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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES VÕ THỊ MỸ HẠNH TEACHERS’ DIFFICULTIES IN TEACHING GRAMMAR COMMUNICATIVELY TO SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS AT VIETNAM YOUTH INSTITUTE NHỮNG KHÓ KHĂN CỦA GIÁO VIÊN TRONG VIỆC DẠY NGỮ PHÁP THEO ĐƯỜNG HƯỚNG GIAO TIẾP CHO SINH VIÊN CHUYÊN NGÀNH CÔNG TÁC XÃ HỘI TẠI HỌC VIỆN THANH THIẾU NIÊN VIỆT NAM M.A MINOR THESIS FIELD: ENGLISH TEACHING METHODOLOGY CODE: 60 14 10 HÀ NỘI - 2011 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES VÕ THỊ MỸ HẠNH TEACHERS’ DIFFICULTIES IN TEACHING GRAMMAR COMMUNICATIVELY TO SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS AT VIETNAM YOUTH INSTITUTE NHỮNG KHÓ KHĂN CỦA GIÁO VIÊN TRONG VIỆC DẠY NGỮ PHÁP THEO ĐƯỜNG HƯỚNG GIAO TIẾP CHO SINH VIÊN CHUYÊN NGÀNH CÔNG TÁC XÃ HỘI TẠI HỌC VIỆN THANH THIẾU NIÊN VIỆT NAM M.A MINOR THESIS FIELD: ENGLISH TEACHING METHODOLOGY CODE: 60 14 10 SUPERVISOR: Dr DƯƠNG THỊ NỤ HÀ NỘI - 2011 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration………………………………………………………………………… i Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………… ii Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… iii Table of contents…………………………………………………………………… iv List of abbreviations……………………………………………………………… vii List of tables and charts…………………………………………………………… viii PART I: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………… I.1 Rationale of the study………………………………………………………… I.2 Aims of the study……………………………………………………………… I.3 Significance of the study……………………………………………………… I.4 Research questions…………………………………………………………… I.5 Scope of the study………………………………………………………………3 I.6 Method of the research………………………………………………………… I.7 Design of the study…………………………………………………………… PART II: DEVELOPMENT…………………………………………………… CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………… 1.1 Definitions of grammar……………………………………………………… 1.2 The role of grammar in foreign language teaching…………………………… 1.3 An overview on methods in teaching grammar …………………………… 1.3.1 The grammar-translation method…………………………………… 1.3.2 The direct method…………………………………………………… 1.3.3 The audio-lingual method…………………………………………… 1.4 Application of CLT in grammar teaching …………………………………… 1.4.1 Communicative competence………………………………………… 1.4.2 Definition of communicative language teaching…………………… 1.4.3 Characteristics of communicative language teaching……………… 10 1.4.4 Stages in teaching grammar communicatively……………………… 11 1.5 Factors to be considered of CLT application…………………………… 12 1.5.1 Teachers’ beliefs and attitudes……………………………………… 12 1.5.2 Teachers’ qualities and personalities……………………………… 12 v 1.5.3 Learners’ motivation………………………………………………… 13 1.5.4 Learners’ beliefs and attitudes……………………………………… 13 1.5.5 Learners’ learning styles…………………………………………… 13 1.5.6 Learners’ anxiety and confidence…………………………………… 14 1.5.7 Classroom conditions……………………………………………… 14 1.5.8 Language environment……………………………………………….14 1.5.9 Syllabuses and textbooks…………………………………………… 15 1.5.10 Testing and evaluation…………………………………………… 15 Summary………………………………………………………………………… 15 CHAPTER 2: THE STUDY………………………………………………………16 2.1 An overview of the situation of teaching and learning English grammar at Vietnam Youth Institute (VYI)……………………………………………………… 16 2.1.1 Objectives of the English course at VYI…………………………… 16 2.1.2 Teachers’ factors…………………………………………………… 16 2.1.3 Learners’ factors…………………………………………………… 16 2.1.4 Materials’ factors…………………………………………………… 17 2.2 Research methodology………………………………………………… …… 17 2.2.1 The subjects of the study…………………………………………… 17 2.2.1.1 The teacher ……………………………………………… 17 2.2.1.2 The student ……………………………………………… 17 2.2.2 The instruments for collecting data………………………………… 18 2.2.2.1 Survey questionnaire……………………………………… 18 2.2.2.2 Interviews………………………………………………… 19 2.2.3 Data analysis process……………………………………………… 19 2.3 Data analysis and discussions………………………………………………… 20 2.3.1 Survey questionnaires……………………………………………… 20 2.3.1.1 Questionnaire for the students…………………………… 20 2.3.1.2 Questionnaire for the teachers…………………………… 27 2.3.2 Interviews…………………………………………………………… 33 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 36 3.1 The difficulties faced by the social work students at VYI in learning grammar and their expectations………………………………………………………………… 36 vi 3.2 The difficulties faced by the teachers at VYI in teaching grammar communicatively and their own solutions…………………………………………………………… 36 3.3 Recommendations for overcoming the difficulties in teaching grammar communicatively…………………………………………………………………… 39 PART III: CONCLUSION 43 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………… I APPENDIX 1: Survey questionnaire for students………………………………… IV APPENDIX 2: Survey questionnaire for teachers………………………………… VIII APPENDIX 3: Questions for interviewing teachers……………………………….XII APPENDIX 4: Information gap………………………………………………… XIII APPENDIX 5: Spot the differences……………………………………………… XIV APPENDIX 6: Game……………………………………………………………… XV PART I: INTRODUCTION I.1 Rationale of the study All students not only aim at passing their exams and getting some further studies for their future life, but also have a desire to be integrated into the culture, the civilization, and the people of English speaking countries Many students are too shy to speak in class whereas most of the grammar lessons are carried out in traditional methods That is, the teacher presents new grammar verbally, and then students do, turn by turn, exercises in workbooks As a consequence, the students find it hard to speak out as well as to communicate in the real life naturally I.2 Aims of the study - To investigate the difficulties of teaching and learning grammar communicatively faced by the teachers and students - To make some