Nghiên cứu cơ sở khoa học và khả năng áp dụng các công cụ kinh tế trong việc quản lý và sử dụng hợp lý tài nguyên và môi trường khu vực nhỏ ( Lấy ví dụ Hồ Tây - Hà Nội

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N O I TRirClNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TU NHIEN NGHIEN CtJlJ CO s d KHOA HOC VA KHA NANG AP DUNG CAC CONG CU KINH TE TRONG VIEC QUAN LY VA Slf DUNG HOP LY TAI NGUYEN VA MOI TRUdNG KHU VUC NHO /v^ ^ /»> (LAY VI DU HO TAY - HA NOI) Ma so: QT - 99.09 Chu tri de tai: TS Hoang Xuan Co Cac can bo tham gia: ThS Dam Duy An, Khoa Moi trucmg ThS Pham Thi Mai, Khoa Moi trucmg ThS Pham Thi Viet Anh, Khoa Moi trucmg CN Le Thi Dinh, Khoa Moi t r u ^ g pllOOOli Ha Noi, thang? - 2000 OI\l lAT Theo nlian xet ciia nliieu nlui khoa hpc, nueic ta kha da dang ve tai nguyen nhung nhieu sd co chai hrpng klmng cao hoac d quy mo vira va nhd Vi vSy, phat trie'n kinh te' chiing ta kho md rong quy ino va kho san xufi't ducii dang hang hoa Tuy nhien, ne'u biei sir dung hpp ly ca nhung vung lanh tho quy md vua va nho, mang tfnh dac thu nay, chiing (a se tan dung dupc the' manh, gia trj cua chiing phuc vu cdng cuoc phat tri^n kinh te'dai nirdfc Vimg lanh tho quy mo vira va nho mang tfnh dac thii (VLTDT) dun vj lanh tho co dien tfch khong Icin nhung co nhung net rieng, d l chang han nhu mot ho nude Icin, nipt cita song, mdt viing diim pha, dai inpt ejua ddi tha'p, nipt viing sinh thai dac thii, l i i y d quy nio khong VL I DT vSn CO dii cac chirc nang: dupe coi la nhan tha'y, ngap nude, lein, nhung Cung cAp lai nguyen cho phat trie'n kinh te' Chira va dong hoii chfit thin Khdng gian song cua ngucti Vai trd, chirc nang d viing lanh tho khdng phai hoan toan giitng nhau, chang han, cung la ho lurcifc \an nhirng chirc nang chira va dong hoii cliA't thai ciia h6 vimg dd thi ddng vai lid c|uan tipng hctn so vc'ti he) vimg nc)ng ihdn O inpt cong vien quoc gia, vai lid khdng gian scMig cho ngirdi lai co pliAii tipi hon so veii vai tro cung cC\p tai nguyen hay cluia va ddng hoa chAt thai Ngupe lai, vimg khai thac khoang sim thi chirc nang cung cap tai nguyen tlurctng the hien re") hon De lai lap Uung nghien ciru phuctng thirc quan ly, sir dung vimg lanh tho quy md vira va nhci, mang ifnh dac llui nham mang lai hieu qua cao ma van trl chat hrpng tai nguyen va mdi tructng it mirc chap nhan dupe Dong Ihdi kie'n nghj mot s6 chi so cfin sir dung Uong danh giii hieu qua sir dung VL'lDl I h e o Iy thuyet, c|uyen sd huu doi vdi vimg lanh theS ncSi chung va vimg lanh tho quy mo vira va nho, niang tfnh dac thii noi rieng co mc)i quan he rAt chat vdi vAn de khai ihiic, su clung lai nguyen Trong di6u kien nudc la hien nay, cei the hieu quyen set huu lir nhan ddi vdi vimg Ianh thci Iheo nghTa rong hon, no dupc giao quyen sir dung cho mot ca nhan hay cdng ty tiong iheti gian dii dai Neu tai nguyen thupc set huu cong cong thi mpi ngirdi deu co quyIn khai thac, sir