IAS 2 Example 1– costs of purchase A retailer imported goods at a cost of CU130 , including CU20 non-refundable import duties and CU10 refundable purchase taxes. The risks and rewards of ownership of the imported goods were transferred to the retailer upon collection of the goods from the harbour warehouse. The retailer was required to pay for the goods upon collection. The retailer incurred CU5 to transport the goods to its retail outlet and a further CU2 in delivering the goods to its customer. Further selling costs of CU3 were incurred in selling the goods. Example 2 – costs of purchase A retailer buys a good priced at CU500 per unit. However, the supplier awards the retailer a 20 per cent discount on orders of 100 units or more. The retailer buys 100 units in a single order. Example 3 – costs of purchase A retailer buys a good priced at CU500 per unit. However, the supplier awards the retailer a 20 per cent discount on orders of 100 units or more. Furthermore, when the retailer has purchased 1,000 or more units in a calendar year, the supplier awards the retailer a further volume discount of 10 per cent of the list price. The additional volume discount applies to all units acquired by the retailer during the calendar year. On 1 January 20X1 the retailer buys 1,000 units from the supplier in a single order. Example 4 – costs of purchase The facts are the same as in example 3 above. However, in this example, on 1 January 20X1 the entity purchased 800 units from the supplier. Because management considered it unlikely that the entity would purchase another 200 or more units from the same supplier in 20X1, the entity initially measured the inventories at CU320,000 (ie 800 units × CU500 each × 80%). On 24 December 20X1 the entity purchased a further 200 units from the supplier. On 31 December 20X1 150 units acquired from the supplier were unsold (ie in inventories) by the retailer. Example 5 – costs of purchase On 1 November 20X1 a retailer buys 90 units of a good from a supplier for CU500 per unit on 60 days’ interest-free credit (normal credit terms). To encourage early settlement the supplier awarded the retailer a 10 per cent early settlement discount for settling within 30 days of buying the goods. On 30 November 20X1 the retailer paid CU40,500 to settle the amount owing for the 90 units purchased from the supplier. Example 6 – costs of purchase An entity acquired an item of inventory for CU2,000,000 on two-year interest-free credit. The identical item is available in the same market for CU1,654,000 if payment is made within 30 days of the date of purchase (ie normal credit terms). Example 7 – costs of purchase An entity acquired an item of inventory for CU2,000,000 on two-year interest-free credit. An appropriate discount rate is 10 per cent per year. 1 Example 8 – Allocation of production overheads An entity incurred fixed production overheads of CU900,000 during a one-month period in which it manufactured 250,000 units of production. When operating at normal capacity the entity manufactures 250,000 units of production per month. Example 9 – Allocation of production overheads The facts are the same as in example 8. However, in this example, the entity manufactured 200,000 units of production during the month. . Example 10 – Allocation of production overheads The facts are the same as in example 8. However, in this example, the entity manufactured 300,000 units during the month. This level of production is abnormally high. Example 11- Joint products and by-products An entity manufactures a chemical ‘A’ for use in the agriculture industry. The production process requires a mixture of base chemicals followed by a maturation process, and from which, a product ‘A’ and a by-product ‘C’ are produced. The total costs of a production run (ie including direct costs and the allocation of overheads) is CU100,000. Each production run produces: • 5,000 litres of product A, sales value = CU250,000 • 1,000 litres of (by-product) C, sales value = CU2,000 Example 12- Joint products and by-products The facts are the same as in example 11. However, in this example, instead of the by-product there is another joint product ‘B’ resulting from the maturation process. Furthermore, the total costs (ie including direct costs and the allocation of overheads) of a production run are CU300,000. Each production run produces: • 5,000 litres of product A, sales value = CU250,000 • 4,000 litres of product B, sales value = CU400,000 Example 13- Joint products and by-products The facts are the same as in example 11. However, in this example, the maturation process produces products ‘A’ and ‘B’ and by-product ‘C’. The total cost (ie including direct costs and the allocation of overheads) of a production run is CU300,000. The entity accounts for the