i VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES ***************** NGUYỄN THU HIỀN NOMINALIZATION AS GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR (Nghiên cứu danh hóa hình thức ẩn dụ ngữ pháp diễn văn trị tiếng Anh tiếng Việt theo quan điểm ngữ pháp chức hệ thống) M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Hanoi – 2011 ii VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES ***************** NGUYỄN THU HIỀN NOMINALIZATION AS GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR (Nghiên cứu danh hóa hình thức ẩn dụ ngữ pháp diễn văn trị tiếng Anh tiếng Việt theo quan điểm ngữ pháp chức hệ thống) M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Nguyễn Xuân Thơm Hanoi – 2011 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality i Acknowledgement ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vi PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Justification of the study Aims and Objectives of the study Scope of the study Method of the study Format of the study PART B : DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND…………………………… ……4 1.1 Systemic Functional Grammar 1.2 Grammatical Metaphor 1.2.1 What is Grammatical metaphor? 1.2.2 Classification of Grammatical Metaphor 1.2.2.1 Ideational Metaphors 1.2.2.2 Interpersonal Metaphors 1.3 The Language of Political Discourse 1.3.1 Political Discourse 1.3.2 The Language of Politics 1.3.3 Language, power and ideology 10 1.4 Some Basic Characteristics of American and Vietnamese Culture 10 1.4.1 American Culture 10 1.4.2 Vietnamese Culture 11 CHAPTER 2: NOMINALIZATION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE: A GENERAL DESCRIPTION……………….………………13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Nominalization in English 13 2.2.1 What is Nominalization in English? 13 2.2.2 Categories of Nominalization in English 14 2.2.2.1 Lexical nominalization 14 2.2.2.2 Clausal nominalization 16 2.3 Nominalization in Vietnamese 18 2.3.1 What is Nominalization in Vietnamese? 18 2.3.2 Categories of Nominalization in Vietnamese 18 2.4 Concluding remarks 21 CHAPTER 3: NOMINALIZATION IN POLITICAL DISCOURSES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE…….………………………… 21 3.1 Introduction 22 v 3.2 Nominalization in President Bush’s Speech: Address to Congress (September 20th, 2001) 22 3.2.1 The Realization of Nominalization 23 3.2.2 Ideational Function 24 3.2.3 Interpersonal Function 27 3.2.4 Textual Function 28 3.3 Nominalization in President Nguyen Minh Triet’s Speech: Diễn Văn Khai Mạc Đại Lễ 1000 năm Thăng Long (October, 10th, 2010) 30 3.3.1 The Realization of Nominalization 31 3.3.2 Ideational Function 31 3.3.3 Interpersonal Function 33 3.3.4 Textual Function 34 3.4 Concluding Remarks 35 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION: A CONTRASTIVE COMPARISON…………… ………………… 36 4.1 Introduction 36 4.2 The Similarities and the Differences on Linguistic Properties 36 4.3 The Similarities and the Differences on Cultural Properties 37 PART C : CONCLUSION 40 Recapitulation 40 Implications 41 Limitation and Suggestions for Further Studies 41 REFERENCES 43 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Types of Nominalization in President Bush‟s Speech Table 2: Semantic Roles of Nominalization in President Bush‟s Speech Table 3: Interpersonal Analysis of Nominalization in President Bush‟s Speech Table 4: Theme- Rheme Analysis of Nominalization in President Bush‟s Speech Table 5: Types of Nominalization in President N.M Triet‟s Speech Table 6: Semantic Roles of Nominalization in President N.M Triet‟s Speech Table 7: Interpersonal Analysis of Nominalization in President N.M Triet‟s Speech Table 8:Theme- Rheme Analysis of Nominalization in President N.M Triet‟s Speech PART A: INTRODUCTION Justification of the study Grammatical metaphor in general and nominalization in particular is a familiar concept in Systemic Functional Grammar and recent research of Halliday (1985, 1988, 1994), have proved that grammatical metaphor involving nominalization play a key role in creating scientific discourse Halliday considers nominalization from a systemic functional perspective This theory is functional because it aims to account for three basic kind of meaning, namely, the ideational, the interpersonal and the textual Nominalization, a type of grammatical metaphor, is one of the most prominent syntactic features of political discourse However, the use of this kind of metaphor in political discourse with the role in the enactment, reproduction, and legitimization of power and domination, may cause difficulties for the readers or the listeners in understanding what is meant or referred to by the writer or the speaker Our thesis is entitled “Nominalization as grammatical metaphor in Political Discourse in English and Vietnamese from the perspective of Systemic Functional Grammar” The choice of our thesis is based on three reasons Firstly, the nominalization, as explained in later sections, is the nominalizing process, which is “the single most powerful resource for creating grammatical metaphor” (Halliday: 1994: 352) The absence of sufficient research on nominalization as grammatical metaphor in political discourse poses an interesting challenge for us Secondly, an insight into the nature and the functions of nominalization in political discourse can help the researcher to make comprehensive