suggestions on reducing the teachers’ difficulties in the application of CLT in teaching grammar and make grammar lessons more successful I.3 Research questions (1) What are the difficulties faced by the social work students at VYI in learning grammar and their expectations? (2) What are the difficulties faced by the teachers at VYI in teaching grammar communicatively and their own solutions? I.4 Scope of the study The study is concerned with finding the teachers’ difficulties in teaching grammar communicatively for the first year students of social work at VYI The study of others would be beyond the scope I.5 Design of the study This thesis consists of three parts: PART I (INTRODUCTION): presents the rationale, the aims, the significance, the research questions, the scope, the method and the design of the study PART II (DEVELOPMENT): consists of three chapters described as follows: - Chapter (LITERATURE REVIEW) deals with literature review It starts with definitions of grammar and its role in language teaching, then an overview of some language teaching approaches The next is about the CLT which includes the definition, characteristics, and stages in teaching grammar communicatively The final is some factors to be considered of CLT application - Chapter (THE STUDY): presents the study Firstly, there is an overview on situation of teaching and learning English grammar at Vietnam Youth Institute Secondly, the methodology is performed in the study It provides subjects, the instruments and data analysis process Finally, the data collected from the survey questionnaire and interviews is analyzed and discussed - Chapter (FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS): reveals the major findings of the study and presents the recommendations PART III (CONCLUSION): summarizes the study, gives conclusions and some limitations during the process of doing the research as well as some suggestions for further study PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Definitions of grammar Richards, Platt and Platt (1992: 161, Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics) defines grammar as “a description of the structure of a language and the way in which linguistic units as words and phrases are combined to produce sentences in the language It usually takes into account the meanings and functions these sentences have in the overall of the language It may or may not include the description of the sounds of a language” 1.2 The role of grammar in foreign language teaching In fact, grammar is one of the key elements of a language Therefore, one person cannot master a language without the knowledge of its grammar Thanks to grammar, language can partly function as means of communication, especially in written language One cannot write well if he lacks the knowledge of grammar In speaking, though grammatical mistakes are sometimes acceptable, grammar makes one’s speech better and more attractive, especially in formal situations Learners cannot use words if they not know how to put these words together Grammar exists to enable us to “mean” and without grammar, it is impossible to communicate beyond a vary rudimentary level because “speech is no more than sounds, writing is no more than hieroglyphics” (Peck, 1988: 127) 1.3 An overview on methods in teaching grammar 1.3.1 The Grammar-Translation method (GTM) The strength of GTM is that it requires few resources so it is easy to apply and cheap to administer Thus, the method is still used in many places where the class is large (more than 30 students) This method, however, has certain disadvantages According to Richards and Rodgers (1986:3), GTM obviously focuses on the form rather than the use of the target language Students who are in this way did not have a chance to practice their speaking and listening 1.3.2 The Direct method (DM) Though there is a development in students’ thoughts in the target language, it has two-sided effect Students may develop inaccuracies if they are not properly guided This is the result if their trying to express themselves in the target language with insufficient knowledge about the language Because all statements they learn are confined to be used only in the classroom Any connection with real life was expected to come later and was not the business of the school The graduation and sequences of materials is not based on realistic spoken speech but artificial connected sentences The weakness of the method is also stated in River (1983:34): “In the pure form of the DM, insufficiency is made for systematic practice and requesting-practice of structures in a coherent sequence As a result, students often lack a clear idea of what they are trying to do, and they make haphazard progress” 1.3.3 The Audio-Lingual method (AM) The first and most successful point of this method is to develop students’ listening comprehension and fluency in speaking in the target language Students are encouraged by the sense of being able to use what they have learned in the very early days of their study In addition, the study is reinforced by repetition, so the students have good repetition and this is suitable for learners of different abilities Another point is that this method provides a good systematic progression of the materials However, there still remain some problems The success or failure of this method depends largely on the qualities of the teachers and the availability of resources That is why Brumfit (1983:8) comments “the objective is generally the mastery of sentence patterns rather than creative or communicative use of language” 1.4 Application of CLT in grammar teaching 1.4.1 Communicative competence Communicative competence is now recognized as the primary goal of