Thiet ke mach dien tu.pdf

Thiết kế mạch điện tử

•

NGUYEN LINH GIANG

THIET KE

,

H BANG MAy TiNH

• Giao trluh cho sinh vien Cong ngh~ Thong tin, I)i~n tit Vien thong

cae truOng d~i hQc, cao dfing , ky thu~t thuQc cae h~ dolo t.w

HA N(JI

6-6C2-01-6T7.3

-113-244-03

KHKT-03

Uri n6i dilu

ClIng nii .\'1/ ,i('// h(1 ella khoa !rec k.v fhlll)t, l'i~;c 11/ d(Jtlg h()(l rhie'" k(

("{Ie m(lch di~1I fl'( drillg nI(Jr \'(/i lui qllall hellg '/"o/lg "/(;(" tlllle del)' Sf.'" pil(I'

tri/n ".f rllll(l{ tilllt (mill TII'I11117)lg IIdm 50 n;a lilt k)" 20, (III(/ 161111 pluff/ric'll

k} rllll(tt di~;11 fir dd qlla Jlhi/u giai do(w: 1/( IIllling b/i/Ig dhl di~;11 /If'd6!

nlurllg h/mg /)(111 deln, qua IIltirllg nlWh licli IWp IIlId r6i {(il llliii'lig mwh \'(1'/

nl/lt d() Ifcit IWp!/fIl I't/ sihr 1/111 NIIII)lg nlWh licit IWp loai 1/(1), CfY fli/ ell/'(O

itdllg 1ri~;11 finl! kii;'11 h/m d/i/l (FCII nl(J{ II1Wh \ 'f (il.l di(;'1 flil/II h, ("lIe h(! )'i XII'

'-" Vi('(' lf1i(" k( /lll/l'lIg mach l'I)'/ d(i tidl it(IP hl/l \'(/ S/('II I!J"f/ k!/{)/lg 111/ ///1/('

hi~;11 nl()t ('(leI! tllli C/jng /lid plu;i u; Sl/ Xilip (hY (,Iiu mciy lillh

SUII f1l()/ 1'/;' lIlinl guing d~IY nUJ/I hee 'Till'" I,j nrw-II 1/1/(')' nUlv Ifnll"

t~li Klloa CrJng Ilg/i¢ TII/mg till, TI'II/)'n,!!, D(li h(lc H(icil kho(l Hti N()i, Il'hl ('(/

sri Tlwm khdo kilili nghi¢nr gidng d~ly Clio ('(Ie ci(ing IIglli{'p I'({ cdc tlli 1i~'11

!1r1l(!C flllh 1'1,11 lIay, ell/ilig IrJl hiL;1I S()(III gido trillil c/to /Jujll hpc II(IY, nh/im

(,illig (,(I{) till li~;11 tllOm I-Iu/o clio sil/II I'h'lI ('1111.\'('/1 IIgilllh C/Jllg IIgh~' TJU)/lg

lill, Di~'11 tlrVitll tll/lllg I'd 1I11I(I:g (Ii (II/Ifil (tim tim hilu limon Ii(H' Irc'lI,

"j rollg CII(;'II s(leh I/(I.\' ellllJlg t(ii Iril/It hay nlc giw doqn qllWI !r(ln:.;

lrung (/1/(/ Irin/r {hie" k(j'I'd will XI/(I! cdc mw'lI tleh l/(ir tmllg ('(illg IIghi~;fJ,

Qml trillil 1/(/-,,: hao g(JJ1l ('(Ie /JI(//{' IIlIi hill" IUla m(lch tn'/! CUI' nll(c d(j chi lu't

kll(ic 111/((11, xciy dl.olg mwh 1'(/ ki/m IIglli~;1II IlI(ICII, Clllillg I{)i kluJ/lg tlwI!!

I'ellg Irinlr hdy IJr 01 C(1e 1'(111 £1/ lie'll qllall I()'I lett oj cdc gilli d()~1/1 ('[ia qil(l

Irinit \'(III.rJ/(/{ IIId ellli Y(';' {(Ie trill/g 1'(/0 111 'I ,I()' CI)/lg d()~fiI: Tlli(it k/ Ill/I hilll!

!UJ(I tlwch I'd ki/m !lghi~;m {filII (hing dt/II nia Ihic;, k/ Trhl gUli d()~111 1176

hi/lft !U)(/, lrollg 1111/(' t/ ('(J IIllItll /'<.;/ill IIgl7' OJ Iht'dll'(!C Sir dllllg 111111' SPICt:,

VFRILOG, VIIDL , sOllg cluillg /1'1 r~ifJ !/'IIlIg I'c/O trill It bdy IIg/j/lllgll'\/HDL

trong gi(io Irillli lillY, !Nfi nglJII ngtr VIIDL ld tIl(Jt IIg/J1I IIgii' OJ tillfl C{/II tl'lle

('(lO, M(JI d{ic dilm (/1/(/11 Ir(!I('<; Clia IIg01l IIgll' \ HDI Id /I() clIO p!tL;fJ flU) lei'

tfllL'! At" Tileo 11111/11 tlllit d(j ('iti !ie'; kh(IC 1111(111 - ll/' nl/rc ki(',1 tl'l/e d(',1 ('(IC cdll

Inie I'd ti(ing cI/i' 1i~;II Vri'i nhii)lg 11'11 di/m IIdy, Ilg/)II IIgii'FJlDL clIO phL'P xci)'

dl/Ilg C(IC Ihidf k(mwh III' 1(/lIg qlUfT dJlI clll li(", clIO pl/('p IIhd Thief /':(UI Ih/ liMn fII(;T (,(lell /('{lIg the>" qwi trin/t thit'! k( I'd: gilip clto qWI Trinh ki/m Ira tfl/It

tiling ddll uta titil'! Af dl!'(!c de ddllg Cltfilit llit(1 \'~IY md IIg()n ngii'VHDL

[f/(Ji, ell/il/g I()i Cllllg c//(111 11/(11111 ('(im (ill SI/ kllll.W'/1 khicfl l'rlf{1O c/I/II ki~'1/

Clio Nlui XI/crt bdil Khoo flee I'd K)~ flllldt dl CWil1 Sikh /1(1)" \,()'m dl({lc ra el()'i

CUr// Cling cluillg t(11 I/IOllg IIh~JI/ dWfC Sl/ cI(l/lg g()p ql(~' ball Cliu cdc b(1I1

d(}'lIg IIglii~'p 1'(1 h~1I1 d(){' Xli gd"1I d/lrill {(JI IUIII sail ('I[(}II S(lcit dl(/c hOc/II

ehillll /l(iII

T,le gia

TS N~uycn Linh G-i:mg

MI,lC ll,lC

Trang LO'j noi dati

Chlwng I Ma dati vao thiet kc In<:,ch vi di¢n tu

* 1.1 Cae pl1[lll d(x~n trong thiet kc d.c mach lfeh lwp

~ 1.2 :\16 hlnh hoa nwch di¢n

~ 1.3 T6ng hQP va 'oi uu hoa 111'-.lCh dung Imi), tinh

Chuang II Co' sit toan h<;lc

*2.1 f)~.li so Bool YU I}' thuyct chuyen mt.teh

~2.2 Cae h~un logic va d'.lIlg chufln uk

*2.3 T6i thicu h6a de bieu Ihue logic

*3.1 D.)c diem cLIa qu!.! trlnh thic"t kc m~\ch miiy tinh 35

*3.6 Nhung van de khi lhi~-t ke Ci.lc m<',lch tufin t~r 67

Chuong IV NhO:ng khai ni~m chung ,"'c mb hloh hoa phan 77

drng

*4.1 M6 hlnh hoa philn cung

~4.2 Otc ngon ngu m6 hinh hoa phun cu:ng

~4.3 Otc mo hiBh tnlu tuqng

Chtwng V eric phuong phap mt> hlnh hoa logic

~5 .1 Co sa ma hillh hoa logic

~5.2 Phuong phip ma hinh hoa hi en djch

§5.3 Phuong phip mo hlnh hOil hu6ng sl! ki4n

~5.4 M(l hlnh hoa qua trlnh tre tin hi¢u trong cae philo tLr 1T1i.Kh 115

~6.7 Cic chu"Ong trlnh con Vil cae goi clnwng trlnh 196

Chmmg VIl ~lo hlnh hoa m~.lch bill1g ng(ln ngu VHUL 207

~7.2 \16 hlnh hoa trC:n ll1Lrc thanh ghi truycn dq.t 219

§8.3 Cie phu<.1ng ph<.lp thu,~t toan tong h<,l"p uk gia tr! thiI

§8.5 M(l1 so pilU'0ng phap lam d<.m gian hoa qua trlnh kiem tra

§1.1 Cae ph:!n do:;t" trung thiet ke cae mach tich hqp

SV ra (\i:J'j ella de mach \'i di2n Ill' di'i l:un co' ~h phel! tri~ll phCill cll'll~ \,~I

phi-til I1lCIll Cllil de h~ th6ng tillh t,xtn tl'Ong nhl1"ng th(tp k~- g;lll d,ly Vll'l'

\,\ng hen n,le meTe d6 Ifch hqp ella de lll<.lch c1i¢n til' IrcH tnt'll 1ll::11 don d~l dua t6i \'i~c che 1<,10 nhilng I-u; thong \'O'i d(l phdc 1'-.1]1 ngay c~lllg t:Ing COll)! ngh!.,'

che I~\O m,~ch Itch heyp tren eel sb' uie chflt han d,ln pluit trj~ll \'U hao T(1i gifb.l nhfrng n[\[11 RO elta the k)' 20 nglf(1i la dil dl lh~ chc tao liU'(,il' llhung \11',lch

1ich h9P chu-a lui h(\I1g tri~u liuh kicn di¢n lU trcn mot lmh the ch~-ll b:ln d,ll1

I\'hU11g llwch dl) duq'C gqi El m'.Icil lich hQ'p cao(VLSl) ho~c \a mi tell vi cti¢n

IU Vi~c ra dui etla nhung 111'-.leh vi di~n Ill' (hi him nay sinh "~f can Ihid ph,!i

co ITIQI phuong ph{ip luan va quy trinh thie't ke' ehe 1<,tO thieh h9V

Trong eoog nghi~p v,~c che' t, tO uie nweh lich IH)p dU'Q"c thL!e IlJ¢n qua hon giai dm~n:

• Giai dmm thie't ke

• Giai c1o<',m che' h.W

• Giai do<.~n ki~m tra

• Giai c1m.1I1 dong go!

o giai do,.111 thiel kc Itr de ehue nang ma me.teh sc tlll.re hi¢n ('hClng ta x,ly dung mCl hinh ella me.leh tren nhi~u mue de) chi liet khac nhau Cae muc de) chi tiet co the (hrqc ehia thanh muc kie'n true, mu:e logic, mCre V(lt 15; Ket

qua eLla giai dO<'111 thiet ke la cac rm'l hlnh ella m,wh (El duvc xac lIil(1ll kh6ng ehu:a loi tren phuong di~n thiel kc

