Tai lieu on thi tot nghiep PTTH- vu ngoc hoi GRAMMAR I/ Tenses 1. The Simple Present (Thì hiện tại đơn) a. Form : ( Công thức ) (+) I , We , You , They + V; He , She , It ( S ít ) + V-s/es (-) I , We , You , They + don't + V ; He , She , It + doesn't + V (?) Do + We , You , They + V ?; Does + He , She , It + V? Wh + do/does + S + V? b. Usage (Cách dùng ) : - Diễn tả một chân lí, một sự thật hiển nhiên. Ex : - The Earth goes round the sun . - He is a doctor. - Tom comes from England. - Diễn tả 1 thói quen hoặc 1 việc xảy ra thường xuyên ở hiện tại . Ex : He often goes to class late . / My mother gets up early every morning . c. Key words: always, often, usually, sometimes, now and then, seldom, rarely, never, every * Note : Thêm – es vào sau những động từ tận cùng : o , s , x ,z ,sh , ch. 2 . The Present Continuous (Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn) a. Form : (+) S + am / is / are + V-ing (-) S + am / is / are ( not ) + V-ing (?) Are / Is + S + V-ing? ; Wh + are / is + S + V-ing? Ex: We are studying English now . b. Usage ( Cách dùng) : Past Now Future - Diễn tả một hành động đang diễn ra ở thời điểm nói ( ở hiện tại) c. Key words: now , right now = at once , at ( the / this / present ) time, at the moment, Ra lệnh ( Look ! Listen ! ) Ex : - She is listening to his teacher now - Diễn tả 1 hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai ( có kế hoạch từ trước) X Past Now Future Ex : She is getting married next year. Note :* be going to +V dùng để diễn tả 1 hành động sắp xảy ra mà hiện tượng của nó đã xuất hiện hoặc 1 hành động tương lai có dự định trước. Ex : The grey dark appears. It is going to rain. 3 . The Present Perfect (Thì hiện tại hòan thành) a. Form : (+) S + has / have + PII (I, You, We, They + have; He, She, It + has) (-) S + has / have ( not ) + PII (?) Has / Have + S + PII?; Wh + has / have + S + PII? b. Usage (Cỏch dựng ) : * Din t mt hnh ng va mi xy ra hoc xy ra khụng rừ thi gian (thng i kốm vi cỏc t just, recently = lately, not yet, ever, never, aleady ) Ex : We havent finished our homework yet . * Din t 1 hnh ng bt u t quỏ kh kộo di n hin ti cú kh nng tip tc tng lai (thng i vi cỏc t since , for) Ex : - They have lived here for ten years . c. Key words: so far = until now = up to now , how long ? It is the first / second / third time, twice / many / three. times; just , recently = lately, not yet, ever, never, aleady, since , for; for a long times = for ages 4. The Present Perfect Continuous (Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn) a. Form : (+) S + has / have + been + V-ing. (-) S + has / have not + been + V-ing. (?) Has/ Have + S + been + V-ing? ; Wh + has/ have + S + been + V-ing? b. Usage: Dùng để diễn tả hành động bắt đầu từ quá khứ kéo dài liên tục tới hiện tại. (cách dùng này nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động) Past Future Ex: - I have been waiting for two hours, but she has not come yet. - He has been living here since 1975. - We have been working in the garden all morning. + The Present Perfect Continuous: còn đợc dùng với nhng động từ nh: lie, wait, sit, stand, rest, sleep - They have been learning English since 1995. - The chair has been lying in the store window for ages. 5. The Simple Past (Thỡ quỏ kh n ) a. Form : (+) S + Ved ( to be : was / were ) (-) S + did not + V (?) Did + S + V? ; Wh + did + S + V? b. Usage : Din t hnh ng ó xy ra, chm dt trong quỏ kh ( ụi khi bit rừ thi gian ) X Past Now Future Ex; I went to the zoo last week. What did you do yesterday morning? c. Key words: yesterday , ago , last ( week /night ) , in 1990 ( thi gian quỏ kh ) 6 . The Past Continuous (Thỡ quỏ kh tip din ) a. Form : (+) S + was / were + V-ing. (-) S + was / were (not) + V-ing (?) Was/ Were + S + V-ing?; Wh + was/ were + S + V-ing? Ex: We were studying Maths at this time yesterday. b. Usage : - Din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra vo 1 thi im xỏc nh trong quỏ kh . X Past Now Future Ex : - What were you doing at 4 p.m yesterday? - Din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra vo 1 thi im xỏc nh quỏ kh hoc 1 hnh ng ang xy ra ( hnh ng ny kộo di hn ) thỡ cú hnh ng khỏc xen vo . Ex: - What were you doing at 4 p.m yesterday? - We were watching television when he came - Din t 2 hnh ng ang xy ra cựng lỳc quỏ kh . Past Now Future Ex: Yesterday , while I was reading a book , my sister was watching T.V . c. Key words: at ( the / this / that ) time, at the moment, at 4p.m + thi gian quỏ kh ( yesterday, last ) Ex : He was watching film at the moment yesterday. 