language teaching Canale and Swain (1980) consider that communicative competence is made up of four factors namely grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence, and strategic competence Grammatical competence includes a comprehension of linguistic code, the ability to recognize the lexical, morphological, syntactic and phonological features of a language and to manipulate these features to form words and sentences Sociolinguistic competence is the best described through appropriateness, the degree to which one person understands the social context in which language is used: the roles of participants, the information they share, the functions of interaction Discourse competence indicates the ability to interpret series of sentences or utterances to form a meaningful whole and to achieve a coherent text that is relevant to a given context Strategic competence includes the strategies a person uses to compensate for imperfect knowledge of rules or limiting factors in their application such as fatigue, distraction, inattention, etc These strategies include paraphrasing, circumlocution, repletion, hesitation, avoidance, guessing and shifts in register and style 1.4.2 Definition of CLT CLT views language as a system for the expression of meaning Activities involve oral communication, carrying out meaning task and using language, which is meaningful to the learners Objectives reflect the needs of the learners; they include functional skills as well as linguistic objectives The learners’ role is as a negotiator and integrator The teacher’s role is as facilitator of the communication process Materials promote communicative language use; they are task-based and authentic 1.4.3 Characteristics of CLT Li (1998:679) reviews CLT characteristics based on the work of other researchers such as Laren-Freeman (1986), Richards and Rogers (1986) and Thomson (1986) as follows: A focus on communicative functions A focus on meaningful task rather than on language form Efforts to make tasks and language relevant to a target group of learners through an analysis of genuine, realistic situations The use of authentic, from life materials The use of group activities The attempt to create a secure, non-threatening atmosphere 1.4.4 Stages in teaching grammar communicatively In a CLT classroom, the teacher pays more attention to enable students to work with the target language during the lesson and communicate in it by the end of it The following is the typical procedures of a grammar lesson according to a CLT author – Adrian Doff (1981) The teacher uses visual aids to present the grammar structure to be taught Students deduce the meaning, the form and the use of it The teacher gets students understanding by asking yes/no questions focusing on form, meaning and use The teacher gets students to practice the structure through Repetition and Substitution Drills, Word Prompts, and Picture Prompts The teacher tries to provide maximum practice within controlled, but realistic and contextualized frameworks and to build students’ confidence in using the new language The teacher provides students with opportunities to use new language in a freer, more creative way The teacher creates activities in which students can integrate new language with the previous learnt language and apply what they have learnt to talk about their real life activities 1.5 Factors to be considered of CLT application - Teachers’ beliefs and attitudes - Teachers’ qualities and personalities - Learners’ motivation - Learners’ beliefs and attitudes - Learners’ learning style - Learners’ anxiety and confidence - Classroom conditions - Language environment - Syllabuses and textbooks CHAPTER 2: THE STUDY 2.2 Research methodology 2.2.1 The subjects of the study 2.2.1.1 The teacher The four teacher subjects of this research were all trained in Universities in Vietnam They are teaching to non-English major students at the Institute They are from 28 to 50 with at least years of teaching experience All teachers of English are female One has acquired Master’s degree of English; two of them are attending the post-graduate courses at University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 2.2.1.2 The student 120 social work students were selected at random from classes KI and KII at VYI to participate in the research Their age varied from 18 to 25 Among them, 62% are female and 38% are male Their English level is not equal Some of them have learnt English for years; some others have learnt English for years and the rest have never learnt English before 2.2.2 The instruments for collecting data To obtain data for the study, two instruments were employed: survey questionnaire and interviews 2.2.2.1 Survey questionnaire The survey questionnaire is chosen as the primary instrument for collecting data because it easy to construct and gather a large amount of information in a processible form 2.2.2.1.1 Questionnaire for the students The questionnaire consists of two types of questions including 10 closed and open ended ones (see Appendix 1) To ensure the students’ accurate misunderstandings before answering the questions, all of them were written in Vietnamese Their answers were also written in Vietnamese, which enabled them to express their ideas fully and with ease 120 copies were delivered and collected within week 2.2.2.1.2 Questionnaire for the teachers The second questionnaire was designed for teachers of English at VYI (see Appendix 2) It contains 10 closed and open ended questions in English The questionnaire was delivered to the teachers and collected within week 2.3.2 Interviews Question 1: How often you apply CLT in teaching English grammar? Question 2: What difficulties have you experienced when