and comprehensible presentations of nominalization and help readers to realize its importance for the comprehension of English and Vietnamese political speeches Finally, we set out a view of the interrelationship of language and society, with the emphasis on power and ideology Ideology is pervasively present in language, that fact ought to mean that the ideological nature of language should be one of the major themes of modern social science Particularly, there is a close connection between a linguistic choice and a certain ideology maintained by relations of power, and the power phenomenon is manifested in a variety of linguistic structures Aims and Objectives of the study The aim of this study is to make an inquiry into the nature of nominalization in English and Vietnamese in general This study also points out the functions of nominalization in political discourse and therefore explains why nominalization should be given special treatment in working with this specialized genre Its impacts on the message content are also explored In carrying out the study this way, the following questions are raised for exploration What is the Nature of Nominalization in English and in Vietnamese? What are the Linguistic Structure and the Functions of Nominalization in English and Vietnamese Political Discourses? What are the Linguistic and Cultural Similarities and Differences between Nominalization in English political discourse and that in Vietnamese one? Hopefully, this research will provide some insight and practical help in decoding political speeches, in evaluating linguistic aspects of the ideas conveyed, the way the more powerful employ language in order to impose their ideas on the less powerful members of society, and finally the readers can figure out the similarities and differences in the use of nominalization in political discourse between English and Vietnamese Scope of the study This study attempts to explore the concept of nominalization in English and in Vietnamese in terms of linguistic structure to find out the similarities and differences of the concept between the two languages It is also the intent of this study to analyze the use of nominalization in political speeches in English and Vietnamese to figure out how it contributes to the metafunctions of the discourse, the overall meanings of the discourse and how it serves the speakers‟ ideologies Methods of the study We begin this study with a descriptive method to identify the phenomenon, then compare and contrast the phenomenon between English and Vietnamese The researcher adopts the statistical method and analyzes the data in terms of quality and quantity The study conducted is an inductive approach where data is collected from English and Vietnamese political discourses to describe nominalization as a natural linguistics process In the exploration of nominalization in political discourse, the systemic functional theory as developed by Halliday (1994), Dik (1997), Matthiessen (1995), and other systemicists is adopted as the theoretical framework Format of the study The paper includes three parts namely Part A- Introduction, Part B- Development and Part C-Conclusion Part B is divided into four chapters: Chapter explores theoretical background of Systemic Functional Grammar, the concept of Grammatical Metaphor and the Language of Political Discourse In chapter 2, the emphasis is on Nominalization in English and Vietnamese as a general description In chapter 3, the focus shifts to Nominalization in political discourse in English and Vietnamese with a case study on two speeches: one of the President Bush and the other of the President Nguyen Minh Triet Chapter brings focus on a comparative and contrastive analysis between nominalization in English and Vietnamese to find out both the similarities and the differences Therefore, the researcher can suggest some implications for teaching and translating PART B : DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Systemic Functional Grammar Systemic functional linguistics (hereafter abbreviated “SFL”) conceives of text as social interaction Systemic functional linguists view language as systems of meaning potential in human interaction that are realized by various structures The organizing concept is not a structure described by rules, but as communicative behavior, as meaning making in a context of a culture, the behavior matrix within which all social interaction take place and the general context that gives meaning to culturally recognized activities In addition, systemic functional grammar develops a profound analysis of language on the base of regarding reality- representational and communicative functions of language These functions, termed by Halliday as metafunctions including ideational, interpersonal and textual metafunctions of language, are related to the issue how it is shaped to meet human needs Ideational metafunction is the one that helps to understand, organize and express perceptions of the world and our consciousness The ideational component on the semantic plane consists of experiential meanings and logical meanings Experiential meanings at the grammatical rank of the clause are those functions that reflect or represent processes, participants, and circumstances In Halliday‟s analysis of English (Halliday, 1994: 106161), experiential meanings are