Gi<.li <.10<.111 th(r hai iiI giai c1O<.I11 che' h.l0 6 giai c10,.111 nay, m'.Ich tieh hqp se duqe che \'.10 th :o dc e(mg ngh¢ eflY ghcp d.e phfin tLf lllC.lCh iClI dIe tinh tht chat bi.in d<'ill btll1g phmmg phap m~11 na che phLI vi'I cong ngh¢ X{IY dung cae mach nhi~u la-po Ke't q\l(i ella giai c1m.l!1 llay lit nhung vi mach time hi~n nhfrng ehLfe n[mg nhu trong thie't kc

Giai doan ba la gi<'lI c1m,1I1 kiem Ira 6 giai dO<'.111 nay, nhu'ng m',lch d5 che' t"to se dU\J'C kidm nghi¢m ngau nhicn c1d khiing dtnh dll1g l1l<:tch kh6ng ebu:a loi ve m,)! ehe !<;Io Trang truung hqp co nhilng 10, g(lp nllleu litn c6 the rut ra

1<:6'1 lutlll loi do eo Ih~ la loi lrong qua Irlnh che l<;to Dl!<I \'aO VI¢C kitm Ira

quy Il'lnb eong ngh¢ la e6 Ihe rUI ra ke'l lU(1l1 \'e cae kh,lu c6 Ih~ >;mh ra luI

Cil;\[ doan euai clll1g I~I gml c10an dong g6i Ll:ic lki de vi mach sc ducfe

phfll1 laeh \'il du~jC I,.to Vl') hoe

Trong ehu'ong trlnh ta s2 nghi2n eCru ky giai dm~ll dill! ti2n iii giai duan

thict kC Qua trlnh thic't kc' nie mach vi lti¢n tti lrung cong nghicp c1uqc ehia Elln ba ph;ll1 dOi ll1:

• Mo hlnh h6a

• T()ng hqp vii lai Ull ho'\

• Kl~m nghi¢m vii phi': eilu£ln

Trong do ehung la 1(lp trung vi:1O blli loan m() hlnh hoa maeh \,~I 1611g hl.lp t6i ll'll ho;i mach

Pluin du~n dUll lien: 1\-11' hlnh hO{1

6 giai dm.1i1 n~\y nh~1 thie't ke X[IY (hyng de mo hinh dIll trllc l11<,lch \'il

de ch(re n~lllg ma mi lell >;is tlll.re hi¢n Cic mI.) hlnh m;.leh iii c{)1l1:! cu bi(o'u di~n d.e ;' tu'('mg thiel ke Mo hinh ho,\ el6ng \'al tn) quail lrong Irong LI1II.':1 kc' m:.Ich \'i di¢n ILl' blii \'1 cac m6 hlnh Iii nhung phuong lien mang Ih6ng Lin \'(~

dc mach s0 duue xiI)' d~rng m6t deh Cl) dong VlI ehinh x,ic Do d6 Ill() hinh e[m ph;ii ehinh x<.i.c ch[lt ehl' eOng nlur c6 ml['e ell) 16ng quat trong su6t \'(1 de

hl~U c10i w':ii ngl['()"i thiC·'t kc "il may V{)'i sl,l' phat L["J~n eUd cae k5' Ihu,:tl mo phong, me) hlnh 111<,1ch c6 the duqc xi.ly d~rng treil cO' so' Ciic ngon ngL'i" 1110 l;i ph[in eU:llg HDL (harclwar~ description language>;) Trollg nhicu tnIll'ng hnp, Ciic mo hlnh de) hqa nhu bieu do dong thong tin so' de) m,.teh V(I 1lll) I;i hinh

d'.lI1g hlnh hQc eLla cae d6i tU'(5!lg cung nhu deh sAp xcp cluing Lj'~n Ixin

mach dell eo Ihe dUQ'e dllllg d~ hidu <lien m;.Ich D6i vt'fi llhi}'ng llli,leh co dt) lich h0'P sieu lall do dl) phLi'c t:.lp ella mach n'ft eao nen \'l~e X[IY (h.rn,!! 111l')

hinh mach Ihuang Iheo eae IllLrC d() chI li2'1 kh,ic nhau Dieu d6 elm ph<'sp

nglf(\i Ihiel ke' I:~p trung \'aO tung ph,'ln Cl'la mo hinh I;.li 1[l'llg giai dO:.lIl thiet

kC:'

Ph;'l11 d()~n hai: Tong hqp va t6i I(lI hila

Tl)llg lWp mach iii giai cto'.111 >;;ing I'.l() thCr hai ella qll,i trlllh ll1le-l ke' ('lal

ni¢m Y~ 111<.lch Y~I xay dvng nhung mo hlnh sO' h9 dfiu lien ye m'.\'.:I1 Ml.lc dleh

ehinh cLla giai dO<;ln t6ng h\Jp mach I~I xfly dVng 1116 hlnh chi liel ella 111<.1ch

v\ dl,l nhu cae chi liel \'C dang hlnh hqe phl,le vu cho cong dO'.I11 Illp nip viI tao

vi) bge eho mach Dicll n~IY d'.lt c1l(.iC thong qua yu.\ trinh xay dung: V~I chfnh

xac hm\ thiet kc ti:rng: bu6e trong d6 m0 hlnh truu wq"ng ban diiu dW"iC ngui\i

thiet ke chi tiel ho<1 tung bu6c I~p (11 I~p l<:li Khi thVe hi¢1l qUi Idnh t6ng Iwp

111'.lch theo dc blfac Gii tie'n m6 hinh, ngu(1i thi('1 kc" dn nillcu thC)ng tin lien

quan 16'i cae e(lIlg ngh~ che tao YLI cac phong cach thi(,t kc 1l10ng l11u6n Ta

co Iht thtiy e.lc ehCre nang ella lll<.\eh e6 Iht dge !{Ip \'Cii cae chi tic"t thut hiC'n,

trong khi do Cile d~lt1g hi6u dien hinh h~)C ella nwch hO~1ll toi\l1 pliu thU(lC \'LIO

cac d;)c tinh ella cemg ngh¢ vi dl,l nhu kfch Ihu6c cLla de d[ry dim IroJlg miKh

plll.l thuQe dto cbng nghc ehe' 1 • 10

Bai Imin t6i It'U mach IUllll ke"t IWp cll(lt che \'6i bili Imin t(')ng IWp m'.lch

Qu;.i trlnh 16i lilt dOl h(')i phill Il,l''-l chQn nhung chi lict dc djnh eua 1l1i lell \'()"i

ml.lC rlieh lam Hill'; kh,'1 Il~ing ella m'.leh "e phuong <.lJ¢n thie"t ke tuong Crng

v6i nhiJng d(l do x,ie djnh Vai Ir() ella tcii lru IiI n[mg cao chell IUq"ng ella

mach dien Hlur tOL uu _ \'~ chue nan" \'C b dj~n ttch, \'C tll1h d~ kiem n"hicm b , \'i'l

ph,it hi¢ll il')i ehuc nimg lien quail t6i thl"ii gian rl6 Ilwe hi~n Ill(lt qu(\ trlnh

:Xlr I)' th(lJIg tin cung nhlf ~ci IUQ"ng Ih6ng lin c() lh6 dU<;ic XLe Iy trong 111(11 d{1ll

Y! Ih(l"i gian Cilc tlnh n,-mg ella mach Iii anh lur6ng 16n t(1i kha nfulg eanh

tranh ella m'.leh trC:n th; trui:5ng V.tll dc ch{lt Iuong ella n1<,leh cOng !ten qllan

t6i kkh Hllr6c cling nhlr di~n tfeh clla n1<,leh Di¢n Ikh cung IiI d6i Wong cLla

16i uu mach Kfeh Ihu6e nhl) ella me.lell eho phcp co Ih6 ph.ln b6 nhicu mach

tren IIl9t lap dicu d6 IZlln gli.im gl.l IhLtnh che' lao \'a d6ng g(ll Trong dmg

nghi~p ehe' 1,.\0 chung la Il10l1g muCln c<.'l nhung IhiL::t ke' eho phcp ph.it h:cn

10] \'a x.ie djnh \'i tI'l 16i ella nl<.\eh sau khi ehe' tao Kh.'t nfmg !lilY lrong

nhicu truil'ng hup, :lJlil imtJ'ng 16n t6'i eh:it IIJ'~l'Ilg ella l11~leh M(ll tht'H1g ~6

quan trqng lrong \'eln de plUl1 hi¢n loi ella Il1i.\eh li\ ph[ill Inllll loi e6 th6 duo'e

ph(11 hien doi ,,6'i mot h() g]a trj thLe nghi¢lll l\'oi chung, ngU'{Ji thic"t k.c mung

mu()n c6 nhung m,.ICh de ki~m nghi¢\D, dieu d{) lam glillll gi(l thLlllil chung:

ella qUil tl"lnh ~,\n xuelt

PhilO dOl,l1l 3: Kicm nghi~m "'a phe chmln

Qui Iflnh phe chuan m'.lch ILl vi¢c (t,lt dw.IC <'1 m()1 mLre (t() eh(lc eh{lll hop

1)' rang 111<.1ch dicn sc lam \'i¢c dung v6j gi,\ Ihic"t khong c6 loi clie" t,.lo TrC:n

')

phtlll dm.lI1 nay ml.le dich d~t ra b\ pluii IO<:J.i hI') m9i 16i thi6t kc co the e6 tru6"e

klll dua van san xUtlL Qua tflllh phe ehwin mi.lei"t bao g6m vi¢e xdy dl;Ing mo

hlnh mo phong mi!eh elva tn~n thiet ke va tlive hi¢n klem Ira Mo phollg

1l1<;lch bao g6m phii.n tich die dlen bien hanh vi ella !ll~leh di':ll then Ihni gian

doi \'6i mQI ho~c nhieu h(J gia trj dAu vao Qua trlnh Jl)() ph6ng c() the: ,ip

hlnh

§1.2 M6 hlnh hoa m;:tch di~n

Mo hinh !TIl.tch la bieu di~n trlru tuqng trang d(j chi

thich hqp mi\ kh6ng c6 nhung chi tiet tmrng (rng

QUii tdnh t6ng ht;1p m<;leh la qua trlnh t~IO m6 hinh

111i.\Ch bal driu Itl nhung bitu dien sa luqe nha!