7 . The Past perfect (Thỡ quỏ kh hũan thnh ) a. Form : (+) S + had (not) + PII (-) S + had (not) + PII (?) Had + S + PII?; Wh + had + S + PII? b. Usage : Din t mt hnh ng xy ra trc 1 hnh ng khỏc trong quỏ kh hoc trc 1 thi im quỏ kh . x x Past Now Future Ex : When I got up this morning , my mother had already left . c. Key words: before , after; when, as; as soon as 8. The Past perfect continuous. (Thỡ quỏ kh hũan thnh tip din ) a. Form : (+) S + had + been + V-ing (-) S + had not + been + V-ing (?) Had + S + been + V-ing?; Wh + had + S + been + V-ing? b. Usage : Dùng để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động trớc khi một hành động quá khứ đơn khac xảy ra. x Past Now Future Ex : - She had been studying English before she came here for classes. (Hnh ng had been studying xy ra liờn tc cho ti khi hnh ng came for classes xy ra). - It had been raining when I got up this morning. 9 . The simple future : (Thỡ tng lai n ) a. Form : (+) S + shall / will + V (-) S + shall / will + not + V (?) Will/ Shall + S + V?; Wh + will/ shall + S + V?; (I, We + shall) b. Usage : Din t hnh ng s xy ra tng lai : x Past Now Future Ex: We shall visit Ha Long Bay next week. Minh will buy a new car in 2015. c. Key words: tomorrow , next ( week / month ) , in 2012 * Be going to: dùng dể diễn tả một dự định đã đợc sắp xếp từ trớc, sự chắc chắn sảy ra trong tơng lai 10. The Future Perfect: ( Tng lai hũan thnh ) a. Form (+) S + will/ shall + have + PII. (-) S + will/ shall not + have + PII. (?) Will/ Shall + S + have + PII?; Wh + will/ shall + S + have + PII? b. Usage : Din t hành động sẽ hoàn thành trớc một hành động khác hoặc một thời điểm trong tơng lai. x x Past Now Future Ex : By the end of this year, I will have had a new bike. c. Key words: By the end of ., by next Note : Sau when , while , before , after , until, by the time, as , as soon as, if . khụng dựng thỡ tng lai m ch dựng thỡ hin ti n, hi n ti hon thnh . Ex : She will phone her parents when she comes here next week. EXERCISES: I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1. She (not/ work)., she (swim) .in the river. 2. Why Ann (not/ wear) her new dress? 3. You can't see Tom now: he (have) a bath. 4. He usually (drink) ……… coffee but today he (drink) …………… tea. 5. – What she (do) ………… in the evenings? – She usually (play) …………… cards or (watch)… …………… TV. 6. She (stand) … at the bus stop. I asked her what bus she (wait) … …. for. 7. When I arrived , the lecture had already started and the professor (write) ………… …. on the overhead projector. 8. I didn't want to meet Paul , so when he entered the room I (leave) ……… 9. He (watch) ……………… TV when the phone rang. Very unwillingly he (turn) ………… down the sound and (go) ……………… to answer it. 10. – This is my house. – How long you (live)…………………… here? – I (live) …………………here since 1970. 11. He (live) …… in London for two years and then (go) …. to Edinburgh. 12. I (not / see) ………………… him for three years. I wonder where he is. 13. I can't go out because I (not / finish) ……………… my work. 14. Here are your shoes; I just (clean) ……………………. them. 15. - You (have) …… breakfast yet? – Yes, I (have) …………… it at 8.00. 16. – You (be) ……………… here before? – Yes, I (spend) ……………. my holidays here last year. – You (have) …………………. a good time? – No, it never (stop) …………………. raining. 17. – Where you (go) …… for your holidays this year? – I (go)… to Holland. 18. They (get) ………………… married next week. 19. – You (do) … anything tonight? – Yes, I (go) … to my carpentry class. 20. It (rain)………………… Look at those clouds. 21. You (have) …………………. time to help me tomorrow? 22. – Did you remember to book seats? – Oh no, I forgot. I (telephone) ……………. for them now. 23. – He has just been taken to hospital with a broken leg. – I'm sorry to hear that. I (send) ……………… him some grapes. 24. I've hired a typewriter and I (learn) …………………. to type. 25. I see that you have got a loom. You (do) ………… some weaving? II. Multiple choices 1. She Hanoi last year A. went B. go C. goes D. is going 2. Now you from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours A. are flying B. would fly C. will fly D. can fly 3. When Carol last night, I my favorite show on television A. was calling- watched B. called- have watched C. called- was watching D. had called- watched 4. By the time next summer, you your studies A. completes B. will complete C. are completing D. will have completed 5. Right now, Jim the newspaper and Kathy dinner A. reads- has cooked B. is reading- is cooking C. has read- was cooking D. read- will be cooking 6. Last night at this time, they the same thing. She and he the newspaper A. are doing- is cooking- is reading B. were doing- was cooking- was reading C. was doing- has cooked- is reading D. had done- was