accounted for in clauses by the transitivity system The transitivity system includes choices of process type and the configurations of possible participants, process and circumstances which are associated with a particular process type Logical meanings are realized by relationships of coordination (or parataxis) and subordination (or hypotaxis) between clauses and other structure units The way of analyzing the clause in terms of process, participants and circumstances produces constituency structures whereas logical meanings are associated with interdependency structures The following example represents an experiential analysis of clause: Who has cleaned the floor? Actor Process: material Goal Interpersonal metafunction is concerned with the interaction between the speaker and the addressee(s)- the grammatical resources for enacting social roles in general, speech roles in particular, in dialogic interaction; i.e for establishing, changing and maintaining interpersonal relations The functions within the interpersonal component include giving or demanding information, expressing intention, assessing degree of probability, expressing attitude, and so on These functions have to with social interaction than with “content” The grammar of interpersonal meanings put the focus of clause as a unit of exchange structured as Subject, Predicator, Complements and Adjuncts An analysis of a clause from this perspective can be shown in the following example: Who has cleaned the floor? Subject Finite Predicator Complement Textual metafunction is described through the system of theme Thematic structure “gives the clause its character as a message (Halliday 1994: 37) and thus, creates relevant to the context The descriptive elements used to show this are called Theme and Rheme The theme serves as the departure of the message, which in English coincides with the initial element(s) of the clause; and the Rheme is the remainder of the message These elements may also be classified as Given, or information which identifies that which the clause is about, and New, information which relates to the Given The following example shows the analysis of the textual perspective: Who Theme has cleaned the floor? Rheme There is a close relationship between these two structures Within any set of contextual conditions, the speaker can exploit the potential that the situation defines, using thematic and information structure to produce an astonishing variety of rhetorical effect The relationship of these three functions, which are in the discourse- semantic stratum, is called “metafunctional resonance” by Halliday (1994) 1.2 Grammatical Metaphor 1.2.1 What is Grammatical metaphor? Functional Grammar defines metaphors as variations in the expression of meaning rather than just variations in the use of words Functional Grammar looks at metaphors from a different perspective, not asking “how is this word used?” but “how is this meaning expressed?” or “how is grammar structured to make the text effective in the achievement of purpose?” There is a kind of transference going on, the transfer of representation between different grammatical categories The difference in the message is the kind of X APPENDIX B: Nominalization in President Nguyen Minh Triet’s Speech List Line 9 10 11 12 13 30 10 11 33,74 12 13 13 55 59 17 20 21 26 27 14 28 29 Semantic Type Congruent Metaphorical Semantic Roles Ideational Interpersonal Function Function goal complement goal complement goal complement Examples Textual Function rheme rheme rheme complement subject complement complement adjunct adjunct adjunct complement complement adjunct complement complement complement adjunct rheme theme rheme rheme rheme rheme rheme rheme rheme theme rheme rheme rheme rheme process process quality thing thing thing process quality fact thing process quality quality thing thing thing process quality process process process thing thing fact thing thing phenomenon actor phenomenon identifier (2) circumstance circumstance circumstance goal goal circumstance goal attribute attribute circumstance process thing phenomenon complement rheme phenomenon complement rheme lời chào mừng nồng nhiệt lời chúc tốt đẹp tình cảm ấm áp bạn bè bốn phương tình cảm sâu nặng diện qúy vị tình hữu nghị qúy báu qúy vị (phẩm chất): hữu nghị sống hòa bình nhân loại phồn vinh dân tộc hạnh phúc người hạnh phúc hạnh phúc tầm nhìn chiến lược thăng trầm tư vững vàng lịng sắt son u nước tình u thương vững bền sâu sắc đóng góp nước với Thủ đóng góp Thủ với nước XI 15 31 quality thing goal complement rheme 16 quality quality thing thing quality thing 18 19 32,73 58 58 58 59 33,73 60 63 40 64 quality quality thing thing identifier (2) carrier carrier carrier carrier identifier (2) phenomenon circumstance goal goal complement subject subject subject subject complement complement adjunct complement complement rheme theme theme theme theme rheme rheme rheme rheme rheme 20 66 process thing circumstance adjunct rheme 21 22 41 41 quality quality thing thing circumstance circumstance adjunct adjunct rheme rheme 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 41 45 46 50 47 55 55 58 29 process process process process process quality process quality clause thing thing thing thing entity thing thing thing fact circumstance phenomenon attribute attribute range goal goal circumstance identifier adjunct