Cae m6 hlnh duae phun Im.li then cae mLrC dl) mo

Iii triru tuqng Vll de g6c dq quan ~a1

• Cae !TICre d(l 1116 til trtlu tuqng: duqc chi a

lam ba merc nhu sau:

• Mere kien true

6 1I1U'C kie"n wk mi.lch di¢n duqe tht hi¢n qua t(lp hqp de thao tic nhu d.c tfnh 10iln tren dfr h¢u, de phep ehuyen dbi \'ll Iruycn thong tin Vi ell,!, tren mlrc kien true, m~\Ch co the' duqc bi6u dien qua nhu11g mo hlnh tren de ngon ngCr

1116 lil phan cUng nhung bieu diS luang

thong tin

• Muc logic

6 m(re logic, Illl.ICh dlen duqc the hl¢n

ra nhlin" dac linh c

Mtl"e kien true

ehuy6n Ihill1h de ham logic Vi UI.1 Iren m(rc logic Illi;lch co the dlflJC bicu uien thong qua cac bicu do ehuyen tl"i Hlg thai, ulc sa do mi.1Ch logic

I1lllh 1.1 Ba llllk Ol) tri:ru IlllYn)! biell dicn mach (llen

• Muc hlnh hoc

6 mue hlnh h9C, Im~eh co th~ dUQc bitu dicn nhu t<~p hQp dc d6i tlrqng hlnh h9c Vi dl) don gian ctia bic'u di~n hlnh h9c e6 the la e:k lop trong mq.eh nhicu lOp, dang vc be ngoai V~l phfm b6 clla

dc phfin tu cau thanh Im.leh

• Cae goe d<) quan sat ding dUQ'e ehia thanh ba goc d():

• Goe elC;! hanh vi

Goe di} hanh vi mt') t:i de ehde niing eua m<:leh ma kh(lng quan tAm tai vi~c tlwc hi¢n cae dll1c n~Hlg do

• Goe ell) diu true Goe tIC;! diU true 1110 hi mo hlnh m,~eh bang cae th~H1h pld.n CO" b,in ella Im~eh va cae lien ke"t gii1"a de thanh phan d()

lien k6t, ghep n6i gilia de khai co so do N0"u xct truO)lg h0P thiet kc" d.e mq.eh ching uQ thl voi d.e mo hlnh trcn muc logiC, g{)C d() hZmh vi co th~ la cac lUll do chuyc'n tqmg tlul.i, con goe de; diu true la cae ph[in tiT Il)gic V~t c,ic kct noi giua ca.e phun tlr do M6i quan h¢ giua cae mue d() Huu twmg va uie goc dl) qUan sat C{HI mo hinh duqe bie'u dl~n h,\ng s(} de) ehu Y ell.::t Gajski-Kuhn

G6e dQ h2uiQ vi G7~c de) eAu true

r\1UC kie'n true ;/

lIinh 1.2 ele g(}c do qllan ~al vii

d.c llllrc lllO ti trlill tlrong nia blC:u

\ , / ,

/

Mile hh{h hoe

I lInh 1.2 eho ta (htlY rnoi lien h~ giCra cae rn(re hi~u dien m() hlnh \·;t de

gae d() quan S(It 6 muc kien true va l6gic rno hlnh 1l1'.leh tillro-ng oll"<}e hicu dicn tll<.:o de g6e elt) hiU1h yj V~t ctlu truc, eon 0 Il1li"e hI nil hqe IlH') hlnh thui'mg duqe bicll then qua g6e dQ c:iu true va V(lt IY· Tr2n hinh 1.3 cho ta d

tll.1 \6 dc nnk bieu dlcn ella m6 hlnh bQ xu iy V~I c(le g/lC dQ qUdll ~,'lttuang

(mg 0 lTIlIC kitn true, thea g6e oQ hanh vi, rn6 hinh Iii Uic dong i¢nh Iren ng6n ngiJ mo li\ phfln eung HDL; theo gac d(l cAll true, m6 illllh ban g6m 1.:lr iHJr cae khoi ea sCi nhu h6 t[nh lmill so hQc, h9 (tieu kilien, yJ de lien kc-'t

giiJa de ph:in tLr d6, 6 mLre 16gie, thea goe <.19 h~lllh \'1, mo hlnh ban g()ll1 dc

so de) ehuyen tf'.lllg Ihiii clla cae ot6mat bieu diclI hm.lt dQllg ella mach: then gae ct() c:\u true me) hlnh dW)'e hi~u elien btmg de so d6 mi.ll'h 16gie gilra de

rh'lll tlt' 16gic e(/ biill

lIinh I.J C~ic IlllfC bi~lI di~lI111() hillh vil [ill' goc ell) qU.lll \iil llfon)' l'mg

§ I.J, Ton.t::: hap \-'a t(ii 1ru hoa mach dim.t::: m:i,v Huh

Cil' e{mg (\1 trq giup thiet kc hfmg may tfnh eho ph~p ntmg eao mlng

",uSt thi0't ke', Cie k5' thw.}t Ihiet k6 eho rher gl,llll Ih(ri glall n:mg eao chu trinh Ihi6t k6 \'(\ giii!l1 e6ng SLre COil nguo-i, Cac ky thu(lt l(ii tru I~l!n I;"mg el1ftt ll((),ng tlli(1 hY Dn do de ky thU(lt t(;llg hQ'p vu toi u'u hOii 1ll:.lch \'6"i ~V IIV

12

giup ella 1ll.ly linll dUO'e su dung trong hriu he'l de qua trinh IhilYI "-0- 1ll',lCh

diell ILl' ,,,6,

I 'U,ng hVp IIW(h di~n

ViL:e phtm lo • 1l de m(l hlnh Ih~lJlh cae mu-e IrLI'U ILI'(.mg \';1 CIC g/lC It{)

quan ,,:.il eho c1u1ng la phwmg phi.tp xtly dlJng de Ihie"1 k2' tren gtai dO'.I11 16ng

11O'p mi,lCh (iiai dm.m h:;ng h(,1P maeh e(l Ihe d\I(J'C p!l[lJ\ ehla Ih~lllh Gle ph.tn

dO'.Il1 -",IU:

T()ng l1\rp d Illll"c kic'n Irue ban gClm vi~e t',IO ra g6e d() Cill Ink eLla me) hlllh 0' mue kien tnle Dieu [\;lj IU'lmg vuong H1i \'icc X,{lC

dmh \'~I phil!! de c1uic n{wg elm mach Ihi'tnh de ph0p 10,ln etc

pll0p to,tn n~ly du{ye g0i IiI 6i nguyen ella Ihiel kC: Tmllg nHl hlnh cung bao g6m e.1 dc kc'l n6i giCfil de phcp 10.11\ <I trinh Itr Ihu'l' hi~n Philn doan ll~IY IllLl'(mg duqe gQI IiI (('lng hop (\ Illl're L'<I() h<l\' ICing IH,rp eAu true VI (1 d{) ngu'i)"i lhiel kc phJ.i de d!nh C;'IC du

lrue \'J m(l ( tren ll1lfe d() dc -;0 d6 khoi ) eLla ]11'.Ich

'U;ng h~1p d rnlIe k)gie IiI ph[m do,,111 1,.10 ra g6e d() C<lU Ink ella Illl) hinh (~ mlrc 16gie l\~l1g hqp logic hao g6111 de Ihao I,le sLJ' dung

ky Ihu(ll logic de' 1,.10 nen J11() hlob logIc M6 hlnh n~IY g6m e{) e,\c ph,In III l6gic co· bin \'a kel 116i giO'a eie ph.:in Ill' d6 Nluf \':1)'

bu6e long hap 16gic Et hU"l_)-c x,ie dinh c[['u Irue \'j m(l ( t'), Il1lfC de

ph:ill It! 1()gIC cO h{1l1 ) clla lll',Kh U1I1g \'l¢e ehuycn d6i 1110 hlnh It'lgie Ih~l!lh de h:0'1 neii gi[j'a de ph:in I(f dUc,fC m(J t.1 Imllg lllll'

\'i¢n die pll[!l1 ILl' cO" ~O' Iluri:l'ng gqj I~I ,[nh \<.1 c{)]I); nghc hay 1,'1 lien kc'l Ihen IllU' viC:n

T(lng hqp () mu-e hlnh hqe hao g6m \'i~'e 1',10 ra g6e ct() \"{II 1.\ ella J1l() hln:l () m(rc hlnl1 hoc Noi dell kh[lC, (1 m(fe 11:IY lllll !lll1h

du"t,J'c In() Iii Ihong qua de dilc Ifnh ella 1[11 c;i de m[lLl hlllh hoc

lao ncn (t,lllg Clla «Ie llli,lch ph[ln h6 de m'.lCh 1J\~1l b:ill Ill'Kh

Phtm do'.111 nay Ihu(l'ng (tw!e goj I~I Ilm:;1 ke' \',11 l~'

lI'inh 1.4 Cic goc dll quan \,\1 I!\lrC <16

Iri:ru Ilroll£' \'il ciic phrtn dmlll !hie", ke

a Tong lHlP kicn trllC

M6 hinh hanh VI Ci mut kiei1 true co th0 (hf~X: the hi~n qua \{Ip h()p de phcp loan vi:11l10i quan h¢ phLJ thuc)c giiJa chung Tong hqp kicn trllc yell d.lI ph,ii X,lc dinh cae laj nguyen phdn cung dn llLrqc sit' dyng dJ tlure !Il¢n de phep tmin ,fn dinh trinh tty t1wc hien cae phcp loan va gtlll kG! chting vt'J"j de

l~li nguyen

Vi¢c tlll;JC hi¢n Xfly (iL.rng m'Jch s,w !lay phl,! thuQC nl1l6u \'010 bIJ6c n:ly

Tlwc v,~y, de !hie'! bY ve il1{I\ kicn true s;: xac djnh mlre d() Ilwc hi~ll ,-;ong song ella (,.\c phcp toano TllI;IC hi¢n toi 1111 hOit 111C.\ch 11"en llllk nZly Ch'lllg \"ai tro het suc quan trQng trong qua tdnh thlet le"

Ta hay xct y[ d~1 sau: til thiet ke m;\Ch IhljC hi¢n Yi¢c gi:li phuong Irlnl1 \'1 ph[m), -; 3x)' -j 3y=O tren c1m.m [0, u] bi'l.llg phuong phap s6 "{5i but'J·c dich d\

va dlc gia tf! ban (.Hiu x(O)=-x y(O)-y, y (OJ II

M<'ICh di~n co the duac bi~u dien btmg ng6n ngfr m6 til ph[in cling llhu

:\16 hlnh 0' m(re logic ella 111<,leh co thc duqc hieu dicn btll1g dlc sO" c16

chuyen trang thai Clla dc o16mat hilu h;.ln b,'ll1g doc sa d6 h'lgic 1JO~iC btll1g

de ngon ngCi" m6 t,\ rhrin c(rng HDL Cic lllO hlnh n~ly c1lt'(.K nha thiet I- c' (hl'a

ra hO(lC dunc tong hqp tir Ule mo hlnh ()·llllt'C kic>'n trlle

Cic thao tac 0' mlJoc k'lgic co Ih~ khae nhau tU)'" theo tinh ch,"l[ cLla mach (nhu lll'.ICh t() hqp hofle 111i,lch turin Il,r) va d'.lIlg hieu dicll ban t1:iu (biC:ll d6 ehuyen tn,mg Ihiii hay sa do l6gic) va'n de toi uu hOii dong \'ai tro he'[ slk quan tr9llg N6 gflll lien voi qu,i trlllh t6ng hop lrung yi2c ,de dillh de C:\U

truc vi mo ctl<l m'-.lch Ket qua cuoi cung clla tong IWp ('j mu'c 16gic El hi~u

dlCI1 CtlLl trllC dfiy uti VI dl,l n!ur bang cac phan tlf logic ca h:1ll \'il kc:t Mii giu<l nhlJ"ng ph:in lir do