dung, cdn thii()c so hiiu tir nhan thi chi mot bp pliAn nhd eong ddng ducte e|u>en khai ihac liong kinh te hex, sd hCru tai nguyen la sd hiru cong cong thi ngudi la dua la khai niem giai phap nid cira va chirng minh rAng, ddi vcii tai nguyen Uii lao dupc ihi viec khai thiic theo giai phap md cua khong nhA't thiel dAn den can kiet lai nguyen in Khi quyen sd huu thuoc tu nhan, ngu6i ta se tfnh t6i cue dai hoa lui nhuan khai thac tai nguyen D6\ \6\ tai nguyen tai tao ho se tinh toan d^ xac dinh nao thi khai thac, khai thac a miic trQ lupng nao, khai thac muc bao nhieu d^ thu dupc ldi nhuan toi da ma tru lupng tai nguyen vAn 6n dinh a mUc mong mu6n Ngoai ra, ho tinh t6i chi^t kha'u tai nguyen d^ quy^t dinh khai thac hay nuoi duong tai nguyen di khai thac sau Doi vdi tai nguyen khdng tai tao, sir dung hop ly va {6\ uu th^ hien cac mat sau: - TAn dung he^t tai nguyen - Tun tai nguyen thay ihi, - v a n hanh he thong gia ea d^ can kiet tai nguyen, chuydn sang sir dung tai nguyen thay the^ ma khOng co chenh lech gia qua 16n Ro rang, chi quyen sit dung lai nguyen dupc xac djnh ro thi mdi thuc hien dupe viec khai thac hpp ly, t5'i uu D^ lam vi du, ta lA'y truong hpp khai thac than it Quang Ninh, co mot thdi ky, quyin sd huu chua dupc xac lAp 16 rang nen cd nhieu ca nhAn tham gia khai thac than (cac Id than "th6 phi") Hp chi tAp trung khai thac d che") de dang nhA't nham thu Ipi tdi da nhung cung lam lang phi lupng tai nguyen lein Ke't qua nghien cUu ddi vdi mot sd Irudng hpp cu Ih^, quy^n sd huu tai nguyen da dupc xac lAp cho ihA'y, Ihuc t^ khdng phai nao viec khai thac tai nguyen cung se dat hieu qua cao Chang han, giao vimg dAt ngAp nudc ven bi^n cho tir nliAn khai thac, nuoi trdng thuy san lA't de Iam inA't di dai rirng ngAp man, gAy nhxiu tac dpng xA'u de'n moi trirdng (mA't noi cU tni cua chim di cu va cac loai dpng tliUc vAt, niA'l kha nang chan sdng, mA't net! cir tni, noi de trung ciia tOm ca, ) Vi vAy, ben canh viec giao quy^n sd huu phai ki^m soat dupc hoat dpng khai Ihac thong qua cac quy djnh, luAt le nhA't djnh Di lam tdt co che" nay, c^n thuc hien mot sd budc sau: a Dinh hudng sudung h Lap ke hoach su' dimg c Qudn ly viec sif dung VLTDT Ke't qua nghien cuu ddi vdi Ho TAy (nhu la mot vf du) cho IhA'y, hien nay, viec nghien ciiu sir dung VLTDT cdn Ion lai nhieu vA'n di cdn dupe lam sang td them VAn de trao quyen sir dung cdn chong cheo, chua IhAl ro rang nen cdn nhieu hoat dpng gAy lac dpng xA'u de'n khu virc Vifc lAp k^ hoach ddi vdi cac du an hoat dpng dura dupc ky luong nen hieu qua kinh t^chua cao Viec quan ly chua di vao ne iie'p nen cac hoat dpng cdn dien Ipii xOn, cdn dupc chA'n chinh Nhiing ke't qua ban dAu ciia di lai phiin nao da chi dupc mot sd vA'n de chung iihAI ve sir dung VLl D T Do linh CLT dang ciia cac loai hinh lanh tho nen IV rat khd neu dupc each tie'p cAn nghien ciiu, khai thac van nang, chung cho lAt ca Vi vay, cdn cd su phan loai, nghien