complement complement complement complement complement complement adjunct complement rheme rheme rheme rheme rheme rheme rheme rheme rheme 17 giá trị truyền thống toàn dân tộc (phẩm chất): anh hùng anh hùng chiến đấu anh hùng lao động anh hùng anh hùng (phẩm chất): hịa bình hịa bình hịa bình tinh thần độc lập, tự chủ tinh thần nhân đạo hòa hiếu dân tộc tinh thần u chuộng hịa bình người Thăng Long-Hà Nội-Việt Nam sức mạnh (của dân tộc Việt Nam) thông minh (của dân tộc Việt Nam) sáng tạo (của dân tộc Việt Nam) lịng biết ơn vơ hạn công khai sáng công xây dựng bảo vệ Thủ nhà u nước tuổi trẻ tình u độc lập (của Tổ quốc) tinh thần “cả nước Thủ đô, Thủ XII 32 33 34 35 58 64 66 68 quality quality process process thing thing fact thing circumstance phenomenon circumstance verbiage adjunct complement adjunct complement rheme rheme rheme rheme 36 70 process thing goal complement rheme 37 75 process thing identifier complement rheme 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 77 82 83 83 86 86 88 64 process process process process quality process process process fact fact fact fact thing thing thing thing circumstance circumstance circumstance circumstance attribute attribute phenomenon circumstance adjunct adjunct adjunct adjunct complement complement complement adjunct rheme rheme rheme rheme rheme rheme rheme rheme nước” tự (của Tổ quốc) chủ nghĩa nhân văn đại thắng thông cảm,ủng hộ giúp đỡ to lớn nhân dân tiến toàn giới sức xây dựng cộng đồng khu vực quốc tế… phong cách ứng xử người Việt Nam tầm cao tư diện mạo sức sống nhiều khó khăn thách thức đồn kết lịng khát vọng hịa bình XIII APPENDIX C: President Bush's Address to A Joint Session of Congress and the Nation (Thursday, September 20th, 2001) (Retrieved from http://articles.cnn.com/2001-09- 20/us/gen.bush.transcript-1-joint-session-national-anthem, Accessed 18 June 2011) BUSH: Mr Speaker, Mr President Pro Tempore, members of Congress, and fellow Americans, in the normal course of events, presidents come to this chamber to report on the state of the union Tonight, no such report is needed; it has already been delivered by the American people We have seen it in the courage of passengers who rushed terrorists to save others on the ground Passengers like an exceptional man named Todd Beamer And would you please help me welcome his wife Lisa Beamer here tonight? We have seen the state of our union in the endurance of rescuers working past exhaustion 10 We've seen the unfurling of flags, the lighting of candles, the giving of blood, the 11 saying of prayers in English, Hebrew and Arabic 12 We have seen the decency of a loving and giving people who have made the grief of 13 strangers their own 14 My fellow citizens, for the last nine days, the entire world has seen for itself the state 15 of union, and it is strong 16 Tonight, we are a country awakened to danger and called to defend freedom Our 17 grief has turned to anger and anger to resolution Whether we bring our enemies to 18 justice or bring justice to our enemies, justice will be done 19 I thank the Congress for its leadership at such an important time 20 All of America was touched on the evening of the tragedy to see Republicans and 21 Democrats joined together on the steps of this Capitol singing ``God Bless America.'' 22 And you did more than sing You acted, by delivering $40 billion to rebuild our 23 communities and meet the needs of our military Speaker Hastert, Minority Leader 24 Gephardt, Majority Leader Daschle and Senator Lott, I thank you for your 25 friendship, for your leadership and for your service to our country 26 And on behalf of the American people, I thank the world for its outpouring of 27 support 28 America will never forget the sounds of our national anthem playing at Buckingham 29 Palace, on the streets of Paris and at Berlin's Brandenburg Gate 30 We will not forget South Korean children gathering to pray outside our embassy in XIV 31 Seoul, or the prayers of sympathy offered at a mosque in Cairo 32 We will not forget moments of silence and days of mourning in Australia and Africa 33 and Latin America 34 Nor will we forget the citizens of 80 other nations who died with our own Dozens of 35 Pakistanis, more than 130 Israelis, more than 250 citizens of India, men and women 36 from El Salvador, Iran, Mexico and Japan, and hundreds of British citizens 37 America has no truer friend than Great Britain 38 Once again, we are joined together in a great cause 39 I'm so honored the British prime minister had crossed an ocean to show his unity 40 with America 41 Thank you for coming, friend 42 On September the 11th, enemies of freedom committed an act of war against our 43 country Americans have known wars, but for the past 136 years they have been 44 wars on foreign soil, except for one Sunday in 1941 Americans have known the 45 casualties of war, but not at the center of a great city on a peaceful morning 46 Americans have known surprise attacks, but never before on thousands of civilians 47 All of this was brought upon us in a single day, and night fell on a different world, a 48 world where freedom itself is under attack 49 Americans have many questions tonight Americans are asking, ``Who attacked our 50 country?'' 