CLT is Question 3: What are your suggestions to overcome difficulties applying CLT to English grammar lessons? CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS 3.1 The difficulties faced by the teachers at VYI in teaching grammar communicatively and their own solutions + Deficiency in strategic and sociolinguistic competence in English + Students’ low English proficiency + Students’ passive learning style + Large class size + Multilevel classes + The grammar-based exams + Lack of authentic teaching materials + Students’ not participating in class activities + Students’ lack of motivation to communicate + Students’ use of Vietnamese + Other difficulties To overcome the difficulties, the teachers give a variety of suggestions such as attending workshops or seminars on CLT, being trained and retrained on sociolinguistic competence, motivating students more to learn English What is more, having self-improvement in their English level and teaching methods, giving encouragements and positive correction and feedback on their students’ mistakes, and using the language which is suitable with the students’ level in the classroom 3.2 Recommendations for overcoming the difficulties in teaching grammar communicatively Firstly, it is crucial to improve students’ motivation in learning grammar + Designing suitable exercises + Giving interesting topics, games and communicative activities such as information gaps, roleplays, interviews, pictures and picture stories, puzzles and problems and matching activities + Organizing English speaking club Another suggestion is dividing large classes into smaller ones Furthermore, the teachers should encourage students’ participation in class activities The reformation of the current examinations which are based on grammar is also an essential solution Students’ role and teachers’ role should be redefined too It is evident that teachers should improve their authentic teaching materials initiatively and creatively What is more, grammar should be presented in context in order to make clear the relationship between grammatical forms and communication functions Mistake correction should be positive and effective + Collecting mistakes made by the student and involving the whole class as much as possible in the correction process + Spending less time correcting what is only problem for one student and more time on problems common to the whole group + Helping students understand why they are wrong by indicating that a mistake has been made (by gestures), showing the students where the mistake is and what kind of mistake is (wrong tense, wrong-stressed word…), getting him/her try again if he/she can get it right + Not interrupting the student before he/ she finishes his/her utterances because he will find it disconcerting or frustrating + Trying not to repeat the mistakes, even in mocking and astonishing way Last but not least, the teachers should be trained and retrained in CLT PART III: CONCLUSION In conclusion, the study has found out what are the students and teachers’ difficulties in learning and teaching grammar communicatively The study also reveals the recommendations for overcoming these difficulties as well as having effective grammar lessons Obviously, when applying CLT to teach grammar, there is no ready-made recipe for which techniques and activities can work best for which structure, but the primary principle is the use of a variety of techniques and activities to suit different students’ levels and learning styles This not only help teachers and students teach and learn grammar more effectively but also change the students’ learning styles and motivation The implementation of CLT at VYI will be successful if there is contribution and cooperation of the administrators, teachers and students Among these factors, the teachers are central and affect the success or failure of the innovation Nonetheless, the limitations of the study are unavoidable Firstly, from the scope of the study, the results of the study are only applied for the social work students, not for all students at VYI Moreover, the data were only taken from self-reported questionnaires and teachers’ interviews However, there is a potential limitation of self-report data because some students might not be willing to express themselves frankly Basing on the results and the limitations of the study, the researcher would like to make some recommendations for further study The subjects of the study were 120 social work students and English teachers at VYI As a result, the results cannot apply for all students at VYI It would be interesting to conduct a similar study on the students from other departments Furthermore, it is necessary to conduct other researches on the difficulties confronted by teachers in terms of CLT application in teaching reading, listening, vocabulary, speaking and writing REFERENCES Ausubel, D.P (1968), Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston Brindley, G (1986), Some Current Issues in Second Language Teaching Prospect, Vol No April 1986 Brown, H.D (1994) Principles of 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VIETNAM YOUTH INSTITUTE NHỮNG KHÓ KHĂN CỦA GIÁO VIÊN TRONG VIỆC DẠY NGỮ PHÁP THEO ĐƯỜNG HƯỚNG GIAO TIẾP CHO SINH VIÊN CHUYÊN NGÀNH CÔNG TÁC XÃ HỘI TẠI HỌC VIỆN THANH THIẾU NIÊN VIỆT NAM M.A MINOR... Teacher and Cognitive Psychology In Communicating Naturally in a Second Language, Cambridge University Press, pp.34 33 Savignon, S J (1983), Communicative Competence Theory and Classroom Practice... employed: survey questionnaire and interviews 2.2.2.1 Survey questionnaire The survey questionnaire is chosen as the primary instrument for collecting data because it easy to construct and gather a large