cooking- read 7. – Hurry up! We’re waiting for you. What’s taking you so long? – I …………… for an important phone call. Go ahead and leave without me. A. wait B. will wait C. am waiting D. have waited 8. – Robert is going to be famous someday. He …………… in three movies already. – I’m sure he’ll be a star. A. has been appearing B. has appeared C. had appeared D. appeared 9. – Hello? Alice? This is Jeff. How are you? – Jeff? What a coincidence! I ………… about you when the phone rang. A. was just thinking B. just thought C. have just been thinking D. was just thought 10. – What …… about the new simplified tax law? – It’s more confusing than the old one. A. are you thinking B. do you think C. have you thought D. have you been thinking 11. – Why did you buy all this sugar and chocolate? – I ……………. a delicious dessert for dinner tonight. A. make B. will make C. am going to make D. will have made 12. – Let’s go! What’s taking you so long? – I’ll be there as soon as I …… my keys. A. found B. will find C. find D. am finding 13. While I ………………. TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor. A. watch B. watched C. was watching D. am watching 14. The earth ……………… on the sun for its heat and light. A. is depend B. depending C. has depend D. depends 15. I don’t feel good. I ……………… home from work tomorrow. A. am staying B. stay C. will have stayed D. stayed 16. I’ve been in this city for a long time. I …………… here sixteen years ago. A. have come B. was coming C. came D. had come 17. – May I speak to Dr. Paine, please? – I’m sorry, he ………… a patient at the moment. Can I help you? A. is seeing B. sees C. has been seeing D. was seeing 18. – Paul, could you please turn off the stove? The potatoes …… for at least 30 minutes. A. are boiling B. have been boiling C. boiling D. were boiling 19. My family loves this house. It ………… ….the family home ever since my grandfather built it 60 years ago. A. was B. has been C. is D. will be 20. I know you feel bad now, Tommy, but try to put it out of your mind. By the time you’re an adult, you ……………… all about it. A. forget B. will have forgotten C. will forget D. forgot 21. The little girl started to cry. She …… … her doll, and no one was able to find it for her. A. has lost B. had lost C. was losing D. was lost 22. I much of you lately. We three months ago A. haven’t seen- last meet B. didn’t see- met C. haven’t seen- have meet D. didn’t see- have met 23. The Chinese spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo back to Italy. A. made- brought B. have made- brought C. made- had brought D. had been making- brought 24. When I arrived at the meeting the first speaker speaking and the audience A. just finished- were clapping B. had just finished- had clapped C. had just finished- were clapping D. just finished- had clapped 25. He his job last month and then he out of work A. lost- was B. was lost- had been C. has lost- was D. lost- has been 26. Jane’s eyes burned and her shoulders ached. She ……………. at the computer for five straight hours. Finally, she took a break. A. is sitting B. has been sitting C. was sitting D. had been sitting 27. In the last hundred years, travelling much easier and more comfortable A. become B. has become C. became D. will became 28. In the 19 th century, it two or three months to across North America by covered wagon A. took B. had taken C. had been taken D. was taking 29. Sam to change a light bulb when he and A. was trying – slipped - fell B. tried- was slipping - falling C. had been trying - slipped - was falling D. has tried – slips - falls 30. In the past, the trip very rough and often dangerous, but things a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years A. was - have changed B. is- change C. had been- will change D. has been- changed II/ Sequence of tenses in adverbial clauses of time. Ex: a. He waited for her until she came back. b. I will wait until you come back. In (a) both verbs are in the simple past tense. In (b) the verb in the main clause is in the simple future tense, and the verb in the adverbial clause of time is in the simple present tense. Main clause Adverbial clause of time Present simple Present simple / present continuous/ present perfect Present perfect Present perfect/ past simple. Future simple/ be going to Present perfect/ Simple present Future perfect Present simple Past simple Past simple/ past continuous/ past perfect Past continuous Past simple/ past continuous Past perfect Past simple 1. Sequence with the simple present in the main clause. - We always take umbrellas with us when it rains. - I usually read the newspaper while I am waiting for the bus. - He never drinks tea after he has eaten dinner. 