Tài liệu ôn thi tự luận Tiếng Anh kỳ thi THPT Quốc gia

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HOW TO WRITE A PARAGRAPH

4 Compare and Contrast 8 Evaluation

PART 1: Parts of a Paragraph

1 Topic Sentence

What is the topic sentence?

The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph

What does it do?

It introduces the main idea of the paragraph

How do I write one?

Summarize the main idea of your paragraph Indicate to the reader what your paragraph will be about

a result, Canada is a desirable place to live

2 Supporting Details

What are supporting sentences?

They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph

What do they do?

They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph

How do I write them?

You should give supporting facts, details, and examples

Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the

world First, Canada has an excellent health care system All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price Second, Canada has a high standard of education Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live

3 Closing Sentence

What is the closing sentence?

The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph

What does it do?

It restates the main idea of your paragraph

How do I write one?

Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words

Example:

There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world First, Canada has an excellent health care system All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price Second, Canada has a high standard of education Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed Canadian cities have

many parks and lots of space for people to live As a result, Canada is

a desirable place to live

PART 2: How to Write a Paragraph

1 Prewriting Paragraphs

What is the prewriting stage?

The prewriting stage is when you think carefully and organize your

ideas for your paragraph before you begin writing

Six Prewriting Steps:

1 Think carefully about what you are going to write Ask yourself:

o What question am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay?

o How can I best answer this question? What is the most important part of my answer?

o How can I make an introductory sentence (or thesis statement) from the most important part of my answer?

o What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence?

o How can I make this paragraph or essay interesting?

o Do I need more facts on this topic?

o Where can I find more facts on this topic?

2 Open your notebook Write out your answers to the above questions

You do not need to spend a lot of time doing this; just write enough to help you remember why and how you are going to write your paragraph

or essay

3 Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic Look for

and write down facts that will help you to answer your question Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are writing are related to the exact question you are going to answer in your paragraph or essay

4 Write down your own ideas Ask yourself:

o What else do I want to say about this topic?

o Why should people be interested in this topic?

o Why is this topic important?

5 Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay Choose the most

important point you are going to present If you cannot decide which point is the most important, just choose one point and stick to it throughout your paragraph or essay

6 Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea Once you have chosen the most important point of your paragraph

or essay, you must find the best way to tell your reader about it Look at the facts you have written Look at your own ideas on the topic Decide which facts and ideas will best support the main idea of your paragraph Once you have chosen the facts and ideas you plan to use, ask yourself which order to put them in the paragraph Write down your own note set that you can use to guide yourself as you write your paragraph or essay

2 Writing Paragraphs

What is the writing stage?

The writing stage is when you turn your ideas into sentences

Five Writing Steps:

1 Open your notebook and word processor

2 Write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and closing sentence

3 Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning

4 Focus on the main idea of your paragraph

5 Use the dictionary to help you find additional words to express your ideas

3 Editing Paragraphs

What is the editing stage?

The editing stage is when you check your paragraph for mistakes and correct them

Grammar and Spelling

1 Check your spelling

2 Check your grammar

3 Read your essay again

4 Make sure each sentence has a subject

5 See if your subjects and verbs agree with each other

6 Check the verb tenses of each sentence

7 Make sure that each sentence makes sense

Style and Organization

1 Make sure your paragraph has a topic sentence

2 Make sure your supporting sentences focus on the main idea

3 Make sure you have a closing sentence

4 Check that all your sentences focus on the main idea

5 See if your paragraph is interesting

4 Publishing Paragraphs

What is the publishing stage?