ciiu ky hon, tfnh d^n dac thii ciia mdi loai Mong rang se cd nhilu di tai nghien ciiu ddi vdi cac loai hinh VLTDT tuong lai, gdp phdn khai thac hpp ly, vira dat hieu qua kinh t^ cao vira tri, bao ve dupc cac chiic nang cua lanh Ihd DETAI CHU NHIEM DE TAI I KHOA 1^ TS Hoang Xuan CcJ CO QUAN Q U A N LY Dt TAI STUDY ON SCIENTIFIC BASES AND THE APPLICATION POTENTIAL OF ECONOMIC TOOLS FOR MANAGEMENT AND USE OF SPECIAL, SMALL- SCALE AREAS SUMMARY According to scientific works, Vietnam has many kinds of natural resources, but almost of them is in small scale or low quality Then, it is difficult to extend of econoinie scale or [iroduce Ihe goods However, if we have the appropriate way lo use, these resources with small scale or special land area will be efficiently exploited he special, small-scale areas are mentioned as lakes, river mouth, lagoon, hill, and small ecosystem Being the land, these areas have also Ihe main functions as follows: • Resouice supjily • Wasle storage and assimilation • Living support The roles of these functions are different from this area to other one Then, we have to consider all of Ihem and find the best way to use V The property right of the natural resources is discussed in the relation with their rational use If resource is in common use, it can be degraded rapidly If the properly right or utility right is established (may be private properly one) the resource can be planed to use with high efficiency, maximum benefit and sustainability For optimum, integrated use of these resources, the following steps are discussed: • Land use orientation based on survey data and regional planing • Design and implement the land use projects • Management of land use projects Some of indexes are recommended to use for economic evaluation of land use project as: Net private values (NPV), Internal return rale or Benefit Cost ratio (B/C) I h e West Lake use is discussed as an example of special, small-scale resource area West Lake located in Ihe inner city and it can be used for different purjioses At present, West Lake has been being used for fishery, tourism, and services It creates also good condition for Ihe environment of Hanoi city: microclimate regulation, stoiage and assimilation of wasle water, storage and regulation of rainwater, With high growth rale of economic activities at the West Lake area, it is necessary to have llie integrated management to prevent the negative impacts on the environment vSome of economic and other management tools are recommended for sustainable use of West l^ake HEAD OF PROJECT a Dr Hoang Xuan Co VI MUC LUC Tfong Danh muc bang bieu viii I Ly luan chung I.I.Dat vA'nd^ I 1.2 Quyen sd huu va vAfn di sir dung viing lanh thd quy mc) viia va nhd, mang tfnh dac thii (VLTDT) 1.2.1 Quyen sd hiiu 1.2.2 Sir dung tdng hpp, tdi uu VL DT II Mot so ket qua nghien curu doi v6i Ho Tay 11.1 Dieu kien tu nhien va kiiih le xa hpi