51 The evidence we have gathered all points to a collection of loosely affiliated terrorist 52 organizations known as al Qaeda They are some of the murderers indicted for 53 bombing American embassies in Tanzania and Kenya and responsible for bombing 54 the USS Cole 55 Al Qaeda is to terror what the Mafia is to crime But its goal is not making money, 56 its goal is remaking the world and imposing its radical beliefs on people everywhere 57 The terrorists practice a fringe form of Islamic extremism that has been rejected by 58 Muslim scholars and the vast majority of Muslim clerics; a fringe movement that 59 perverts the peaceful teachings of Islam 60 The terrorists' directive commands them to kill Christians and Jews, to kill all 61 Americans and make no distinctions among military and civilians, including women 62 and children 63 This group and its leader, a person named Osama bin Laden, are linked to many XV 64 other organizations in different countries, including the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the 65 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 66 There are thousands of these terrorists in more than 60 countries 67 They are recruited from their own nations and neighborhoods and brought to camps 68 in places like Afghanistan where they are trained in the tactics of terror They are 69 sent back to their homes or sent to hide in countries around the world to plot evil and 70 destruction 71 The leadership of Al Qaeda has great influence in Afghanistan and supports the 72 Taliban regime in controlling most of that country In Afghanistan we see Al Qaeda's 73 vision for the world Afghanistan's people have been brutalized, many are starving 74 and many have fled 75 Women are not allowed to attend school You can be jailed for owning a television 76 Religion can be practiced only as their leaders dictate A man can be jailed in 78 Afghanistan if his beard is not long enough 78 The United States respects the people of Afghanistan after all, we are currently its 79 largest source of humanitarian aid but we condemn the Taliban regime 80 It is not only repressing its own people, it is threatening people everywhere by 81 sponsoring and sheltering and supplying terrorists 82 By aiding and abetting murder, the Taliban regime is committing murder And 83 tonight the United States of America makes the following demands on the Taliban 84 Deliver to United States authorities all of the leaders of Al Quaeda who hide in your 85 land 86 Release all foreign nationals, including American citizens you have unjustly 87 imprisoned Protect foreign journalists, diplomats and aid workers in your country 88 Close immediately and permanently every terrorist training camp in Afghanistan 89 And hand over every terrorist and every person and their support structure to 90 appropriate authorities 91 Give the United States full access to terrorist training camps, so we can make sure 92 they are no longer operating 93 These demands are not open to negotiation or discussion 94 The Taliban must act and act immediately 95 They will hand over the terrorists or they will share in their fate 96 I also want to speak tonight directly to Muslims throughout the world We respect XVI 97 your faith It's practiced freely by many millions of Americans and by millions more 98 in countries that America counts as friends Its teachings are good and peaceful, and 99 those who commit evil in the name of Allah blaspheme the name of Allah 100 The terrorists are traitors to their own faith, trying, in effect, to hijack Islam itself 101 The enemy of America is not our many Muslim friends It is not our many Arab 102 friends Our enemy is a radical network of terrorists and every government that 103 supports them 104 Our war on terror begins with Al Qaeda, but it does not end there 105 It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and 106 defeated 107 Americans are asking ``Why they hate us?'' 108 They hate what they see right here in this chamber: a democratically elected 109 government Their leaders are self-appointed They hate our freedoms: our freedom 110 of religion, our freedom of speech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree 111 with each other 112 They want to overthrow existing governments in many Muslim countries such as 113 Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Jordan They want to drive Israel out of the Middle East 114 They want to drive Christians and Jews out of vast regions of Asia and Africa 115 These terrorists kill not merely to end lives, but to disrupt and end a way of life 116 With every atrocity, they hope that America grows fearful, retreating from the world 117 and forsaking our friends They stand against us because we stand in their way 118 We're not deceived by their pretenses to piety 119 We have seen their kind before They're the heirs of all the murderous ideologies of 120 the 20th century By sacrificing human life to serve their radical visions, by 121 abandoning every value except the will to power, they follow in the path of fascism, 122 Nazism and totalitarianism And they will follow that path all the way to where it 123 ends in history's unmarked grave of discarded lies 124 Americans are asking, "How will we fight and win this war?'' 125 We will direct every resource at our command every means of diplomacy, every 126 tool of intelligence, every instrument of law enforcement, every financial influence, 127 and every necessary weapon of war to the destruction and to the defeat