Trang VI dL.1 tru6"e cac d<:mg dCr li~Ll OUl)c dua vc hO nila va dU'<jC (1tt'a lU ht) !lha t6i ALU va bt.,'l nhfm HO<.~t o<)ng clla b9 dicu khien du'(.l'C bidu (hen hang sa do cllUy~n In.mg th,ii va so do logic

15

ThllYI ke' \'(11 I}' 1<'1 qu<i Irlnh lao ra ~o' d6 h6 lri eLJa ('/iiI} dien ILl' Ceil' 16"r

btl trf m"Jch luang lIng \'6i de 1ll,:11 n'.1 dung lrong qu,i Irlnh ehe" t:.IO ('Iill) ])0 ct6 c,k 116 tri hlllh hqe iii nwe IICU euoi cung ella Ihl2'1 kc" ole m,.teh \'1 di~n tu

Trotlg eut'J1l -.;;ieh n~ly chung: 1<1 khong di ~[tll \,~10 ph,-Ill doan ni:'y

2 l'{ii un hna m: teh di~n

l1~li lo<i.1I t6i Ull Iio; me.leh Iw:m di dOl \'Cri h(li locin tc'ing hq'p m,.tell, T(\i U'u

iW[1 m:,lch f h6ng nhO:ng d~ (1;.\1 dU\K ()' ll1u'L' <16 eao nil:11 n:: cltSt IWl'J]g nwch

mil C(m 1',10 ra nhlrng llweh e6 trnh c.mh ttanh C,IO Chling la chi :h:t c,le \:U\

de t6i uu hal d(l do eh,lt Im.-mg quan Ir9ng: di¢n tieh \'(1 hO'-.lt (h)ng ell, mach

l\g(}~li ra 11l(lt do do ehAI IU'qng qu,1ll tn.mg !lila I~I kh,i n,1ng de kiC:m Ira \-il

ph;'lt hi¢n Ibi eua Il1<)eh

DiC:n Ifeh eLla ll1'.Kh dUq"e x,ic dinh hill1g t()ng di¢n tfeh ella de ph,in tll'

Im,ch Do d{l dJ¢n tteh e6 tilt: "[Ie djnh duqc thcmg qua g6e d(l du true nla

ph;:in tlf ec1 b,in ella m"ch 16gic 1:1 6e ph:in ILr [clgie, c.:ie thanh ghi, de pltan

h'l' n~IY c6 dl¢n tfeh bie't lnr{re lu)' tllll<)e \'JO lung loai Ihicl kc", Di¢Jl licll dc

d,'IY n6i d{lng \'ai trt) 4uan trqIlg \'il khong the h() qUa C,k th:ulh ph:in di¢n

l!ch Il~ly c6 Ihe X<.lc djnh IU mo hlnh m'.leh tren g6e d(l \',:11 I)' IH\le u6"c Im)"llg

tlf ,-"ie rlH) hlnh 111":0 g(~le dt) (;j"u Iruc th :o cae phuong phcip Ihollg kc

l-liC:u n{lI1g ella m'.lch dlf(fe t6i U'u hoa til/a IrCII (h(\i gi'lll tre Ihb'l gldll

d(ing h() c,mh tranh Iren ccie ph:in IlJ', Dc Ifnil to,in d() d,) ho'.11 cklIl)}, eua

Illi)eil c:in thic"1 ph,ii ph'ln lieh c'lu Iruc "il hanl] \'J cLla mach, V:Yn d :: nilY

kllelc nhau dui \'rJ'i dc IO'-.li mach kll,ie nhall

HI¢u n,-lI1g eLla de m',lcll 10 h(JP dU(,J"c x,ic dinh th{ltIg qua thlji gldn tre truY~1l Ill' lUU \'ilo den dell! nl TIt(lng Ihui\ng dl~ gr,illl dl) pln!c I'n) clla tlllll

IO[\ll, la lut)]] giil thiet rang de gi,i tf! d{iu \'~10 Xll~ll 11I";ll IrDlIg dlllg Ill()\ Ihi)i

dr(~ln \,:1 hicll m-lllg ub m',lell dU\1e tinh qua Ihr'ii gian tn~ truYCII tllLo lILt'ling

dO Ii¢u dili nhat

Dt'Ji \'6i e<i.e mi lell tu,\n t~f dong b<\ d(l do hi¢u nrlllg c6 lh~ uuve x,ie djnh

nhanh nhJ"t c6 the et,H \,~IO tlweh Tel nh,)n IhAy dll1g tllb'i giaD Ire lruycil ct'la

Iii

thitnh ph::in m'.leh t6 hqp etta rn'.lch tu,i.n ~I! Iil can d116i ell,1 thh'i gian quay

vt'mg

Khi la :xct m6 hlnh trC'1l 111lTC kicll true nhu qp h{)"p d.e phep lo{m, d{il vll'i

de m'.lch tlHll1 t~t" ddng bi\ m¢t trong nlllrng ci{) do hi('u lHlng li\ Ihi)i giml dn thiitt tte' tlll.TC hi~n d.c phep to,in Th()'j gian nay co the dU'0C uo-e Ilfong Ih<'lllg qua d.c chu ky thai gian Tich ella thoi gian quay \'ong vii Ih(Ji glan tlllrc hit;n eho ta thi\i gWIl thl!e hien tcing e(lllg ella 111'.lch Thong tlmi::mg Ihi:J'i gian

quay \'(lI1g \,ZI thai gi<1ll tlllTC hl~n dlTOC t6i Ull hoa riC'Jlf; r~ de' don gi"111 [10ii

qu{i :rlllh leli u'U \,;1 Ih(x! man cae yell ([ill (t)1 ra d6i v6i thict kc"

eic m;,leh d60g h6 c{) the' dune Ilnrc hicn day dc phcp toan theo chl:" dl) d.\y ehuYCll ~ pipdlll': ), trong dCllll'-.leh se tlll.fC hi~n c{le phcp loan song song tn:'lI nhung t~lp hqp dll' li~u khJe nhau Nhu \'~\y hl~ll n[lIlg Cllil m'-.lch ellil e6

th~ dU(l'e thc hi~n qua kh,\ n:mg XLI' 15' def liC'Lt, luqng tier !t~u m;\ llI'.leh e{\ IhJ

Xli' 1\' Do do • • dt'i eni li\ th{llIg lunllt' ella lIldeh Doi \-(ii nhG"nl! mach kh{llll! _ _ L ' ~_ L ' L

Ihvc hi~n qua ky IhU<)1 (by chuy~n, tIH'UIg hrqng hj glll'i h'.lll bni nglqch (j.\O

eLlCl tfch giiIa th6i gian quay \'i:mg va thll'i gl:ln tlwc hi~n K5' Ihu(\t (by

ChUYCll cho phep ]\I'.LCh t~ll1g thong 111(l'Ilg dCl' liC'u dll'{~'c XLI' 15' nrot qua gl6i h'.1lI n6i trcII

V6'i nhG'ng dQ do n6i Ircn, tui uu hexi hi~u n:ll1g ella lIl'-.lch bao g()111 \'icc gle\m thicu tlli:ri gian (re truy'?l1 lt6i \'6i 111'.ICI1 t6 hqp, Ihai gian quay \'{'ll1g \':1

(he)'j gial} Illl,TC Iw:n d6i v6i 111'.1Ch tll<ln 1l/ d6ng bel: IZlln Uing t6i cb thong IlTong ella m'.lch d(ii \<'ri nhCmg: mach tlulc hi~lllhco \ -5' thu[lt d.\y chuyen

Ngoi\i nhu'l1g h~li 100In t6i lTli hoa vc kreh tl1Ll'(k \,~I thai gW!1 n61 In~lI, hlCll liang ella ll1'-.lch con lien qllan t6i kh,-'l ni"llIg phal hi~n l()i V:I d]llh V! \'! tr[ 16i lrong m:.Ich (-l,:'11 10:ln x:ly d~mg nhCrng m~lch cho phcp de d:l1lg Illll It'll c111ng mot yai lri'l qllan trong trong qUii IrJllh tllle"1 kc' \';1 t6i lilt ho,1 tnach NhCrng m'.lell de kicm tra cho phcp giam IhiJi gian Sll1h Ci\c b() gla Ir! thl! nghi('lJl \':1

gl'-'lll1 s6 lu'{.mg d.c h~) gia In IhlT nghi~lll V[\n de (hlU lien dlH)'C giai qllyc-I h~lllg deh It III ra nhling thui.lt to{m tclng hnp mach c6 hi~'u qu,'t: ctll1 \'an dc

tilL!" hal hen quail h'ri \'l~e tIm ra nhLing thll,H to,\]) tIm j()j nhanh \'('ii llH.1C lieu gi;\1l\ thili glan ph,-i! hi¢n h')i V;I \'j trf 16i IUiJng l'rllg viii tlrng h(l ~;J{\ Irj thLr llghicl1l

T()m h,ll h;1l tOJ1I t6i lIll ho,\ thic't kC' du(,l'C (ILra vc ke'l h(),p hal h~\i 10,111' giall1 11\l~1l di~n lich tlu,re k' ella lIl'.Ich vi\ I,-.ng hi~ll n:ll1g ella llli.lch y(J'i J h,\ ll{lllg cao nhtlt e6 the c6 Bi:li loan l<li uu hOii e6 the ph\! thUl~C yilo cae ],;1111:' bu()C yi lIl.t nlllT gioi he.1ll tren \'e dicll tich Y~I gi6i h'.111 dll'l)'i YC hi¢lI n{ltlg B~\J

17

h~Ull gia Iri lr~n cil "i) cic dOl !l(i,Jng nhu di~n lich the)! gian Ire lhi)i glill1 lh~rc hi¢n thi)'i gu.lll quay \'ung, Ih6Jlg lu'tjng Ru tmin ll1i Ull hoa mach 1m'

!h:ll1h n(u tmin lim kicm dicm \<ie d!llllirung kh(lllg gl<.ln thic'l k.:: "ao l'l1O cac dlli 1Lfong: dat g,1J tri t6i uu