khu virc Hd TAy 11.2 Hien Irang khai thac va sir dung Hd Tay 13 11.2.1 Kha nang va hien trang khai thac, nuoi liong thuy siui 13 11.2.2 Khai thac va sir dung Ho l^Ay Iheo hudng dich vii - du lich 17 11.2.3 Uoc linh ciic Ipi ich khac 20 11.3 Quan ly moi trudng khu vuc Ho TAy 23 11.3.1 Co sd khoa hpc quan ly Hd 1^Ay 23 11.3.2 Ciic c(')ng cu kinh te cjiian ly \\6 Tay 24 11.4 Mpi sdket luan 26 Tai lieu tham khao 27 \i DANH MUC BANG BI^U Trang Bang 1: Mot sd Ipi fch, han che'chfnh cac phuong an sir dung riuig ngAp man Bang2: DAn sd khu vuc xung quanh Ho TAy Bang 3: Tac dong chinh ciia uluing y^u Id phat tri^n tren luu vuc den chat lupng nude ho Bang 4: Sd lupng cac doanh nghiep tham gia hoat dpng du Ihuyen (tiiili nam 2000) 18 Bang 5: Sd lupng cac nha hang, khach san thai nude Hd TAy 19 Bang 6: Ham lupng BOD^, COD ciia nudc thai vao hd 21 Bang 7: Torn ifit ciic Ipi ich chinh ciia hd 23 CACCIIU VIET T A I BOD: Nhu cAu xy sinh hpc COD: Nhu cAu o xy hoa hpc DVKXS: Dcjiig vAt khong xuong sdng IRR: He sd hoan vdn noi tai KLN: Kim loai nang 1CVN: Tieu chudn Viet Nam TN: rdng lupng nito IV: Tong lupng phdt |iho VKL: Vi kluiAii lam VL I D l : Vimg lanh th6 quy nu't viia va nhd, mang tfnh dac Ihii VND: Ddng Viet Nam (tien) VIII 7ffin rtift f/iitg he'i ttl UYi hht^a h(ie eiVp H(j 1999 -2000 I- L Y L U A N C H U N G L L D a t van de D a cd n h u n g nha khoa hoc nhAn xet rang mrdc la la mrdc da dang ve tai nguyen n h u n g nhieu sd dd hoac cd chAI lupng k h o n g cao hoac d quy m o vira va nhd V I vAy, phat Iri^n k i n h t ^ cluing ta k h d m d rdng q u y m d va k h d san xuA't dudi dang hang hod T u y nhien, ne^u biet sir d u n g hpp l y ca nhung v i m g lanh thd quy m d vua va n h d , mang tinh dac thii nay, c h i m g ta se lAn d u n g dupe the' m a n h , gia Iri ciia c h i m g |)huc vu cong cudc phai tri^n k i n h \€ dA'l mrc'te VA'n d ^ dat la phai n h i n nhAn v i m g lanh Ihd n h u I h ^ nao, tie'p cAn nghien ciru, sir d u n g khai thac nd l a d ^ dat dirpc hieu qua cao nhA'l DAy la bai loan k h d , phirc tap nhirng |)hai dupc dat s d m , nhanh chdng l i m Inrdng giai quy^^t nhfim dat dupc cac muc lieu ndi tren T n r d c het, jihai dua khai niem v^ v i m g lanh Ihd quy i n d vira va n h d , mang tfnh dac Ihii (gpi tat la V L I D l ) C d I h ^ hi§\i dAy la dctn vj lanh thd cd d i f n l i c h k h d n g Idn nhung cd nhihig net rieng, d i nhAn IhA'y D d cd th^ la hd mrdc Idn, mdt cira sdng, m o t v i m g ddm pha, dAt ngAp nudc, mdt qua d d i tliA'p, mot v i m g sinh thai dac thii, L a m d t v i m g lanh tho, quy m d k h d n g l d n , nhirng nd vAn mang ddy dii mdt sd chirc nang phue vu ngudi l l i ^ hien d c h d : Cung cAp lai nguyen cho |)lial trie'n k i n h te' Chira va d d n g hoa d i a l thai K h d n g gian sdng ciia ngucti uy nhien, luy theo dac die'm rieng ma vai trd, chue nang d v i m g lanh thd se khac vdi v i m g lanh Ihd kia, chang han, cung la hd nude Idn nhung