2. Sequence with the future tenses in the main clause. - She is going to stay here till he has finished his work. - I will go out with you as soon as I have finished my work. - We will go out when you finish your work. - We’ll have already done all the housework when my father comes back. 3. Sequence with the past tenses in the main clause. - I sat near the window whenver I took a bus - They were playing chess when I came back. - I saw Mary while I was walking down the street. - My mother was watching T.V while my father was drawing. - He left after/ when/ as soon as he had finished his work. - The film had already started when I arrived the cinema. - I have felt much better since I have lived here. - She has worked for this company since she graduated from university. * Notes: a. There are no future tenses in the adverbial clauses of time. b. The adverbial clauses of time are introduced by the following conjunctions: when, whenever, by the time, before, after, since, as, as soon as, while, till, until, just as, no sooner than, hardly when, as long as. EXERCISES: I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1. – How long do you want me to heat the oil? - Heat it till it (begin)…………………to smoke. 2. – How long are you going to stay here? - I’m going to stay here until my brother (finish)…………………………… his exam. 3. – When will you start the trip? - We’ll leave as soon as we (get)…………………… our ticket. 4. – I’m learning French. - Well, when you (speak)………………………….French fluently, you may find a good job. 5. By the time you (read)………………………… this book, your meal will get cold. 6. – Are you taking English courses? - Yes, and my teacher says that when I (take)……………………… five courses, I shall be able to speak it quite fluently. 7. – Is your father at home? - No, he is away on business. If you have a message for him, I (give)………………….it to him as soon as he (come) ……………………back home. 8. – Please tell me how to get to the post office. - Go till you (come)…………………to a square with a statue in the midle; then turn left and you (find)………………….it on the right. 9. - What did he say before he left for Paris? - He said he would give me a ring as soon as he (reach) …………………… Paris. 10. - I thought you were going to the concert. - I was. But when I got there, the tickets (be)………………………sold out. So, I (have)…………. to go back home to watch T.V. II/ Choose the best answer 1. Last night I went to bed after I _________my homework. A. finish B. have finished C. had finished D. was finishing 2. To night I will go to bed after I __________my homework. A. will finish B. finish C. will have finished D. have finished 3. Ever since I was a child, I ___________afraid of dogs. A. was B. have been C. had been D. am 4. Jacquie's contact lens popped out while she ___________basket ball. A. plays B. played C. has played D. was playing 5. Be sure to reread your composition for errors before you _______ it in to the teacher tomorrow. A. hand B. are going to hand C. handed D. will hand 6. By the time I left my apartment this morning, the mail carrier ___________the mail. A. will have sent B. sent C. have sent D. had sent 7. I have know my best friend since she __________ten years old. A. is B. was C. has been D. being 8.A black cat ran across the road as I ____________my car to work this morning. A. drove B. drive C. was driving D. driving 9. By the time I leave this city, I ____________here for four months. A. lived B. will have lived C. have lived D. live 10. Whenever Mark ___________ angry, his nose gets red. A. was B. being C. be D. is 11. I __________to the beach whenever the weather was nice, but now I don't have time to do that because I have to study. A. go B. gone C. went D. have gone 12. We will have a big party when we__________ good results. A. get B. gtes C. got D. will get 13. Next month, when I ________to Hawaii, I'm going to visit Mauna Loa, the world's largest volcano. A. came B. come C. will come D. have come 14. I could read newspaper before I __________ grade 1. A. am B. was C. have been D. be . simplified tax law? – It’s more confusing than the old one. A. are you thinking B. do you think C. have you thought D. have you been thinking 11. – Why did you buy all this sugar and chocolate? . introduced by the following conjunctions: when, whenever, by the time, before, after, since, as, as soon as, while, till, until, just as, no sooner than, hardly when, as long as. EXERCISES: I. Put. ng khỏc trong quỏ kh hoc trc 1 thi im quỏ kh . x x Past Now Future Ex : When I got up this morning , my mother had already left . c. Key words: before , after; when, as; as soon as 8.