'Jhu "\y 1j'()llg ChUUllg nilY Chllllg la dJ nghicn u'rll elc hlJ'('j"C Cit b,111 l!\lllg ljlH! trillll thie't k0 t(~lIg hop nwch

18

Trong chuong nuy chClllg \()i nh:-tc 1,.ti nlt)1 sCi vCin de loan hoc liull co _~(j

cho C[IC chu'ong lier Ih(;o Cell' kien there 10;111 Cllll )eu xoay quanh CO' so' X[IY

d~rng d.c mach so dna trcn cac d',\llg ci1Uan lAc ella cae biel! thue 16gic

lum hal phiin chinh, m(l\ phfin lien quail tlij v[l'lI de 16i thieu I1mi cae hl0u

lhCi'c logic, phfill thLi hai lien quan I(:ii I)' Ihuyet de; til! vii rna hoa

L~; thuy61 chlly~n Im,\Ch Iii co' '>()" Ihi(:', ke dIe h¢ thling so hi¢n (L,IL L)'

thuye", nilY cI\ra Ircn logic ky Il.r do nha tmln hQc Bool s:ing li.\O nen Unh \'~rc

[()gic k~' t\f Iii phil! tritll ella logic hl.lc khi ta c1ua \,~lO cae ky' hi¢u hlnh lillie vii

e,ie thao t,-Ie d<;ll s6 ilinh tillfe Hai ~6 Bool dU(:il: dPlh nghla Iii m()t h¢ d~li sci

Iho,llllan he de lien ck

H,nh nghla: Doi Hii \,Jp hop B ~ { <.\, h, ) vZlllili 1001.n IV '+' vi\ ' " n(u

h6n li('11 de ~all lho<\ man 1111 he Ih61l~ (t.11 sci g9i IiI d'.li s6 Bool:

1) Va h E B a + h:= b + ii, a h = h a: Tfnh eh[it giao hmln: (2 1)

C{u: djnh I~' ella (h.li s6 Bool:

\ a + a::: a:

2 a, a:::: a:

J a + I = I:

(2.5) (2.6)

(27)

19

\) (tl.l dc.li s6 Boo!

2 Vai 6 chuycn m;~{'h

\1()1 \ i ell,l Cl1<1 dal S() Bou[ h.hl up hop B = 10, [ I Kbl d6 ta c() hl' llai ,,\') B(lul dun gi,ln nh,IL \Jm !tcn he 10'11-1:1 d:'l! s6 Bool nr'll trcn \'(ii 1)' (Iluy':-'t d{mg m.!~-\l L mach d1011 duoe SIWlll1Ull • _ • dUd ra do ni1Q"ui.', n,-ll1l , :"i() ClICI Ih(: kv 20_ 1 h> •

(L.II ~ll bao )!lim hdi ph'\1l1lf (0 1) Cllll dl!\~l' goi 1:1 eli.!1 S\-j ehuycllll1ach Cae lien d~ \'~I u\c d!lIh 1.\ Cl1.l dal ~(j Ik)d] h\l~\l1 to;'\l1 dlf(:'l' <ip dung cho dai s6

ellll\'l~n lllach

Dc 11l1et 1(1]1 mIll wong ql!<l11 glli,( 1)- tllu) c'l d61lg ngiil m,.tell dl~l\ \'6i c.ic

lil'll de \':t dplil 1)' ella d,\] Sll clluycl1 IUOlch 1,\ dua ra de sO' Mi llle.teh dU\K ,<l\' dung Ill' nhCrng ~()' dli co' Sl)'"

== <l.h

a 0 ( )

20

Tron~ uie ~ll' M; mach do, Inl11Q Iluii d6m! lllaeh Cltd kho,i Itr(jll~ li!le: \(~~i

~_ , ' ~ L , • L

gia Iri 1: \',1 1r<.ll1g Ih;il ngat mach tHong lrng \'l1i glei In O Theo c,i.ch quy d!lIh

gi,i trj IlhH Irl:ll, ph~p tmin tU)'(:1I e6 Ih~ duq'c hiC::u dl\':n nhu doall m,lch tn.ie

~t1ng ,~()ng cae ki1O,[, trong khi d6 ph~p toan h()i ~e tu'o'ng ling \'6'i dO,lll Ille.tell

mill' nt)i ti(p dc kho,i Vl'"1i «ic qlly Ul'"1C d6 tien d~ hai ella dai ~6 Boo] C() the:

dUne bi~u chcn thitnh dc me.tch wong dunng nilu "au:

IIlnh .2.2 SCi rl() mach dtlllg !lgal 1ll111h hoa dlO linn chXI ph:1Il plHil

S~r tuong dU'ung gili'<l hai sO' do lmwh khmi nilY co th~ duqc kicl11 c!ll'rllg h,ing

cac h,ing chan I)' tuong ung

Dl!<l \,:\0 ~~r tlro'ug thlch giCi'a dc bieu Ihuc iClgie \'01 dc S0 (1<) mach khmi

ta co Ihe t'.IO ra dc m',lch khoa tuong duong de hiel! thCre \()glC \'t1'i nhlt'llg dC)

rhll'c qlp kh,\c nhall dl/a \"ilO c[te pher hl(':'n dC;i trong m,.tcll di~n, I\-'lac lItl \,,~y

eo m()t so 1m,Ii m'.leh kh(mg the hi~u dicn dU"l,K 1!J;l11h h,'t hop giCi'<l de t() h(.ip

mach ~()ng song \'il n6i li':p, troog nhu'ng tIlJ'i'.ing hnp (kl la ph,ii x{ry dtfll~

mach dl,fa theo h,ing ch,tn Iy hm~e su dt.mg pi1Llnng rhiip li.IO t')\1 h(,1P c[ic h('ll

kel

Chllllg ta xci tnro-ng h0P m',lch theo lien kcI lll'll'h crill: de (tLfl1!lg (1i Ill'

ph:in phia Ir,ii 111<,leh "ang pilfin phla phiil 11l'.leh bao g()1l1 uic dtrong (ab, aed

ecb cd \.Phll'(mg rh{tp t'.IO t~\P hop de lien ke't the hi¢n nhu' "au: nell Ircn bilt

IIlnh 2.3 /l.t<1(11 du

1<5' du'o-og di IiI' pll<i,n ben Ir[ii maeh du , ,<log

philO ben ph'l! ta dClng I{II cit de kho,i, kill

do mach dien se • U trall" thai MJll!.! ebn ~ L '

trang tru'o-ng Iwp trcn moi duo'ng C('l it nhAt I11Qt khOii 111(1 thl 11I'-.lch s0 l1 t 'l~ th,-ii mil'

Vi d~L ne'u trcn ducil1g (lcd ta dt'lllg 1:\1 c:t de

khOii a, c, d m~lCh se d tr~\llg thai dl'lng Nhu

\'~\y d6i \'6i nli,leh Irtn, bieu thCl'e IClgic tLfO'llg

c1uong ~C Ia:

21

a.b+a.e d+c.e h+c.d Khi SlJ' dl.m,!! 1~' lhuy0'l chuyc'n mach Irong hieL! dien die hi~u thClC iClgic,

de dinh 15' ella d,-.\i ,,6 chlly~n mi tell C() th~ rut ra ilf elc lien de nguyen \)'

d6i ng:hl etla I)' thuyc'\ mach uj \'<li \r() kllti quail In~ng

]\;<ru\'t'n 1\' dlii 11(l~u: JEW)'ell 1<' d6i ngilU dua Ircll cu w'5 X[tV dIm" uk

' " ' • ' " ' L • L ., _ c

bi~u thCre d6i ng'\u

D{)i llg:1ll eLla llH)1 bi2u th{t'c di.1i s6 Bool 1:1 IlH)t hi2u lIllIe ](\gic lrong d6 de b16n u elta bic'u thli'C ban (Ull duqc thay

him,!! (/"."J' lhay bimg '(r, '(i' thay hllllg 'I' ph':p tuy01l

chroe lhay btlllg phcp Il()!, phcp h(ll lhH/C Ihay him,!! pllcp

tuyen Kill th~l!lh hlp bicll thCre d6i ngilu la piJ.'ti su' dung de d:iu ngo(1C de d.ltn IXlO Irat II! tinh 1O in bieu there

Nguyen 15' dui ng{\ll: gi;i Lrj eLla 1l1l)t hieu 111l1-c (h.1l s6 Bool bllllg bll ella gia Ir! bbieu thlic doi ng,\u Wong u'ng

Ta e6 lh~ chung minh nguyen I)' dCii ngtIU htlllg plu(o'ng phiip quy m,lp tmin

hqc va Sli ch;Jllg cae djnh I)' de Morgan

1 ('{u: h:'U11 Wgic \:1 khlii n-chieu

HilIl1 16gie /I bi~ll throe djnh nghTa la anI! xa k.h6ng gian I/-cl!icu B" \'ao

II:

t<cu x; li\ phun Itt Ihu9C B khi do x=(x/"",xI/J Iii m91 \'ccto ella kh6ng gian

veeto' /I chicu nil Hum logic trell kh6ng gian n" ({j Ihe duqe viet dU'{l'j dang

.J(r/ r"J KhCmg gian veeto' un eh(ra 2/1 diem \'a m(lt yceW x Ihu(K kh6ng

glan B" chtQ'e hieu di~n iii mot trang s6 2" diem clla kh6ng gian 1/ ehi~ll nil

C{IC diem nay e6 the' dUQ'e d~lt {ltong (rng \'oi cae dinh eua llH)t hlnh kh6i e6

2" dinh trong kh6ng gian B" HilIll logie.!L\·/ x,,.! SC ct~lt tuang ling m6i dinh

clla hlnh kh6i \'(.'~i cae gia trj () hO(lc I

22

\'il h.~, hi~u 121 l/inh-d; Cite dinh Ihu()e ,\ d IU'l~lIg ling \'('jl de gi<,i Ifi () ho:1C J

se JlIrrc gqi Ian IUCft lit i/illlr-O \,,\ d//lII-I Vdi Ciich h.~' Im;u UIC dlllh ella hinh kh6i 2" (tinh nhu' \'ZI)' lll()\ hill11 16giefsc ,inh X'.I de di(:llltrOlII; khll11g glan B" \';\0 I~IP h(,1"p /().J.d)·

I(x) : il"-> (O.l.dl 121N) '[\\?U 1l1l)1 dinh ella hinh kh6i II-ehieu bi':u (hell du6i d~lllg !lieu thCre I(ltlie

tlXong Crng \'(ii bi':u Ihl'rc 16gie XI_\"_'X;, Bi(:L1 thCfe Il)glC e6 Ihe nh~11l ctWK ILl' cae dinh cLld hlllh kh6i 2" cillCU kll1g deh gbi \, llC'U gi<.'t Ir! eua 10,.1 d() thu- i wong ling 1i\ r hO[le x, lle'u gi,\ 11'\ 10,1 d(l tlHi' I 1:1 'if Bi~u thtre h()1 chi

nhtll1 gl<l Ir\ '1' \<.Ii m()t diem x du)' J1h~it I\llll' \'il)' 10,.1 do-ella dinh s0 tu'O'llg

Ling w1i n1lit phfin ILl' Irong bi~u Ihlk h()j

\'l()t deh I()ng qual La cllra \,;\0 k.h,ii nil:lll kh6'i e,fp III nhl1 Sillt:

M(ll \'ccto' " chicu C:: le/ i't} c,.::{O.l.xf "<II dul,l"c gOl 1;1 "I/lii" \'~\

m(,)1 kIll)/" ClllLI III ~Y'Il.r \-~c gqi 1;\ Utili' nil} III

Kh;ll nl~'m I.fili'j EI h'lng qual h6a eLla klHii IHcm diuh eua kh6i lI-elllcLI

Kh//i nij) //I 1:1 kh6i cnn III ehlcLI co ch(ra 2'" lImh Vi d\1 kh6i (0/.\) ehtra hai dmh (O/()) ";1 (OJ j) Noi m()t deh kh;ic k~' It!.r ('6 Ih': nktn gi,i II"! '()' 110.)c '1' Mi)l kh6i ecip rn Il(Ong ling \'(11 bi(:'u link hl')i L'ln'ril 1/-111 blCil Blc'u link h(li n21),' e6 th': nh:111 (hf(.K nell ghi x, khi gl;1 If! Ililing trng ella 19<1 d(l thCr i 1;1

'()' \'~\ \', khl gi,i Ir\ tqa d() d6 EI '1' Lmng dt'J \'\ tIi cua k) 11.1 l kh(lIlg clune

tinh dell 1\, t\ deh kh;lc ky I~r .r c6 Ihe nh'Jn gi;l tf! '{)'.' r \'21 k.h6i dp 11/ ,0 lUring dUO'll::; \'6'i bi0'u Ilnlc i6gie gum (II-ill) bic'n

.\1()1 k116i dp () sc 1l1O'ng Ling \'6i dinh cluy nh{11 cua kll6i II-ehicu, kh6i dip 11/ ,'it: biel! elien 2'" dinh, nhlr \'[IY m()1 khoi dp til sc bao pill! 2'" kh6i b[lC

o M{)I dch 16ng quat v6i hai !flp I1qp cae khoi CI V~\ C2 • nc'u I~p hQ'p dinh 0,\0 phll 1116i kh6i Ihu(lc nhom (' I 1~1 1(lp con ella ItlP hop !.tinh hao phll de

kh6i eLla C2, khi d6 [a nOI r;'mg C2 bao phu CI •

2 Cae d~ng chU<ln tile eua ham 16gic

T\'cu h;\111 i(lgie.l khLing ehCra ll/o/l-d, khi do dC:' xae dinh ham la din dlra

ra I<)p h(.~p de d/II/I-I V;'I dilllr-O Do kh6ng ehu:a cal' d/llh-d ncn 1(lp hop dc

d/nh-I(\ "l{)) Y~I !(Ip hl)"P dc d/nh-O (Vi!)) htl nhau \'1(11 dinh (" (kh6i cAp ())

!Lru"llg CfIlg y(ri m()t bieu [hCre hOI F(cj khi d6 h:ll11 .f(x) sc dU(iC hi~u (hen

lh6ng qua I(lp hop de dr'IIIi-1 \! /f) nhtl" -;au:

P(c) gqi la bi~u thCre h(li ct.rc tieu hay ng{m gqll l~\ tfeh eLfc lieu

Nlur [r~n oJ de c)p 1(1i, m()[ kh6i eAp m d~\i di~n eho 2'" dinh hiju thCl"e h(li ct.re li(:u :-.i: luang (rng \'6i -;6 Iwmg cuc li2u de dillh Iham gia \,;)0 hi~u

Ih(rc h(li V~I st:: nh,}n gi,i Iri 1 1'.Ii nhil'ng dinh nay Ricu thCre (2.19) IiI hieu thu:c tuyen ella de hieu Ihue h(li eve [iell \"a c!Lrq'e gQi Ja d'-.mg ehu,ln I,k luycn ella

hi0u Ih(rc logic

Ta x5e dinh hi:tnl hCI I(lgie ( goi t<"11 I~I ha111 Otl )eu<l m(l[ ham f I~I m(ll hi:lln nh,:111 gi<.l Iri '()' 1<.li nhung dillli 1l1~1 f nhtlll gi,i Ir! 'I' Y;I nh,-}n gia lri 'J' I'.li nl11.1ng dinh lll~lfllh,}n gi5 tri '()'; h~\ln nilY chrqe ky-hi~u h,\ng I"

Oil' bi2'u thlre S(c) nh(1ll dUQ'C tu pre) h,\ng lhay XJ Ih~lIlh xJ ' x, th;lllh \

\,;:1 thay phcp h(li (/\) thanh phcp tuyen (v) Ta nh(m IhAy S(C) sc tuung (rug

vO'i (]" -1) dinh ngo~li trLL' dinh tuong ung voi Pic) \'~I duqc gqi Ii bicu tlltrc

tuy~n c~rc d'.li Ctch bicu e1ien hiun logic fthong qua pIH~P h,?i cua d.c bi6u thtTC tuycn qrc d'.li g<.li EI d"ll1g chui;n lAc h()i

Tiep Iheo de co the kh,io s:it l11¢t d'.lng chu,1n lftc nif;.l, chung ta dinh I1ghla h~lm lo,~i trir 16gic XOR nhu' sau: XOR la phep 101m bai ng6i cho gia Iri 'J'

nC:u chi l11(lt Hong hai IOcln hang llh~ln ,~ia Ir! 'I' va nh,:m gia Ir! '()' lrollg

nhiIng tnri:mg hop C('H\ lai

Trong bi~'Ll Ihtrc trl:n til thft)' n(u x ho;\c )' lu6n nh,)ll gi,i tq Ihi blc'u tlILk :-;0 nhfm gla Irj tu'ong ((JIg theo )' hO;:lc theo x, co nghlu 1;1 I EB.r::::: x Them

vilO <.16 phep tmln XOR EB, cling gi6ng nhu phep u)ng til(Sa ll1iln Illlh ch;'il

giao ho;.tn, kGt IH)'p \'~l phfll1 piloi va-i phep I1h,ln DL.ra \,~IO cae tinh eh,-lt Iren la

co thc dlIa ra d',\Ilg chuftn tftc Iheo phcp ta,in XOR nlILr suu

M()t hilln 16gic hfll k51 e6 the (hrq'c hicu dicn theo h¢ therc sau:

./Ix} '\c' x, ! :::::.J(x}, x" X • } (), _I',+}, • X.,) x, +/(\'} r2 • • r, [ (J '\.1'

x)x,

cer tiep It,lC nlur \'(1)' ta sc nh':.in dl!'()'C:

/(.1'" Xc' x".J -::::: RO () j.YI Xc x., vI( I () " Oi XIX, XII V v

Mi1i s() IWng Irong bi(:u th(fC Iren IiI m(lt bieu th(rc IH)i Cl.rc IICU do d6 chi

co th0 co 1l1l?1 ,tinh nhfll1 gi,i If'! • j' d6i \'('ii tifng h() gl[l In clla _\,._L, ,_1'/" Thay ph~p loan v btmg phcp toan EB V~l \'Cii mbi x lhay bang tl\l:'u tlllJ-c (It:£;

\',) ta nh(lll dU\K hicu IhlfC 16gic ILf(ing (hwng chi chtJ'a phcp h~li \'~\ phcp Im.li Irtf l6gic

j(,,,, .c,., x,) =j((J, ,(J)(lCBx,)(lffix.) (lffix,,1 ffi /!I, (), , 0)

xl(lEBxc) (lEBx,,) @ I(£)/(1.1" I)X I _I,' \·" (1.25)

M6 UtC dtiu [\go~\e vi] ,ip dl.ll1g cac tfnil chilt k6t h{)"p, philn ph()i \'(ii phcp IH)i Iu nh(ll1 dLIQ'C:

'/(1'1 .r~, x,,) :::::Un EB

(I/xiEB l,-~r! EB '" EEl lInX., CB

(/I.'X}X! CB (lUXIX" EB EB 1I}.,.\"1.\'" EB

lI]J.\,_r, EB EB lI _}J,,\'I/'}.\''' EB

(2.26 )

eic h¢ s() II", (/1, ''', (II: "co thl~' tim duae h'-tng deh tLrtlll,';! lrn~ ute bicu

thLK C.25) \,<'1 (2.26) t)c bic'u (iien cAe he so a, til' U 1_' I, \a dlfa \'~to kh{li nl~!l1 vi ph,ln clia ham logiC,

Tit bie:'u Ihve n~ly suy ra h¢ s6 qXI(X, (t", hiing I()ng 10i,li tru logic eLla de gia

tr! 1',11 de dinh baD phu m(lt khoi til ehieu, Kh6i tIl-chicu n;ly clltia.\ I~.ll e{le

\'j Iri wong ung \,(ji (I, va '()' h,li Irtt ea d.c "i tr{ con 1<,li

§ 2.3 Toi thicil twa de bi(:u thlll' hJgic

:"J(l] dung ella Il1UC ni:'y hilll ltfi CtC pinfo'ng phap 16i tlHCU bo,1 de bl~u

Ihlie h'lgic CO' b,in khi Ihie'l ki':' c,i.c m;.lch ~6 Vi~c 16i 11Ii":u hoa CtC bicu IhL"I'C h'lgie l(lIl1 de hi":u Ihue u6 tr/l' nen don gl<-ln hGn Dicu d61all1 g]~lIll bell thuoe \'i\ tiing hi0u Jl<ing lu,.teh ( Irell phuGng di~n Ih6i gi:Jn In~ \'01 thi)"i gian

th~fe hi¢n ) dW)"e I(;ng IH/p NgOi)J ra d(}i \'6i \"i¢e ph;11 hi¢ll 10J d tlill' nghi¢m tillel boY nhiJng ll1,.\Ch dllg (ton gielll eho phcp gi,11l1 IhlJj gian t1m de tl() gi:t Iri Ihir nghi¢m \'il giellll Ihb"i gJan ph;il hien i/il Do d() hlli loan t6i IhicLl hOel

dc blCU Illl'I'c 16gJC d6ng \'ai In) quan Irong trollg qua Irltlh \r)ng hqp \'il [eli Lru m:.lch

Cho h~lln 16gJC II hienfrx l , .r" x,,) bicu dien dU(l'i di,lllg ellu,"in [i\C [uYCtl