chirc nang cluia va d d n g hoa chA'l thai ciia hd v i m g dd tin ddng vai Ird quan trpng hon so vdi hd v i m g ndng thdn m d i cdng vien qudc gia, vai trd k h d n g gian sdng cho ngirdi lai cd phdn trdi hon so vdi vai trd c i m g cA'p tai nguyen hay chira va d d n g hoa chA't thai Ngupe l a i , \ i i n g khai Ihac khoang san Ihi chu'c nang c u n g cA'p lai nguyen llurdng the hien ro hon V i vAy, k h i liep cAn nghien ciru, sir d u n g v i m g lanh tho q u y m d vira va n h d , m a n g l i n h dac thii, ta pluii d d n g thdi xet tdi vai trd ciia chirc nang tren m d i lircfng quan vdi cac v i m g phu cAn va dieu kien phat trie'n loan k h u vue K h i q u y hoach phat l i i e n q u y m d Idn eta dupc xac lAp thi \ i e c nghien ciru se cd phdn de dang h o n 7Wn nU iifnq hrt ,r? Oi! hhtyn h^e eap ^7r>Q,0 1999 2000 1.2 Quyen sd huu va van de sir dung vimg lanh thd quy m o vira vii nhd, m a n g tinh dac thii L2J Quyen sii huu, Qny^n sd huu ddi vdi vimg lanh thd ndi chung va vimg lanh tho quy md vira va nhd, mang linh dac Ihii ndi rieng cd mdi quan he rA'l chat vdi vA'n di khai thac, sir dung tai nguyen Cd Ih^ tach quy^n sd huu vimg lanh tho loai Ihanh hai dang: Sd hfru cdng cdng va sd hfru tu nhAn Sd hfru tu nhAn d dAy khdng chi Ih sd huu ciia mdt ca nhAn cu th^ ma cd Ih^ la ciia mdt co quan, mdt cdng ty cd lu each phap nhAn Ddi khi, sd hiiu tu nhAn chi ddi vdi mot phdn ciia vimg lanh thd hay ddi vdi mot loai tai nguyen cu Ih^ Ndi each khac, ndi ddi tupng nao dd lluidc sd huu lu nhAn, cd nghTa la nd cd chu va chi cd ngudi chii mdi cd quyen can thiep, khai Ihac Trong dieu kien nirdc ta hien nay, cd the hieu quyen sd huu tir nhAn ddi vdi vimg Innh Ih6 theo nghTa long hon, nd dupe giao qiiylii sir dung cho mdi ca nhAn hay cdng ly thdi gian dil dai Nhu vAy, ne'u ddi lirpng thudc sd huu cdng cdng Ihi mpi ngirdi deu cd quy^n khai Ihac, sir dung, cdn Ihudc so hiru lir nhAn tin chi mdt bd jihAii nhd Irong cdng ddng dupe quyen khai Ihac Irong kinh te' hpc sd huu tai nguyen la sd hfru cdng cdng tin ngudi ta dua khai niem giai phap md cira va chirng minh rang, den vdi tai nguyen tai Ino dupe tin viec khai thac theo giai phap md cira khdng nhA't thie't ddn de'n can kiet tai nguyen Chang han, ne'u de mpi ngirdi cd quyin danh bat ca d hd Ay (Ha Ndi) tin hie ddu cd the' cd nhiiu ngirdi khai thac ddn de'n trir lupng ca giam xudng nhanh chdng Khi tru lupng ca giam Ihl chi cd mdt sd ft ngirdi vdi phuong lien danh bat tdi, nhieu kinh nghiem mdi cd the llui dupc Ipi nhuan, sd cdn lai phai giai nghe de' lim phuong an sinh sdng khac Nhir vAy, ca d hd khdng bi lieu diet nhirng Iru lupng ca sau dd se dn dinh d nuie rAt thap, cd nii ro tin khd phuc hdi Khi quyin sd huu thudc lu nhAn, ngirdi la se Ifnh tdi cue dai hoa Ipi nhuAn Irong khai thac lai nguyen Ddi vdi tai nguyen tai lao hp se tfnh loan d i xac dinh nao thi khai lluic, khai lluic d mirc tru lupng nao, khai thac mire bao nhieu de