, he ………(not/to crash)
into the other car
9) If Fred ……….(not/to cheat) at the test, his teacher ……….(not/to phone)
his father
10) If I ……… (not/to switch off) the radio, I ………(to know) about the
second goal
VII Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a Conditional sentence - type I Only use the will-future in the main clauses Mind the position of the if-clause.
Example: Thomas (not/to catch) the bus if he _ (to get up) late Answer: Thomas will not catch the bus if he gets up late or
Thomas won't catch the bus if he gets up late.
1) If you ……… (to dive) into this river, you ……… (to hurt) yourself 2) If the sun ……… (to shine), the children ……….(to play) outside.
3) Richard ……….(to walk) to school if he ………(to miss) the bus.
4) Emily ………(to buy) the cola if you ……….(to pack) the picnic basket 5) If I ……… (to be) in Venice, I ……….(to rent) a boat.
6) Michael's teacher ……….(to phone) his parents if he ……….(to write) text
messages during the lesson
7) If she ……….(to answer) this question correctly, she ………… (to get) an extra
point
8) My sister ………… (to be) angry if I ……… (to turn) on the music too loud 9) Your room ……… (to look) much tidier if you ………(to keep) your
hamster in the cage
10) If we ………… (to surf) the Internet, we ………… (to find) a lot of information
about Loch Ness
VIII Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a Conditional sentence - type II
Mind the position of the if-clause.
Example: Thomas (not/to buy) a new car if he _ (to win) won 20,000
Euros
Answer: Thomas would not buy a new car if he won 10,000 Euros or
Thomas wouldn't buy a new car if he won 10,000 Euros.
1) If you ………(to help) your grandma, I ……… (to do) the shopping.
2) Andrew ………(to water) the flowers if he ……….(to stay) at home 3) If she ……….(to have) 5 pounds more, she ………(to buy) herself this
T-shirt
4) If they ……… (to offer) me the job, I ……… (to take) it.
5) You ………(to have) summer holidays from June till August if you ……… (to live) in the USA.
Trang 76) We ……… (to sell) the bike for 20 Euros if Ron ……… (to repair) it 7) If you ……… (to use) a pencil, the drawing ………(to be) perfect.
8) The children ……….(to be) happy if he ……… (to teach) them English 9) If Ireen ……… (to visit) us, we ……… (to go) out tonight.
10) They ……… (to come) again if he ………(to plan) a second stay.
Example: I _ (to bake) a cake if I _ (to know) that they were
coming
Answer: I would have baked a cake if I had known that they were coming or
I'd have bought a a cake if I'd known that they were coming.
1) If it ………(to be) warmer, we ……… (to go) swimming.
2) My parents ………… (to buy) this house if the man ……….(not/to sell) it to
someone else
3) If he ………….(not/to fail) his driving test, his parents ………(to lend) him their
car
4) If my uncle ……….(to tell) me the way to his office, I ………(not/to arrive)
so late
5) She ………… (to be) at the airport if she ……… (to read) the message carefully 6) Lucy ……….(not/to hurt) her foot if she ………(not/to drop) the old box 7) If you ……… (to use) a sharp knife, you ………(not/to cut) yourself 8) If Victoria ……….(to celebrate) her birthday at home, I ………(to bring) her some flowers.
9) We ……….(to take) the train to Edinburgh if it ……… (to run) on time 10) If Max ……….(not/to forget) my schoolbag, he ……… (to give) you your
USB flash drive
Part 2: Viết lại câu dùng cấu trúc if
1) He can’t go out because he has to study for his exam.
=> If…….
2) She is lazy so she can’t pass the exam.
If…….
3) He will pay me tonight; I will have enough money to buy a car.
=> If…….
4) He smokes too much; that’s why he can’t get rid of his cough.
=> If…….
5) She is very shy, so she doesn’t enjoy the party.
=> If…….
6) I will get a work permit I will stay for another month.
Trang 8=> If…….
7) He doesn’t take any exercises He is so unhealthy
=> If…….
8) We can’t get the ticket because I don’t have the right change.
=> If…….
9) Study hard or you won’t pass the exam.
=> If…….
10) Don’t be impatient or you will make mistakes.
If…….