of the global 128 terror network 129 Now, this war will not be like the war against Iraq a decade ago, with a decisive XVII 130 liberation of territory and a swift conclusion It will not look like the air war above 131 Kosovo two years ago, where no ground troops were used and not a single American 132 was lost in combat 133 Our response involves far more than instant retaliation and isolated strikes 134 Americans should not expect one battle, but a lengthy campaign unlike any other we 135 have ever seen It may include dramatic strikes visible on TV and covert operations 136 secret even in success 137 We will starve terrorists of funding, turn them one against another, drive them from 138 place to place until there is no refuge or no rest 139 And we will pursue nations that provide aid or safe haven to terrorism Every nation 140 in every region now has a decision to make: Either you are with us or you are with 141 the terrorists 142 From this day forward, any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will 143 be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime Our nation has been put on 144 notice, we're not immune from attack We will take defensive measures against 145 terrorism to protect Americans 146 Today, dozens of federal departments and agencies, as well as state and local 147 governments, have responsibilities affecting homeland security 148 These efforts must be coordinated at the highest level So tonight, I announce the 149 creation of a Cabinet-level position reporting directly to me, the Office of Homeland 150 Security 151 And tonight, I also announce a distinguished American to lead this effort, to 152 strengthen American security: a military veteran, an effective governor, a true 153 patriot, a trusted friend, Pennsylvania's Tom Ridge 154 He will lead, oversee and coordinate a comprehensive national strategy to safeguard 155 our country against terrorism and respond to any attacks that may come 156 These measures are essential The only way to defeat terrorism as a threat to our way 157 of life is to stop it, eliminate it and destroy it where it grows 158 Many will be involved in this effort, from FBI agents, to intelligence operatives, to 159 the reservists we have called to active duty All deserve our thanks, and all have our 160 prayers 161 And tonight a few miles from the damaged Pentagon, I have a message for our 162 military: Be ready I have called the armed forces to alert, and there is a reason XVIII 163 The hour is coming when America will act, and you will make us proud 164 This is not, however, just America's fight And what is at stake is not just America's 165 freedom 166 This is the world's fight This is civilization's fight This is the fight of all who 167 believe in progress and pluralism, tolerance and freedom 168 We ask every nation to join us We will ask and we will need the help of police 169 forces, intelligence service and banking systems around the world The United States 170 is grateful that many nations and many international organizations have already 171 responded with sympathy and with support nations from Latin America to Asia to 172 Africa to Europe to the Islamic world 173 Perhaps the NATO charter reflects best the attitude of the world: An attack on one is 174 an attack on all The civilized world is rallying to America's side 175 They understand that if this terror goes unpunished, their own cities, their own 176 citizens may be next Terror unanswered can not only bring down buildings, it can 177 threaten the stability of legitimate governments 178 And you know what? We're not going to allow it 179 Americans are asking, ``What is expected of us?'' 180 I ask you to live your lives and hug your children 181 I know many citizens have fears tonight, and I ask you to be calm and resolute, even 182 in the face of a continuing threat 183 I ask you to uphold the values of America and remember why so many have come 184 here 185 We're in a fight for our principles, and our first responsibility is to live by them No 186 one should be singled out for unfair treatment or unkind words because of their 187 ethnic background or religious faith 188 I ask you to continue to support the victims of this tragedy with your contributions 189 Those who want to give can go to a central source of information, Libertyunites.org, 190 to find the names of groups providing direct help in New York, Pennsylvania and 191 Virginia 192 The thousands of FBI agents who are now at work in this investigation may need 193 your cooperation, and I ask you to give it I ask for your patience with the delays and 194 inconveniences that may accompany tighter security and for your patience in what 195 will be a long struggle XIX 196 I ask your continued participation and confidence in the American economy 197 Terrorists attacked a symbol of American prosperity; they did not touch its source 198 America is successful because of the hard work and creativity and enterprise of our 199 people These were the true strengths of our economy before September 11, and they 200 are our strengths today 201 And finally, please continue praying for the victims of terror and their families, for 202 those in uniform and for our great country Prayer has comforted us in sorrow and 203 will help strengthen us for the journey ahead 204 Tonight I thank my fellow Americans for what you