(t6ng dlc 1feh i(lgIC) T6i thicll hO:1 s6 ilf</ng eile lfch logic clla hll1l1{ \,;1 s6

the ch6 1',10 mi.lelI: so luqng c<.\c phtin tlr co' S(1, s6 [If(;mg celc (f{\u \"ilO ella lll'.Kh \,;1 d.C Jail vao Cll:J cae phtin Ilr mach di¢n Ifeh ella mach gi;'ul1 thbi gi,m kiclll nghi~l1l m'.leh

H;un I duVe bl~U dicn blri 1(lp hop cae d/llh-/ V I (f) "ll t,-!P hqp de IIIIIII-d

Vi/), GiiJa Gie Ifeh qre tiC"u ella hilIll (Yll de kh6i e6 m6i lUling quan m(lI

m(lt: kh6i cAp III SC luong ung \'(Ji nH)t lieh It'lgle (hJeu IhLIe h(li) g{')lll

(II-III) Im':'I\

D!nh nghli.l tic" t6i giall : khlii c dLH!C gQi 1:1 Ifeh uii gi,11l eLJd !J;ul1In\Yu:

T~lp hqp V(c) ella de dinh ( kh6i h;k 0 l

Vic) n V,ifI" 0:

Vic) c V,(O U ViI):

:::3 khoi c': V(C') c V1(O u V,,(f) \';1 V(e) (;; V(e')

Vi du: Gi,-i slr ta co ho1l11.f(x"x1.·i',i) e6 t~IP hqp dinh Vo(j), V M) \,;'1 V,M)

eic dlllh duqc hl~Ll elien b,\ng khat (.rlO) ehua trollg VIU) \,) V,M) \1:,It f h.\C

c,ie dlnh duq'c bieu dicn himg khoi (xIx) cung l'ht:l'<.l lrung V IV) u \'If) vii

kh6i (xIx) baa phil bai khl'li (xIO) Do do (xJ()) khoIlg phaJ [I [feh t{ij gl;ln

Kh(li duy nhAt bao phil (xix) li\ (.ux) nhung t(lp hop hicu dicll kh{ii (xLr)

kll(mg Iliull trong V I (I) U V d(l), do do (x Ix) la lfeh d(m gi,l11 ella h~lln.t: ta

cling co Cr.rJ) cfing.la Ifeh t6i gi,in

Ta k~1 hi~Ll P la qp hqp lal d e.ie lich teli gi,-Ill ella 11;lIn [('Jgic';: khi d6 ta

,0 co drnh 1:;- v~ baa phil Cl,re tieu sau:

Hinh I)' vc han phLi qIC tieu:

I\'cu t(lp hem \I(C) eila de dinh bi~lI dier} 1,:IP IH/P de kh6i (' dlf(l'C cho

,,,I

khi d6 t(lp h9'P (Hy du de tfch toi gl,in r sc llh,~n trqng s6 nho nh<.ll trollg tAt

cit dc kha nflllg co tll~ co ella t~\P C tho,1 man h~ t!lu'c:

V,(j) c V(C) c V,(j) U V,,(fl Hinl1 trqng s6 duqc gi,; tlm?t 12i dlJO"ng viI dun dj¢u t~IIlg v(ri c,le bl~'n dQe

I<:tp I~I so luqng dc bien tham gia vao ceie tfcll 1{)glC ella tLrng khrii \';1 s{)

luO"ng I[it ca de kh()l

f)~ chung mmh djnh 15' nay cllllng ta dtlng phuO"ng phi.lp ph.11l cl1lIng Cii,1

'-;tr t61l lai tZtP hqp cae khoi C' co tn,mg sf) qrc tleu V~l khong tho,-I mall yell

c:lu djnh Iy, khi do trong cae kh6i do ton 1'.li it nhAI m(J! kh6i kh6ng ph<"ti Et

tich toj giilll Kh6i 1l~ly (lLrqc k)' hi¢u 1;1 (", khi d{) la '\~t I,)P lwp:

C" =( C' -{e'))u (e")

trung el6 (''' El tieh 16i gi,in bilO phil c' Ta c6 s61U'<,mg cae kh6i (rong trip IH/P

C' \';1 C" btlllg Ilhau VI c" la (feh toi gi,ill (e " +- (') \,;1 bao pllll ( , lIen [["(.lll)!

s6 C" nho hun C Dieu do lit m[\U (huttO d ta gia thiet C' co tr\lng s6 nho

nhAt

QU'ltr1nh teli (hi~u h6a cae h~ul1 logic dl!<I (r0n cet Sli djnh I~I v6 ban phl!

16i thieu e6 Ihe dU'<!e ehia 1:1I11 hai giai dO:,lI1 sau:

ill X<ic dinh W.'I d c.ie (fch t6i gicln clla hi'lI11 logicI( ltip hqp cae tieh t6i gian ky hl¢u 1(1 P )

b) Tim trung (,)p hqp dte (,)p can C ella t,~p PUlP h(iP c6 lrong

s6 cJ!c (i~LJ c{le kl16i C'"ill Ihoa man Il~ (hue V 1m c V(c)

2 TIIIl (',ic lich hj'i ghlll trcn l'O' St't hieu dicn true quail

ele lfell Il)l glal1 e6 Ihc dU'Cie tim btll1g nllCmg so" (j() tr~rc quall f.-hi '-;(l hlc'n clla h:l111 r I1h(:) Twn)! ph'ln Ir':n chung la aJ chi ra rtlilg h~lI11 logic.l elU /I

bien d(lC 1,:IP c61hc dune ell0 hilllg deh g;ln de gia tl"i 0.1 \;1 d ellO de dillh

ella khr'ii /I Chll;LI (llo-a de kh6i n chicu "~I d.c Ifch 16i gial1 e6 tn()1 mcii liC'1l h~ dUll glilll Theo d1l111 nghia [feh [cii gian c6 thc hlCll dlcn hang IlH)1 kh(ii

[\VII kh;ic lll(yl kh(li cap III [;1 kh(ii con m chieu n;\]n lrang kh6i /I ChlCU \'~l liel!

101 gi,-lll 1;1 kh6i Ir'ill nhSI ll;illl Inmg I,-~p hop V 1(/) 1 ) Vit) Kh<il lH~1l1 kh61

lr'm nkll Irollg Inr(l'Ilg [](/p l1~ly c6 nghi<l Iii chua Itll C<t de dinh ella kh6i ";1 kh(ll1g 1{)11 IHi dc kh(ii e(l chieu 16n hem n;\ll1 Irong VI(/) u Vif)

Tbu Il,le 111_'1 k1':-'111 1;1'1 C'I cele 1Jeb 1cii gi,'m cua h:l1n l\)gIC.I ell,ra ";10 Ilnll eh,YI n61 !rl'll dua 16i '.-i('c tl1l1 t(lp [1l)'P e,ie f.-h6i co cAp 16n nh,lt c6 Ihe cluuc y()'j

1/1 < /I baD phlll;'!1 c:i c<ie d/nll-J \,;1 dlllll-d ella hi:11l11 Nc"u /1::;3 Ihu'~lt IO:tll e6 the duqe Iln.re hl~n tui:mg minh tren h,in \'c e:tc k1l6i; IWllg tnJ'l:ing h(,)p /I :: 1-

\'i~c iip dung phu'o'ng philP trl,l'c tie'p Id1 nen kll{) khCl]l

Pillto'ng plutp tHing Karnaugh

Oic dll1!1 eua dc k!1(:i"i 1:1 de 6 cLla h'-ing ele () dIll h,'lllg c6 loa d{y

!lhu' dc dinh eua kh6i (ii,i tr! lrong 6 l~l gi:t tl"i eLla h;llll r I,ll dc

dinh tHUllg (rug

Cill" dillh dlf(.IC kl:'1 [H,l'p Ihc{) quy 1{IC

~au:

1 bi dlllh 1,111 dn ( hai f.-bul b(lc 0)

1 \0 Ih~Ulh J11()1 kh6i b~tC I Ctc dinh 11;-1111 Ir0n bIen ella being cling !:I cac dll1h l:m C(lll \'61 nhau C[IC 1\)<-1 d(l dtlC I{\p dU\l'e k~' hi~u 1;1 x

B6n dinh l:m c:tn c{) !h~ kC"1 IH,l'p 1,.10 th~lllh 11101 kh6i h(lc 2 ehl1a hai toa d(l d(lC lrtp,

T,im c1inh [,In e(m 1,.10 thanh kh6i

1

1

29

V6"i de ham ehu,-in I,k IH)j la dung cae dlll"-{) "il d/Ilft-d

J Phuong phap h.lO h;ill~ theo d(' Im6c h~p

PIllJ'on~ pha!> Quine - \IcCluskey

Tim ki0'1ll cae IIell 16i gi,in Iheo h<illg Karnaugh lrl1 nC:n nYL pink tap \.1

mift linh Irl/e quail 1l0'u s6 ILfl/ng Gie bi0'll ch)e 1<:lp ella halIl1 h'lgle \UO"1 li;t:!

n':im U"U diem eLla plwo"ng ph<.ip b,ing Karnaugh 1:1 (\ ehb eho pllep ",\c dil1h

Itll)t deh In.re quan linh lien k6 ella cae 6 M61 phuung phar kh:i qll<lll In.lllg

lrong de h;u 10,111 ICii thicu hoa de hitu Ihue 16gie 1:1 phllo"l1g pha]1

Quine-MeClu:-,key PhU"O'llg pltap Quine - \1eClu,-;key eho phep x,\c (1Inll ~l.r 11l:Jl kc

ella de dinh hill1g e,ieh [(Ip b,lllg

10

11:1111 [()gle ctuqe eho h6i 1{lp hl/p de kh6i cap 0, ell' kh()[ nilY cllnie

ehia Ihco nhllln S6 luung don \'j lrong de khCii li(:n kl: eliCllh !Cell

nhau m(l\ Trong \xlng ella uie kh6i dip (), la s:'p \c"p de kh()i 11ll'1l ~6

iLJ'(mg don \'! "il nh6m de kh6i e6 dlllg ~6 lHong dll,[} \ I llH'lt c;:iclt

t,iell hl¢t

V I du: cho h"lmI bicll diC:n bllllg 1(lp h(:rp de d/IIII- I \;1 Iflp hop de dllllt-d

",,(f) = ( :l, 12, 10 )

Qua trlnh klcm Ira t[nll il~n kc ella e,ie dll1h duoe Illl.re lti¢1J \(\j !:II l',1

ciie [(~ hop de kh6i d6i \'ll"i hai nhtlll1 l:lll C.)II l\cu hai kh()l kh<ie

nhau [x')'i I viI 0 chi ('"i m(ll V! IrL \'! Irf cl6 dlfl.!C dell ,r \'il llh,'\ll dU(il' 1l1(11

khhi e6 kle I{m hon Kh6i nilY ctu"t,)'e dua \';10 b;'l!lg m6i \';t danh dflu

'I" \'i\O \'1 tri ella e,le kh6i ban dilu duqc bao phl! h6i kh6i e6 c,Yp lCm

hon Sau khl IhtK hi¢n bUel'e n~IY J{)i \'fij If It dl de kh{)i la llh~\ll dllqe

b,'mg m6i c6 m()1 nh6m II han so \'t'J'i IX'lng ban dfiu Nc'u trong h,'lllg

- (1-' _ + - ' _ ~~;~~ :'