by-product by deducting its selling price from the cost of the main products. In this example, the costs to complete and sell the by-product are negligible and have been ignored. Each production run produces: • 5,000 litres of product A, sales value = CU250,000 2 • 4,000 litres of product B, sales value = CU400,000 • 1,000 litres of (by-product) C, sales value = CU2,000 Case Study 1 Facts Brilliant Trading Inc. purchases motorcycles from various countries and exports them to Europe. Bril-liant Trading has incurred these expenses during 2005: (a) Cost of purchases (based on vendors’ invoices) (b) Trade discounts on purchases (c) Import duties (d) Freight and insurance on purchases (e) Other handling costs relating to imports (f) Salaries of accounting department (g) Brokerage commission payable to indenting agents for arranging imports (h) Sales commission payable to sales agents (i) After-sales warranty costs Required Brilliant Trading Inc. is seeking your advice on which costs are permitted under IAS 2 to be included in cost of inventory. Case Study 2 First-in, First-out (FIFO) Method Facts XYZ Inc. is a newly established international trading company. It commenced its operation in 2005. XYZ imports goods from China and sells in the local market. It uses the FIFO method to value its inventory. Listed next are the purchases and sales made by the entity during the year 2005: Purchases January 2005 10,000 units @ $ 25 each March 2005 15,000 units @ $ 30 each September 2005 20,000 units @ $ 35 each Sales May 2005 15,000 units November 2005 20,000 units Required Based on the FIFO cost flow assumption, compute the value of inventory at May 31, 2005, September 30, 2005, and December 31, 2005. Case Study 3 Weighted-Average Cost Method Facts 3 Vigilant LLC, a newly incorporated company, uses the latest version of a software package (EXODUS) to cost and value its inventory. The software uses the weighted-average cost method to value inventory. The following are the purchases and sales made by Vigilant LLC during 2006 (as a newly set up company, Vigilant LLC has no beginning inventory): Purchases January 100 units @ $250 per unit March 150 units @ $300 per unit September 200 units @ $350 per unit Sales March 150 units December 170 units Required Vigilant LLC has approached you to compute the value of its inventory and the cost per unit of the inventory at March 31, 2006, September 30, 2006, and December 31, 2006, under the weighted- average cost method. Case Study 4 Facts Moonstruck Enterprises Inc. is a retailer of Italian furniture and has five major product lines: sofas, dining tables, beds, closets, and lounge chairs. At December 31, 200X, quantity on hand, cost per unit, and net realizable value (NRV) per unit of the product lines are as follows: Product line Quantity Cost NRV on hand per unit ($) per unit ($) Sofas 100 1,000 1,020 Dining tables 200 500 450 Beds 300 1,500 1,600 Closets 400 750 770 Lounge chairs 500 250 200 Required Compute the valuation of the inventory of Moonstruck Enterprises at December 31, 200X, under IAS 2 using the “lower of cost and NRV” principle. Case study 5 SME A began operations in 20X1. In 20X1 it incurred the following expenditures in purchasing materials for producing its product: Purchase price of raw materials = CU30,000 Import duty and other non-refundable purchase taxes = CU8,000 4 Refundable purchase taxes = CU1,000 Freight costs for bringing the goods from the supplier to the factory raw material storeroom = CU3,000 Costs of unloading the materials into the raw material storeroom = CU20 Packaging = CU2,000 On 31 December 20X1 SME A received CU530 volume rebate from a supplier for purchasing more than CU15,000 from the supplier during the year. SME A incurred the following additional costs in the production run: Salary of the machine workers in the factory = CU5,000 Salary of factory supervisor = CU3,000 Depreciation of the factory building and equipment used for production process = CU600 Consumables used in the production process = CU200 Depreciation of vehicle used to transport the goods from the raw materials storeroom to the machine floor = CU400 Factory electricity usage charges = CU300 Factory rental = CU1,000 Depreciation and maintenance of the entity’s vehicle used by the factory supervisor (50 per cent for official use and 50 per cent for personal use) = CU200. Private use of the vehicle is an employee benefit. During 20X1 SME A incurred the following administration expenses: Depreciation of the administration building = CU500 Depreciation and maintenance of vehicles used by the administrative staff = CU150 Salaries of the administration personnel = CU3,050 Of the administration expenses 20 per cent are attributable to administering the factory. The rest of the administration