The publishing stage is when you produce a final copy of your paragraph to hand in

Three Publishing Steps:

1 Make a paper copy of your paragraph

2 Show your work to your teacher, tutor, or parents

3 Ask them for hints on how to improve your writing

PART 3: Kinds of Paragraphs

1 Definition Paragraph

When writing a definition paragraph, you take a thing or an idea and explain what it is

Example: Write a paragraph giving the definition of a pest

The following words can help you to write a good definition paragraph:

1 "is defined as"

Example: A pest is defined as any animal or plant that damages crops,

forests, or property

2 "is a kind of"

Example: A pest is a kind of animal or plant that damages crops,

o is a kind of Coal is a kind of non-renewable resource

o can be divided into Energy resources can be divided into two

types

o is a type of Coal is a type of non-renewable resource

o falls under Coal falls under the category of non-renewable

o is grouped with Coal is grouped with non-renewable

resources

o is related to Coal is related to other non-renewable resources

o is associated with Coal is associated with other non-renewable

resources

3 Description Paragraph

In a description paragraph, you are writing about what a person, place,

or thing is like Sometimes, you may describe where a place is located

Examples

Write a paragraph describing what a polar bear looks like

Describe where Canada's industry is located

The following words can help you to write a good description paragraph:

Properties Measurement Analogy Location

near north/east/south/west

Near

Example: Many companies are located near Toronto

north / east / south / west

Example: Ontario is west of Quebec

4 Compare and Contrast Paragraph

In a compare and contrast paragraph, you write about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, things, or ideas Example: Write a paragraph comparing the weather in Vancouver and Halifax

The following words can help you to write a good compare and contrast paragraph:

On the other hand

Example: On the other hand, winter is much colder in Halifax

In a sequencing paragraph, you are writing to describe a series of events

or a process in some sort of order Usually, this order is based on time Example: Write a paragraph outlining how a person becomes the prime minister

The following words can help you to write a good sequence paragraph

Order Time

first, second, third, etc recently

First, second, third, etc

Example: First, you need to become a leader of a political party Second, you need to win a seat in the House of Commons Third,

your party must have a majority of seats

In the beginning

Example: In the beginning, you need to become a leader of a political

party

Before

Example: Before becoming the prime minister, you need to become

the leader of a political party

Then

Example: Then, you must win a seat in the House of Commons

After

Example: After winning a seat in the House of Commons, you must

make sure you have a majority of seats

Example: Subsequently, you must make sure you have a majority of

seats in the House of Commons

Example: After winning a seat in the House of Commons, you must

make sure you have a majority of seats

6 Choice Paragraph

In a paragraph where you have to make a choice, you need to choose which object, idea, or action that you prefer Often, you will need to give your opinion on a choice of actions or events

Example: Write a paragraph stating whether you would prefer to play hockey or lacrosse

The following words can help you to write a good choice paragraph:

Point of View Personal Opinion

Example: Write a paragraph explaining why so many Europeans moved to Canada during the nineteenth century

The following words can help you to write a good explanation paragraph:

it follows that

if then

Cause

Because

Example: People moved to Canada from Europe during the nineteenth

century because they had poor living conditions in Europe

Since

Example: Since living conditions in Europe were terrible, many people

moved to Canada

As a result of

Example: People moved to Canada from Europe as a result of poor

living conditions in Europe

Is due to / was due to

Example: The large influx of people to Canada was due to economic

pressures in Europe

Effect

Therefore

Example: Living conditions in Europe were terrible Therefore, many

people moved to Canada for a better life

Thus

Example: Living conditions in Europe were terrible Thus, many

people moved to Canada for a better life

Consequently

Example: Living conditions were terrible in Europe Consequently,

many people moved to Canada

Hence

Example: Living conditions were terrible in Europe Hence, many

people moved to Canada

It follows that

Example: Living conditions were terrible in Europe It follows that many people moved to Canada

If then

Example: If living conditions were better in Europe, then fewer people

would have moved to Canada

8 Evaluation Paragraph

In an evaluation paragraph, you make judgments about people, ideas, and possible actions You need to make your evaluation based on certain criteria that you develop In the paragraph, you will state your evaluation or recommendation and then support it by referring to your criteria

Example: Write a paragraph evaluating whether pesticides should be used on farms

The following words can help you to write a good evaluation paragraph:

Criteria for Evaluation Recommendation

Correct / incorrect

Example: The belief that pesticides must be used is incorrect

Moral / immoral

Example: The use of pesticides to control pests is immoral because it

harms the environment

Right / wrong

Example: It is wrong to use pesticides because they harm the

environment

Important / trivial

Example: The issue of pesticides is an important one because it

affects the environment

Recommendation

Suggest

Example: I suggest that pesticides should not be used to control pests Recommend

Example: I recommend that pesticides should not be used because

they are harmful to the environment

Advise

Example: I would advise farmers not to use pesticides if possible Argue

Example: I would argue that pesticides should not be used because

they harm the environment

Writing a paragraph

Một đoạn văn là một loạt câu phát triển, ủng hộ, chứng minh một ý nào

đó, và ý này thường là câu chủ đề (topic sentence) của đoạn văn Các câu còn lại (supporting sentences) phát triển, giải thích, minh họa cho câu chủ đề Câu kết luận (concluding sentence) của đoạn văn là câu khẳng định lại câu chủ điểm, tóm tắt lại các ý chính của đoạn văn

1 Topic sentence

o Introduces the topic in the paragraph

o Is the most general sentence in the paragraph

o Contains controlling ideas that the following sentences in the paragraph will explain/ define/ clarify/ illustrate

* A controlling idea is a word or phrase that the reader can ask

questions about: How? Why? In what ways? What does that mean?

Ex: The conical leaf hat is one of the typical features of the Vietnamese culture

Topic: conical leaf hat

Controlling ideas: What is it? (typical feature of the Vietnamese culture), In what way is it typical?

o Signals the end of the paragraph

o Summarizes the main points of the paragraph/ restates the topic sentence without copying exactly

o Gives a final comment on the topic

Vậy trước khi viết một đoạn văn, HS hãy theo các bước sau:

o Liệt kê tất cả những ý có thể nghĩ ra được có liên quan đến chủ

đề đó

o Đọc chủ đề cho sẵn, rồi chọn viết một câu chủ đề Gạch chân câu chủ đề này để nhắc các em về trọng tâm của đoạn văn

o Viết ra các ý giải thích và làm rõ câu chủ đề

o Với mỗi ý lớn, hãy viết ra các ví dụ, số liệu…dùng để minh họa

o Nghĩ cách kết thúc đoạn văn và viết nó ra

Sau khi đã làm dàn ý như trên, hãy bắt đầu viết và bám sát dàn ý đã vạch ra

Để đoạn văn có thể liên kết với nhau và thống nhất trong một mạch chảy của bài viết, HS phải biết cách sử dụng các từ nối câu cho hợp lý Sau đây là bảng các từ/ cụm từ nối

Useful expressions

Sequencing/ Listing First of all, First(ly), Initially, To begin

with; Second(ly); Third(ly); Next; Then; After that (this); Following this (that); Finally; The first reason is…/ The second is…; Last but not least… Adding to what you have

said

Also, Furthermore, In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Besides, As well as, Similarly, not only…but also…, even beside this/ that

Contrasting In contrast to this, On the contrary, In

contrast, Conversely, On the other hand, While, Whereas, However, Despite/ In spite of, Although, Even though, Otherwise, Nonetheless

Expressing similarity Similarly; Likewise, In the same way Showing results As a result, As a consequence,

Consequently, Hence, Thus, Therefore,

So Giving examples For example, For instance, In

particular, Particularly, That is to say, Namely, Such as

Restating In other words, That is to say, To put it

simply

Inferring In other words, In that case, or else,

Otherwise Summarizing In summary, To sum up, To conclude,

To recapitulate, In conclusion, In short, In brief, In a nutshell, Lastly, Finally

Writing an essay

Một bài luận là một bài viết dài hơn và thường gồm nhiều đoạn và mỗi đoạn văn thường theo cấu trúc đoạn văn trình bày trên Tuy nhiên, cách viết đoạn mở đầu (introductory paragraph) và đoạn kết (concluding paragraph) đặc thù như sau:

1 The introductory paragraph

• The attention getter

- a sentence that gets the reader interested

• The main idea

- the topic or thesis of the essay

• The guide/ thesis statement (the last sentence of the introductory paragraph)

- a list of the points that will be discussed, thus showing the organization of the composition

Ex: There are many things that symbolize the Vietnamese culture Among these is the conical leaf hat, a symbol of traditional Vietnamese girls The hat is very special because of its physical features and its u se

- Attention getter: There are many things that symbolize the Vietnamese culture

- Topic/ thesis: Among these is the conical leaf hat, a symbol of traditional Vietnamese girls

- The guide/ thesis statement: The hat is very special because of its physical features and its use

2 Body

Các đoạn tiếp theo sau đoạn mở đầu sẽ phát triển tương ứng các ý được

đề cập trong câu chủ đề của bài luận, và cách viết tuân thủ theo cách viết đoạn văn đã được đề cập trên Ví dụ, đối với phần mở bài trên, phần thân bài sẽ có 2 đoạn: Paragraph 1: physical features & Paragraph 2: its use

3 The concluding paragraph

Là đoạn cuối của bài luận Thường có 3 cách để viết đoạn kết

• A summary repeats the main points of the essay

• A prediction discusses what will happen in the future

• An evaluation compares the main points and states what is best

Tóm lại:

Structure of the Paragraph and the Essay

• Main idea (topic sentence or thesis)

• Support for the main idea (a number of supporting details in a paragraph or a number of paragraphs in an essay)

• Conclusion (summary of the main points of support for the main idea)

The writing process for the Paragraph and the Essay

• First steps

o understanding the assignment

o narrowing the topic

o determining the writing context

o formulating a main idea

Writing an argumentative essay

Thể loại viết tranh luận thường gặp đối với các vấn đề có 2 mặt, ví dụ như các ưu và nhược của máy tính/ Internet… Đề bài thường yêu cầu cho biết quan điểm về vấn đề nào đó; ủng hộ hay chống đối; hoàn toàn đồng ý hay bất đồng

Thể loại viết tranh luận cũng theo cấu trúc cơ bản của một bài luận, từ đoạn mở đầu, các đoạn thân bài, cũng như kết luận Tuy nhiên, viết một bài tranh luận thường yêu cầu một kỹ năng viết riêng; đó là ngôn ngữ sử dụng để tranh luận, chứng minh hay biện giải cho quan điểm đưa ra Sau đây là một số ngôn ngữ hữu dụng cần khi viết thể loại này

1 Introducing arguments

• First of all,…

• On the other hand,…

• It is worth remembering that…

• Another advantage is…

o It is worth pointing out, however,…

o In contrast,…

o There again,…

o Others feel that…

o Nevertheless/ However? Nonetheless

o That may be true, but…

o In my opinion, it is true to say…

o Personally, I believe/ I do not believe that…

o Having said that, it is important to remember that…

o At the same time, I feel that…

o Although some people feel…

o Perhaps the most important point, however, is…

o Another important consideration is that…

o One of the main arguments against … is…

Several objections to…may be raised

o All things considered/ On balance, it is fair to say that…

o It is inevitable/ undeniable that…

o While I appreciate the importance of…, I still think that…

o Most people would argue that…

o On the whole/ Overall,…

o Many people would disagree with the assertion/ idea that…

o The fact that… does not mean…

o It may be true that…but…

o However, it is doubtful/ I doubt whether…

b Use double negative to give emphasis to an unexpected

o While it is not unusual/ uncommon/ impossible for sb/ sth to do

sth, it is quite usual/ common/ possible that…

o While it is not inconceivable that…, there is slight possibility that…

o In the last analysis,…

o On balance, I would say that…

Describing a film/ a book/ a place

IV Describing a film/ book

1 What to write

Khi mô tả một bộ phim/ cuốn sách, HS nên đưa vào các phần sau:

o Title and author

o Type of book/ film

o Characters

o Events in the film/ book

o Your opinion of the film/ book

o Personal recommendation

2 How to write

a Viết tiêu đề

Tiêu đề phim/ sách thường được gạch dưới hoặc in nghiêng Từ quan

trọng thường được viết hoa, trong khi các từ chức năng như and, in, a…

thường được viết thường trừ phi chúng là từ đầu tiên của tiêu đề

Ex: Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands

b Dùng tính từ để làm cho bài mô tả phim/ sách hấp dẫn

o Type of book/ film: a detective story/ film; a romantic novel; a love story film; an adventure story; a science fiction novel; a historical novel; a humorous story; a thriller

o Adjectives to describe film/ book: funny; hilarious; horrifying = frightening; interesting; gripping; exciting; fascinating; entertaining; brilliant; realistic; sad; tragic; imaginative; touching = moving; action-packed; well-written; well-directed; well/beautifully-filmed; wonderfully-acted…

o Adjectives to describe author/ director: great; skilled; observant; gifted = talented; perceptive; entertaining…

c Cấu trúc

o Mô tả: It’s called…; It’s by…; It was (written/ directed/ produced/ published/ designed) by/ in…; It’s by the same (writer/ director) as…; It’s his/ her first/ second (book/ film); It’s about/ tells the story of…; It stars…; It’s set in…; It’s based on…; It’s adapted from…; It lasts about…hour(s); The story is very simple/ complicated

o Bày tỏ ý kiến cá nhân: The (acting/ story/ graphics) is/ are brilliant/ terrible.; The best/ worst thing(s) about it is/ are…;

… is really boring/ annoying/ exciting.; Another thing I really liked/ hated was…; One weak point was…; It’s well worth seeing.; I’d recommend it to anyone who likes…; I wouldn’t recommend it to anyone…

o Thì V: dùng simple present để mô tả phim/ sách dù là kể lại các

sự kiện xảy ra trong quá khứ

o Dùng ngữ đồng vị:

Ex: Titanic, a tragic love story film, is about a couple on a sinking ship

sparsely-o Where: It is located/ situated in the west/ southern/ centre of…;

It is near the border with…; It is on the river X.; It is famous for…; It is about/ approximately … km from…

o Main attractions: an industrial area; beautiful scenery nearby; an underground system or trams; sandy beaches; docks or a habour; spectacular views; shopping malls or street markets; a carnival/ festival or other events

VI Writing an announcement about a sports event

Writing an announcement cơ bản là viết một bản tin để thông báo một

sự kiện nào đó Vì thế, ngôn ngữ thông báo thường ngắn gọn, rõ ràng và

dễ hiểu Thông thường để thu hút sự chú ý của người đọc, các nội dung chính thường được in đậm, gạch dưới, hoặc viết in hoa

Tips

o Keep it short, inviting and to the point

o Making the information in the announcement clear and complete

o Be straightforward and concise so the reader can get the information quickly and be able to refer to it easily

Ngoài ra, các chữ viết tắt đôi lúc cũng sử dụng, mạo từ, giới từ… cũng được bỏ đi

HO CHI MINH COMMUNIST YOUTH UNION

In celebration of the International Workers’ Day

Friendly Football Match

Cantho Youth Union vs Local Sports Club

Head of the Union

Về nội dung, một thông báo về một sự kiện thể thao thường bao gồm các thông tin sau:

 Who that announcer is

 What the event is

 The purpose of the event

 When and where the event will take place

 Who can come

Ví dụ về một đoạn văn viết bằng tiếng Anh:

Your school organizes a competition for students to write about The world in which I would like to live in the year 2020

Below is an essay by one of the studens

My ideal world would be a peaceful one There are no wars or conflicts between nations People won't have to live under the threat of terrorism but all live together in harmony Everyone has a job to do, and there is a good healthy standard of living for all I would also wish to live in a clean healthy environment with less noise and less pollution There are more and larger parks where children can play and wildlife can be protected But my main desire is to see people less materialistic, less selfish, less violent and more loving than they are now (Trang 89 - 90 SGK Tiếng Anh 12)