Ihu dupe Ipi nhuan tdi da ma tru lupng lai nguyen vdn on djnh d nuie mong mudn Ngoai la, hp cdn Ifnh ldi chiet kliAu tai nguyen d i quye't dinh khai thac hay nuoi dirdng tai nguyen de khai lluic sau ChAng han, ddi vdi khai Ihac ca tir mdt hd Icrn, ngirdi la cd thi Ifnh dupc hrpng Ihiiyin (hoac tdng cdng suA't lluiyin) cdn thie^l, nuie Irfr hrpng bat ddu danh hdi, lupng ca diiiih hai hang nam d i cd thi thu dupe Ipi nhuAn cno iihAt Ddi vdi tai nguyen khdng tai tao, sir dung hpp ly va tdi uu thi hifn d cac mat sau: - Tan dung het lai nguyen TJrt/t w/> 9^ttq lal Oe in! hhoa IWP eap Qi^ 1999 -2000 - Tim tai nguyen Ihay Ih^ - van hanh he thdng gia ca d i can kiet lai nguyen, cluiyin sang sir dung tai nguyen thay Ih^ ma khdng cd chenh lech gia qiui Idn Rd rang, chi quyin sir dung lai nguyen dupc xac dinh 16 tin mcti Ihuc hien dupc viec khai thac hpp ly, tdi uu \yi lam vf du, la lA'y Inrdng hpp khai Ihac than d Quang Ninh, cd nipt Ihdi ky, quyin sd huu chira dupc xac lAp rd rang nen cd nhiiu ca nhAn Iham gia khai Ihac than (cac Id than "tho phi")- I^P ^'^5 khai thac d chd d i dang nhA'l nham thu Ipi cao nhal nhung ciing lain lang phf lupng lai nguyen Idn RAI may la su vifc nhanh chdng dupc chA'n chinh nhung nudc phat triin, vifc chinh gia lai nguyen va quy hoach khai thac hpp ly da Ihu dupc nhfrng ke't cpia tdt dinh hudng cho phat triin kinh \6 Irong thdi gian dai L2.2, Sli dung (dug hop, ((Ji un VLTDT, Quyin sd hiiu cd anh hudng Idn Idi khai Ihac lai nguyen, vi vAy phdn cluing tdi se xet cu Ihe Inrdng hop quyin sd hiiu lai nguyen da dupe xac lAp Khi dd, viec khai thac dupe xem xet mdt each long hpp, theo quy hoach nham dal hieu qua cao rong thuc te' khdng phai nao quyin sd hiru dupe xac lAp Ihi viec khai Ihac lai nguyen se hieu qua hon Chang han, giao vimg dAt ngAp mrdc ven biin cho tu nhAn khai lluic, nuoi Irdng lliuy san lA't d i lam mAl di dai rirng ngAp man, gAy nhiiu lac ddng xA'u de'n mdi trudng (mA't noi cU tni ciia chim di cu va cac loai ddng thuc vAI, inAi kha nang chan sdng, mAl noi cu Ini, noi de Irirng ciia Idm ca, ) VI vAy, ben canh viec giao quyin sd hiiu phai kiim soal dupe hoat ddng khai thac tlidng qua cac quy dinh, luAl le nhAI dinh Hien nay, co che' dAn thdu dang diroc sir dung de quye't dinh trao quyin sir dung tai nguyen, llurdng la cho ngirdi cd ke' hoach sir dung tdt nhA'l DAy la mdt co che' tdt giiip ngirdi quan ly cd thi kiim soat dupc hoat dpng ciia chii tai nguyen D i lam tdt co che' nay, cdn thUe hien mdi sd bude sau: a Dinh hudng sii dung Xac dinh hudng sir dung |ihai dua lien co sd quy hoach cluing vimg lanh thd Idn va sd lieu diiu tra cu tlii Cluing han, tren co sd quy hoach chung ciia phd Ha Ndi va sd lieu diiu tra, quan trdc vi diiu kien tU nhien, kinh le xa hdi vimg hd Ay va lAn cAn, co quan quan ly cd thi xac dinh hudng sir dung Iheo Ihir lu uu lien la: - Nuoi tha ca - Du lich, giai Irf 'Jff'to rao f/ng hil Hi iiit hhoa hoe tap