expenses are attributable, in equal proportion, to the sales and other non-production operations (eg financing, tax and corporate secretarial functions). In 20X1 SME A incurred the following selling expenses: Advertising costs = CU300 Depreciation and maintenance of vehicles used by the sales staff = CU100 Salary of the administration personnel = CU6,000 Prepare the accounting entries to record the inventory cost in the accounting records of SME A. Case study 6 5 SME B, manufactures three products—products A, B and C. The three products are produced simultaneously in a single production process. However, products A and B require further processing after the joint process before being ready for sale: Costs incurred within the joint production process (CU): Raw materials :120,000 Consumable stores :10,000 Direct labour costs :50,000 Variable production overhead :45,000 : 225,000 Fixed production overheads allocated on the basis of use of services: 55,000 Costs incurred after the joint production process: product A 10,000 product B 12,000 Units produced product A 400 product B 400 product C 350 Total sales value of all units produced product A 120,000 product B 140,000 product C 70,000 Determine the cost of each unit of products A, B and C. MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Inventory should be stated at (a) Lower of cost and fair value. (b) Lower of cost and net realizable value. (c) Lower of cost and nominal value. (d) Lower of cost and net selling price. 2. Which of the following costs of conversion can-not be included in cost of inventory? (a) Cost of direct labor. (b) Factory rent and utilities. (c) Salaries of sales staff (sales department shares the building with factory supervisor). (d) Factory overheads based on normal ca-pacity. 3. Inventories are assets (a) Held for sale in the ordinary course of business. (b) In the process of production for such sale. 6 (c) In the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or the rendering of services. (d) Choices a, b, and c. 4. The cost of inventory should not include (a) Purchase price. (b) Import duties and other taxes. (c) Abnormal amounts of wasted materials. (d) Administrative overhead. (e) Fixed and variable production overhead. (f) Selling costs. (g) Choices c, d, and f. 5. ABC LLC manufactures and sells paper enve-lopes. The stock of envelopes was included in the closing inventory as of December 31, 2005, at a cost of $50 each per pack. During the final audit, the auditors noted that the subsequent sale price for the inventory at January 15, 2006, was $40 each per pack. Furthermore, inquiry reveals that during the physical stock take, a water leakage has created damages to the paper and the glue. Accordingly, in the following week, ABC LLC spent a total of $15 per pack for repairing and reapplying glue to the envelopes. The net realizable value and inventory write-down (loss) amount to (a) $40 and $10 respectively. (b) $45 and $10 respectively. (c) $25 and $25 respectively. (d) $35 and $25 respectively. (e) $30 and $15 respectively. 6. The definition of "inventories" given by international standard IAS2 states that items qualify as inventories only if they are assets held for sale in the ordinary course of business or assets in the process of production for such sale. True or False? a. True b. False 7. Which of the following items cannot be included in the cost of inventories? a. Irrecoverable import duties payable on the acquisition of inventories b. Fixed production overheads c. The cost of abnormal wastage of materials and labour d. Variable production overheads 8. The FIFO cost formula assumes that: a. The inventory items which are sold or consumed are those acquired most recently b. The inventory items which are sold or consumed are those acquired longest ago c. The inventory items which are sold or consumed are a mixture of those acquired in the last 12 months d. Newer inventory items are sold or consumed before older inventory items 9. The net realisable value of inventories is defined by IAS2 as: a. Selling price b. Cost price c. Selling price less costs of completion d. Selling price less costs of completion and selling costs 7 . IAS 2 Example 1– costs of purchase A retailer imported goods at a cost of CU130 , including CU20 non-refundable import duties and CU10 refundable purchase taxes. The risks and rewards of ownership. the year 20 05: Purchases January 20 05 10,000 units @ $ 25 each March 20 05 15,000 units @ $ 30 each September 20 05 20 ,000 units @ $ 35 each Sales May 20 05 15,000 units November 20 05 20 ,000 units Required Based. 400 750 770 Lounge chairs 500 25 0 20 0 Required Compute the valuation of the inventory of Moonstruck Enterprises at December 31, 20 0X, under IAS 2 using the “lower of cost and NRV” principle. Case