Bản dịch tiếng Việt:

Thế giới lý tưởng của tôi là một thế giới hòa bình (Thế giới đó) Không

có chiến tranh hoặc mâu thuẫn giũa các quốc gia Người dân sẽ không phải sống dưới nỗi sợ khủng bố mà tất cả mọi người cùng chung sống hòa thuận Ai cũng có công ăn việc làm và mọi người đều có mức sống tốt đẹp Tôi cũng muốn sống trong một môi trường trong sạch, lành mạnh có it tiếng ồn và it bị ô nhiễm Nhưng khát vọng của tôi là được nhìn thấy mọi người bớt tôn sùng vật chất, bớt ích kỷ, bớt bạo lực và thương yêu nhau nhiều hơn.)

Trong đoạn văn trên, câu đầu tiên (My ideal world would be a peaceful one.) là câu chủ đề, trong đó topic là My ideal world và controlling idea

là a peaceful one (hiểu là a peaceful world)

Các câu văn còn lại là supporting sentences

Tác giả sắp xếp supporting sentences theo trật tự từ chi tiết ít quan trọng nhất đến quan trọng nhất

Đề thi bạn có thể gặp: Write about the ideal world in which you would

like to live in the year 2020 (Trang 90 SGK Tiếng Anh 12)

Như vậy, trong kỳ thi THPT Quốc gia, đề bài yêu cầu viết một đoạn văn, các em cần bình tĩnh thực hiện các bước sau:

1/ Viết câu chủ đề (cần triệt để lợi dụng đề bài để viết thành câu chủ

đề.)

2/ Kiểm tra lại câu chủ đề để biết chắc trong câu chủ đề có topic và

controlling idea

3/ Tìm ý để chứng minh/diễn giải ý chính bằng cách đặt các câu hỏi mở

đầu bằng từ nghi vấn Lưu ý: do độ dài của đoạn văn bị khống chế nên các em chỉ cần đặt khoảng 5 câu hỏi là được Nhớ rằng các câu hỏi phải liên quan đến câu chủ đề

4/ Ráp các câu trả lời cho các câu hỏi (supporting sentences) lại thành

một đoạn văn hoàn chỉnh Cần nhớ mấu chốt ở bước này là phải biết chắc mình đang sử dụng trật tự nào để ráp nối supporting sentences

5/ Cân nhắc có nên viết câu kết hay không Nếu không chắc chắn thì bỏ

qua bước này

6/ Kiểm tra lại các lỗi chính tả, lỗi ngữ pháp có thể có trong từng câu viết của bạn Lưu ý: cũng như phần viết thư, các em chỉ nên dùng

những loại câu đơn giản như câu đơn, câu kép, câu phức Nói chung, từ ngữ, cách diễn đạt càng rõ ràng, càng đơn giản càng tốt

PRACTICE EXERCISES

Topic 1: writing a letter of job application

Topic 2: Writing TOPIC 2 – A MAGAZINE ARTICLE

Topic 3: DESCRIBING PLACES OF INTEREST

TOPIC 4 – A REVIEW OF A FILM

TOPIC 5 – AN ESSAY ON A GLOBE ISSUE

TOPIC 6 – A STORY DESCRIBING A CRIME

TOPIC 7 – A BOOK REVIEW

TOPIC 8 – A NARRATIVE TELLING THE STORY OF AN EVENT

TOPIC 9 – PRESENTING OPINION FOR OR AGAINST STATEMENT

TOPIC 10 – DISCUSSING A THEORETICAL ISSUE

MORE EXERCISES

Exercise 1:

Imagine you are an American student volunteer, who stayed in Mrs Mai’s house during your one-month volunteer campaign in a remote villagw Now you have just returned home Write a letter to thank her for her special help and care to you and your friends during the time you stayed there

1 Paragraph 1 September 12 th , 2015

- say you really appreciated Dear Mrs Mai,

1 Paragraph 2