11) I didn’t eat lunch, I feel hungry now
–> If I………
12) If it hadn’t rained, we would have a better crop
–> But for………
13) If you want my advice, I wouldn’t buy it
–> If I ………
14) I only come if they invite me
–> Unless………
15) He didn’t revise all his lessons, he failed the exam
–> If he………
16) His sister sent her money, so he continued to study
–> But for………
17) The park is over there, only 5 minutes’ walk
–> If you walk………
18) In case it rains, we’ll stay at home
–> If it………
Part 3: Put the correct form of verbs in each sentence:
1) If that hat costs much, I (buy) a small one
2) If you (drive) more carefully, you wouldn’t have had so many accidents
3) If I (make) that mistake again, my teacher will get angry with me
4) If I spoke English, my job (be) a lot easier
5) If he (go) to London yesterday, he (met/would meet/had met/would have met) his old friend
6) I will lend them some money if they (ask) me
7) If we had known who he was, we (invite) him to speak at our meeting
My dog will bark if it (hear) any strange sound
9) If I (have) enough money, I would buy a house
10) They (let) you in if you come late
11) If you (not go) away, I’ll send for a policeman
12) If I (be) in your place, I would accept Mr Anderson’s invitation
13) If I (win) a big prize in a lottery, I’d give up my job
14) If I (be) you, I (tell) the truth
15) I was busy If I (have) free time I (go) to the cinema with you
16) Why didn’t you attend the meeting?
Trang 9Oh, I did not know If I (know) I (come) there.
17) What we(do) if they do not come tomorrow?
1 If I had enough time now, I (write) to my parents
19) It’s too bad Helen isn’t here If she (be) here, she (know) what to do
20) If I don’t eat breakfast tomorrow morning, I (get) hungry during class
21) If she (come) late again, she’ll lose her job
22) I’ll let you know if I (find) out what’s happening
23) If we (live) in a town, life would be better
24) I’m sure he wouldn’t mind if we (arrive) early
25) We (phone) you if we have time
26) If I won the lottery, I (give) you half the money
27) It (be) a pity if she married Fred
2 If I’m free on Saturday, I (go) to the mountains
29) She (have) a nervous breakdown if she goes on like this
30) I know I’ll feel better if I (stop) smoking
31) If I (be) you, I would help him
32) I could have understood him if he (speak) more slowly
33) He didn’t listen to the teacher If he (listen) carefully, he (perform) well in the
examination
34) He’s waiting for his mother to come back from Chicago If his mother (come) home,
he (have) a lot of presents
35) He wanted to buy some Christmas presents but he couldn’t If he (afford) to buy, his children (be) very happy to greet a new year
36) The kitchen will look better if we (have) red curtains
37) If I knew his address, I (go) round and see him
3 If you (not be) so busy, I would have shown you how to play
39) It (be) quicker if you use a computer
40) If we have some eggs, I (made) you a cake
II Cách sử dụng Hope và Wish.
Hai động từ này tuy cùng nghĩa nhưng khác nhau về cách sử dụng và ngữ pháp Hope dùng để diễn đạt một hành động hoặc tình huống có thể sẽ xảy ra hoặc có thể đã xảy ra, còn wish dùng để diễn đạt một điều chắc chắn
sẽ không xảy ra hoặc chắc chắn đã không xảy ra Thời của mệnh đề sau hope (hi vọng rằng) có thể là bất kỳ thời nào Thời của mệnh đề sau wish bắt buộc không được ở thời hiện tại
We hope that they will come (We don’t know if they are coming or not)
We wish that they could come (We know they can’t come)
We hope that he came there yesterday (We don’t know if he came there or
Trang 10We wish that he had come there yesterday (He didn’t come)
1 Wish ở tương lai:
That là tuỳ chọn (có hoặc không có) Hai chủ ngữ (S) có thể giống nhau
hoặc khác nhau.
We wish that you could come to the party tonight (We known you can't come)
2. Wish ở hiện tại
S + wish + (that) + S + simple past
tense
Động từ ở mệnh đề sau wish sẽ chia ở Simple past, to be phải chia là were ở
tất cả các ngôi.
I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework.
3 Wish ở quá khứ
Động từ ở mệnh đề wish sẽ chia ở Past perfect hoặc could have + P2.
I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday.
She wishes that she could have been there.
Lưu ý 1: Động từ ở mệnh đề sau wish bắt buộc phải ở dạng điều kiện không
thể thực hiện được nhưng điều kiện ấy ở thời nào lại phụ thuộc vào chính thời gian của bản thân mệnh đề chứ không phụ thuộc vào thời của wish.