have already done and for what 205 you will 206 And ladies and gentlemen of the Congress, I thank you, their representatives, for 207 what you have already done and for what we will together 208 Tonight we face new and sudden national challenges 209 We will come together to improve air safety, to dramatically expand the number of 210 air marshals on domestic flights and take new measures to prevent hijacking 211 We will come together to promote stability and keep our airlines flying with direct 212 assistance during this emergency 213 We will come together to give law enforcement the additional tools it needs to track 214 down terror here at home 215 We will come together to strengthen our intelligence capabilities to know the plans 216 of terrorists before they act and to find them before they strike 217 We will come together to take active steps that strengthen America's economy and 218 put our people back to work 219 Tonight, we welcome two leaders who embody the extraordinary spirit of all New 220 Yorkers, Governor George Pataki and Mayor Rudolph Giuliani 221 As a symbol of America's resolve, my administration will work with Congress and 222 these two leaders to show the world that we will rebuild New York City 223 After all that has just passed, all the lives taken and all the possibilities and hopes 224 that died with them, it is natural to wonder if America's future is one of fear 225 Some speak of an age of terror I know there are struggles ahead and dangers to face 226 But this country will define our times, not be defined by them 227 As long as the United States of America is determined and strong, this will not be an 228 age of terror This will be an age of liberty here and across the world XX 229 Great harm has been done to us We have suffered great loss And in our grief and 230 anger we have found our mission and our moment 231 Freedom and fear are at war The advance of human freedom, the great achievement 232 of our time and the great hope of every time, now depends on us 233 Our nation, this generation, will lift the dark threat of violence from our people and 234 our future We will rally the world to this cause by our efforts, by our courage We 235 will not tire, we will not falter and we will not fail 236 It is my hope that in the months and years ahead life will return almost to normal 237 We'll go back to our lives and routines and that is good 238 Even grief recedes with time and grace 239 But our resolve must not pass Each of us will remember what happened that day and 240 to whom it happened We will remember the moment the news came, where we were 241 and what we were doing 242 Some will remember an image of a fire or story or rescue Some will carry memories 243 of a face and a voice gone forever 244 And I will carry this It is the police shield of a man named George Howard who 245 died at the World Trade Center trying to save others 246 It was given to me by his mom, Arlene (ph), as a proud memorial to her son It is my 247 reminder of lives that ended and a task that does not end 248 I will not forget the wound to our country and those who inflicted it I will not yield, 249 I will not rest, I will not relent in waging this struggle for freedom and security for 250 the American people 251 The course of this conflict is not known, yet its outcome is certain Freedom and 252 fear, justice and cruelty, have always been at war, and we know that God is not 253 neutral between them 254 Fellow citizens, we'll meet violence with patient justice, assured of the rightness of 255 our cause and confident of the victories to come 256 In all that lies before us, may God grant us wisdom and may he watch over the 257 United States of America 258 Thank you © 2001 The Washington Post Company XXI APPENDIX D: Chủ tịch nước Nguyễn Minh Triết : Đọc Diễn Văn Khai Mạc Đại Lễ 1000 năm Thăng Long- Hà Nội (Sunday, October 10th , 2010) (Retrieved from http://tuoitre.vn./Chinh-tri-xa-hoi, Accessed 18 June 2011) Thưa đồng chí lãnh đạo Đảng, Nhà nước, Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam, Thưa đồng chí lão thành cách mạng, mẹ Việt Nam anh hùng, vị khách quý, Thưa toàn thể đồng bào, đồng chí chiến sỹ nước, Hôm nay, Thủ đô yêu dấu, long trọng tổ chức Đại lễ kỷ niệm 1000 năm Thăng Long - Hà Nội Thay mặt Đảng, Nhà nước, Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam, thân gửi tới đồng bào, chiến sỹ Thủ đô nước, kiều bào ta nước lời chào mừng nồng nhiệt lời chúc tốt đẹp Tôi chân thành cảm ơn vị khách quốc tế mang đến cho Đại lễ tình 10 cảm ấm áp bạn bè bốn phương Sự diện quý vị làm cho Đại lễ kỷ niệm 11 1000 năm Thăng Long thêm ý nghĩa Chúng trân trọng tình hữu nghị quý 12 báu quý vị nguyện dân tộc giới phấn đấu cho sống 13 hịa bình nhân loại, phồn vinh dân tộc hạnh phúc 14 người 15 Thưa vị khách q, thưa tồn thể đồng bào, đồng chí! 16 Cách tròn 1000 năm, vào mùa thu năm 1010, tiếp nối nghiệp dựng nước 17 Vua Hùng, bậc tiên liệt, Đức Thái Tổ Lý Công Uẩn với tầm nhìn chiến 18 lược, định dời đô từ Hoa Lư Thăng Long, mở thời kỳ phát triển huy 19 hồng kinh quốc gia Đại Việt Từ mốc son lịch sử đó, đến thời đại Hồ Chí 20 Minh quang vinh, trải qua 1000 năm với bao biến cố thăng trầm, Thăng Long - Hà 21 Nội tư vững vàng, khí phách hiên ngang, xứng đáng trái tim nước, 22 để hôm dân tộc trùng phùng 23 Vào phút thiêng liêng này, toàn thể đồng bào ta từ miền nước 24 ngồi nước, từ thành thị đến nơng thơn, từ núi rừng đến hải đảo, hướng Thủ 25 đô, Ngàn năm Văn hiến Trải qua bao thiên tai, binh lửa đồng bào dân 26 tộc lịng sắt son u nước, ngày đồn kết gắn bó mật thiết với 27 tình yêu thương vững bền sâu sắc Chào mừng thành tựu 28 Ngàn năm Thăng Long - Hà Nội, trân trọng đóng góp nước XXII 29 với Thủ đóng góp Thủ với nước Đó tinh thần "cả nước 30 Thủ đơ, Thủ nước", thể tình cảm sâu nặng nghĩa vụ quang vinh 31 Là nơi hội tụ kết tinh giá trị truyền thống toàn dân tộc, 32 Thăng Long - Hà Nội bật lên phẩm chất đặc biệt: Văn hiến, anh hùng, 33 hịa bình, hữu nghị 34 Chúng ta tơn vinh truyền thống Văn hiến Thủ đô địa linh nhân kiệt, nơi lắng 35 động hào khí Thăng Long, hồn thiêng sông núi, nơi kết tinh tỏa sáng trí tuệ Việt 36 Nam, tỏa sáng lương tri phẩm giá người Văn hiến thể sắc dân 37 tộc Nguyễn Trãi khảng khái: Như nước Đại Việt ta từ trước, vốn xưng 38 Văn hiến lâu Núi sông bờ cõi chia, phong tục Bắc - Nam khác 39 mạnh yếu có lúc khác nhau, song hào kiệt đời có Văn hiến 40 tảng hình thành tinh thần độc lập, tự chủ chủ quyền bất khả xâm phạm Tổ 41 quốc, khởi đầu cho sức mạnh thông minh, sáng tạo dân tộc Việt 42 Nam Truyền thống trường tồn muôn thưở 43 Chúng ta yêu mến tự hào Thủ đô Anh hùng - Danh hiệu cao quý mà Đảng, 44 Nhà nước nhân dân ta tặng cho Thăng Long - Hà Nội Đứng Thủ huy 45 hồng ngày Đại lễ, thành kính bày tỏ lịng biết ơn vơ hạn Tổ 46 tiên hệ tiền nhân có cơng khai sáng kinh thành Thăng Long 47 thành kính tưởng nhớ biết ơn vô hạn Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh vĩ đại, nhà yêu 48 nước, cách mạng tiền bối, anh hùng liệt sỹ, hệ cơng nhân, nơng dân, trí 49 thức, lực lượng vũ trang Hà Nội nước, kiều bào ta nước ngồi có cơng 50 xây dựng bảo vệ Thủ Biết bao trí tuệ, mồ hơi, xương máu ông cha ta 51 đổ vào ruộng, đê, đoạn đường, góc phố để Hà Nội có 52 ngày Suốt ngàn năm đất nước Thủ đô ta, sáng chắn bão 53 dông, chiều ngăn nắng lửa hết đời qua đời khác Suốt ngàn năm, nhân dân 54 ta có bao ngày ngơi nghỉ? Bao nhiêu hệ tiếp nối kiên cường, chiến 55 đấu, hiến dâng cho Thủ đô Tổ quốc đời mình, tuổi trẻ, tình yêu hạnh 56 phúc để bảo vệ tấc đất tổ tiên nguồn cội 57 Việt Nam dân tộc anh hùng, Hà Nội Thủ đô anh hùng Việt Nam, 58 anh hùng chiến đấu anh hùng lao động Anh hùng độc lập, tự 59 Tổ quốc, anh hùng để mưu cầu hạnh phúc cho nhân dân Nhân dân Việt Nam 60 u chuộng hịa bình, cơng lý, trọng nhân nghĩa, thủy chung, không XXIII 61 khuất phục trước cường quyền, bạo lực 62 Chúng ta cảm ơn bạn bè quốc tế trao tặng Thủ đô Hà Nội danh hiệu Thành phố 63 hịa bình Suốt chiều dài lịch sử, Thăng Long- Hà Nội tiêu biểu cho khát 64 vọng hịa bình, chủ nghĩa nhân văn, tinh thần nhân đạo hòa hiếu dân tộc Việt 65 Nam Hồ Hoàn Kiếm gắn với huyền thoại Đức Thái Tổ Lê Lợi trả lại gươm thần 66 sau đại thắng quân xâm lược, mãi hình tượng sống động tinh thần yêu 67 chuộng hịa bình người Thăng Long- Hà Nội- Việt Nam Chúng ta chân thành 68 cám ơn thông cảm, ủng hộ giúp đỡ to lớn nhân dân tiến toàn giới 69 Việt Nam, Hà Nội bạn, đối tác tin cậy nước, thủ đô, 70 thành phố, góp sức xây dựng cộng đồng khu vực quốc tế hịa bình, hữu nghị, hợp 71 tác phát triển 72 Kỷ niệm Ngàn năm Thăng Long- Hà Nội dịp để tiếp tục khẳng định 73 phẩm chất cao quý truyền thống tốt đẹp: Văn hiến, anh hùng, hịa bình, 74 hữu nghị Thủ đô, đất nước Hồng, cháu Lạc Đó lẽ sống, 75 đạo đức phong cách ứng xử người Việt Nam Đó di sản vơ giá 76 Tổ tiên hệ cha ông ta để lại Chúng ta có trách nhiệm giữ gìn, trân 77 trọng giữ gìn, truyền lại cho mn đời cháu mai sau phát huy lên tầm 78 cao thời đại Hồ Chí Minh 79 Thưa đồng bào chiến sỹ nước, 80 Hà Nội hôm thật đẹp Đi phố phường Thủ đô, 81 nhận thấy thành tựu cụ thể trình đổi mới, hội nhập, phát triển, 82 thêm yêu tự hào Hà Nội Thủ đô bừng sáng lên với tư mới, 83 diện mạo mới, sức sống Sau hàng ngàn năm lịch sử, Thăng Long - Hà Nội có 84 đẹp hơm nay? 85 Nhưng thời khắc lịch sử này, hân hoan mừng ngày Đại lễ, 86 nhận thức sâu sắc nước Thủ cịn nhiều khó khăn, thách 87 thức phía trước Để xứng đáng với Tổ tiên, với lịch sử hào hùng dân tộc, toàn 88 thể nhân dân Việt Nam nước, nước nguyện đoàn kết lòng, đồng 89 tâm hiệp lực, đem tất tinh thần sức lực, trí tuệ tài năng, phấn đấu xây dựng 90 Thủ đô Hà Nội ngày văn minh, đại, giàu đẹp, sánh vai Thủ 91 nước giới; tích cực góp phần xây dựng Tổ quốc Việt Nam xã hội chủ nghĩa, 92 hịa bình, thống nhất, độc lập, dân chủ giàu mạnh theo mong ước Chủ tịch XXIV 93 Hồ Chí Minh kính yêu 94 Tổ quốc Việt Nam quang vinh muôn năm, 95 Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam quang vinh muôn năm, 96 Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh kính yêu sống nghiệp 97 Xin trân trọng cảm ơn! (Nguồn: TTXVN) ... PERSPECTIVE OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR (Nghiên cứu danh hóa hình thức ẩn dụ ngữ pháp diễn văn trị tiếng Anh tiếng Việt theo quan điểm ngữ pháp chức hệ thống) M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field:... Ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu cú pháp Tiếng Anh- Tiếng Việt, Nxb ĐHQG Hà Nội Hồ Chí Minh tuyển tập (2002), Nxb Chính trị quốc gia Nguyễn Quang (2002), Một số vấn đề giao tiếp nội văn hóa giao văn hóa, ... from http://www.vanhoahoc.edu.vn Vietnamese: Diệp Quang Ban (2005), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt, Nxb GD Phan Mậu Cảnh (2008), Đặc trưng văn hóa, cội nguồn văn hóa thể chúng ca dao người Việt, retrieved