()Oc,,'" f - - - j - - ()Oc,,'" f - 100" -+- ,

:;:DIU _~_I."()O

'_~,~ ,;-o.\ II -'r ;I\() I

-~ kh(li dp 2, cAp :~, V.\" ehn I{ii klli

ta kh6np ebn nh{1Il du"c)c de Ixing ehll"a (hYu kl~llllh\ 'I"

Trnng de hang nll,)ll dU(Je IL( phUlfng phap l:.lP lloi Irell nhCl"ng

klIcii kll61lg duc}c datIl! dau b(ii k~

hi~u '1"' I~I nhung Ifch tcii gi,in ella

halll 16gJC hem d:iu Trong vi cll.1 if

hlBh b~n, nllll'ng tieh I(li !:P"111 IiI

(OOIr) ((hi I) 1,'hO) (''')')' Kill Irong h:eu ellen hilll1 c6

nilling dlllli-d 1.1't dlilillrng dlllh (t6

,0 dU'9'C 'ill" dl.lllg nlllJ nhCl"llg d/nh-J

\':1 I1lYu "all kIll l!t~rc hJcn cllll lal IlH)t kh6i ban plll'l l:il d c,ie dildl d

till kh(ii d6 e6 Ihe IOdi bll

(Juinc-r-.kClu"kcy dlja Iren cae phcp 1~IJl

do dl) eho phcp td ell the \:IY dlrng

de chu"()'Jlg trlllh Il"en lll;iy linh tll~re hlen l(ii Ihil;lI hOil e,ie h:1Il1 16gie d6i \'6i nhL!"!lg h:\l11 d) ,,6 hie'n 16n,

lIinil 2.7 I'IHf,illg pll~ip QlILIlc-lIlcClu,kcy :\Jgoiu nllL"rng phWl"llg ph,lp IlCli

Il"l'J1 eon llhL"fllg phuung ph:lP Ill!

thicu hOii de biell tht're IllglC d~(a Iren Ifeh t6ng qual phlflfng ph.lp t6i Ihll<u IlO,i Ih' ck 11,\111 j{"'Jgic, de phu(J'ng ph<.lp h~uristic Cic phuo'ng phcip l1ilY c!to phcp gl.1111 Ihh'i gian l(ii thieu hmi e:le hilll1 logIC ph(rc \'.IP \'6i ,,~r 'rei git'l[J CLLI mii)' tinh

4 PlllioUg phap fun cae tich tiii gian thong qua ticll kCt hqp

Phuong phiip tn,re qUilll eung nhU' phuang ph,ip dLllIg [xing de tim de (ieh

31

t6i ~i'-ll1 yeu d.ll ph 'll bi~u 'dien h;\lll i6gic ball duu kmg: nhang k1I6! Cifp O

Khi ,,6 bic'!l d('lc l~lp ell,\ h~l\n 16~ic \[l1lg 1cl1 sf) !Lrqng de khoi dip () ,,<: \,"lIlg

theo 1)' I¢ h~\lll mo do do ct~ tim nhiIng Ifch 16i g[,ill Il1co cae kh6i co cYp Ill)'

)', trong ky IhLl<~l Ihu(\ng <ip dung de phucl'IJg ph.:'tp chi so Sau day (i1llng la

nghicn Cllll phUCillg phar t{ji thi~ll ho'.1 elva tren linh \o,in de kh{ii PIllI'Ong:

phi.lp n~\y l~ll(}ng qu;i! hOii phuong ph,ip QuillL~-McCluskcy

Dinh nghia tiell ket IWp: Tfch kt\ ho'p c,' ella hai khoi (', c~ l~\ kht:ii c6

C~\r cL!c dc.li thoa 111an:

V(c, )cY(c, )uV(C~), V«(;)=t-V(c,) V(c, )oFV(C~)

nJ co Iht nh(m dU'0C Ifeh kc't hqp la IhL!c hi¢n de phcp Ilnl1 thl'() hlnh 2.S

d6i \'oi nhCfng hlll1g gi,i tri Clll1g len eLla cae kh6i C'lC ],;,0'\ q:.:.'l sc dUde the

hl¢n nhtr sau:

T\6u trollg k(t qu,.! eua de thao t,ic d6 h.), lW:1l Y XUdl lHcn trunt! hal

hang hm\c nhicu hcm thl khong ton \i 11 tfeh K0'\ ilnp Trong tnrlmg lH)'p

n~ly hai oinh kit k5' ll[(llll:'- (rllg

tieb t6i gi;"1l1 Trong truling hup \

xll[i\ hiel\ tiling tal !11()! \'! Irl neu

lhay \' b(')"! \ lel nil.\n du()"c llH)!

kh6i lhO,'1 man C,IC LliclI ,",Iell clla

dPlh nglll<l IIell ke'! hO'p Do ,",h6i Ilh'~ll duoc chua.\" IlCll khl'li d{l tho,llllJn dicu ki¢n: V( l' 1 -I- V( c1 l

Y(c; ) ;i: V( CC ); llg()~\i ra do kc'\ qU<.'1 ella rll0r 10;ln gil-fa.\ \';\ I Clll1g

nhu' giiJa.1 va 0 btl11g 1 d,O wong ung kh(ii 1111;111 duU'c thu,; lll:J.n tllCll

ki¢n V( C; ) c V( e] ) u V( c] ) Thea kc't qu;'\ clla de than \,IC, ta nh')ll

dw.1C kh6i ell b(\c Cllc d;,\i

Vicc tim de Hch l(ii gi<.in tfong t(lj1 11(.1p b.\1 k~1 dc kh()i (' d) the dl~ll r.\

theo ,,0 (\{i SHU:

32

LO,.li bb kh6i (", ra kh6i trip hCJp C n6u V( ci ) c V( c, )

c],c2 E C

•

Tilll'c hi¢n 11m tich ket iWp doi v('i'i (/' C.' E C va IH.ip \'~Hl ('

trong lnrcmg h0'P cho phep

Thu tl,le n;IY dW1C tlu.re hi¢n cho den khi ta khfll1g the them vao t(l(l (' ceic

kh6i moi Do thu tl,le n:1Y hao ham dl tllll ll:lc hqp ccie kh6i hen kc dd dw.'e

m6 tei a pheln tren, kc"t qUe! ta nl1<.~n dUal' de lfeh t6i gi;in

Tom lai troll~ ~ chuonu e haL ChUlln ta '" da nubien ellll Cl1 <.;0 16"ic dl: e e x,h' d\rng de m~leh s6 Co su OilY bao gam Ch.ll s6 chuyen nwch - de.li <.;6 BooL

bi~u dien d.c hlll11 logic btll1g ccic (l<.\llg churln ttle va de phu'ang pheip t6i

thieu hOil ccic bieu Illlk i6gie Nhilng \'[tn di': nay ntlll1 lrong nen 1,lng co' him

eua k5' lhu(\l thie"! k2' cae mach 16gic

CHUONG III CO 56 CUA THIET KE LOGIC

CIC mi.lch 1ich hop xlr 15' dc Ih6ng lin dUQ'c bieu dicn trong he nil! pilC!Il Khi xfly dlJng 1Il'.Kh, de ph~p loan t!UJ'(l'ng: dW.le hieu diell qua de h:l1n

logic, do do bieu dicn c;k hihn logic lrong cae In'.leh tlch hqp b,\ng nh(rng rhu'o'ng ti¢n d~IC thll iil co' so cua thie! kc logic Thong thuong de h~l1n 16gic

co the lhll'e hi~'ll duai dang «.\c 1l1'-.lch ttl [](/P, nhung lrung ph:in [(m d.c tlUo-ng hop de l1l~\ch c6 do tfeh h0P cao tlll.J'C hi~'l\ llhl'tng ch{l'c nang l~\p h.li

theo thoi gian De lUll IrQ" dc kel qw.'t trung gJan ell<\ uie phcp to[]n \<1 t[uyc

hien qLtLi trinh lc}p thea thll'j gi<lll de chue n{lJlg 16 hqp ctUCiC th~rc hien tren

llhCl'llg 111i lell thao tal' turin tLL Co 'i(j tllle! kc de n1<.\cl1 tic clong lur\ll IV elva 1:1 m6 hlnh cae l1!6mal huu hi,lll Trong chucl'ng n:l)' chClng la <;\0; nghi('n CI'I'U van

(16 tiliet ke de mHeh t6lH:p \'~I 1111et k6 d.e IlWeh lile ch)ng tufin IlC

§3.1 D:;ic di~m cu tlU{l trinh thic't kc' l11<:ich may tinh

Trong ehuCing nily ehClllg ta ngien eCru eac phuong phap Ihie! kc' de kh(ii

chIle n,lng CUd de Ihiel bi tll1h to{tn Cae thiet h.i Ifl1h IOilH 1l~ly thve hi('11 de

vi thao 1{le d6i v(l'i eac tIn hl~U lac Qt)ng Cae vi tlmo lac lu'ong Cl'ng \'fii Ihang 11'(11 11,1' Ih~Yp nhflt trong Ihang ph[m etlp dc phuong phap bi~u dicn C<1e th!c'\ bi

1 fllh IO{lI\

Ctlu true eua cae kh6i c!nk nftng phLre t'-.IP hon etlll IrtlC eLla de ph[lI1 IU higlc Do do Yi¢c nghl ?n CUll ule hoc.11 d6ng ella ({tC kh6i do Ir2n cO' '-a:~ m,.tch di~n Ill' !le'li chung kh6ng th":" thy-e hien elw:c Trang ky Ihu(lt thi,:'t kc' ngl((\i ta nghicn eCru hOi.lt dt)ng eua c,ic khai ehue nang ll1t)t dch gfln dung 1Ili:1 kh{Jn~

dn thi6t phai tIm hicu cae so (16 nl<,lch di~n lrung IfUt'ing hQ"p kh6i 1;1 nhO'ng cflu true h)gic Cae cflu truc logic nuy ciuQ"c xfly dung III nhCrng ph:in ILr It)gie

I)' !U'lillg

1 Danh gia tho'j gian tre trung nit' Ill',lch 16gil:

Trong quit trlnh tilie't k6 C,-IC thiel hi tlnh Imlll nh~1 thiC't k6 kh()ng dl! quwl_~~~n~g(h~hi0nck~p_l~~c~am~h~~n~

Ihiel litlll dc' c,llh6i gi.m Ire eua lill hi¢u khi eli Llua c.le phan ILl' [(lgie \'il c.lc

lto,m mach Thi\i gian Ire nay ,Inh !llfling l6'n den ho'.11 d6ng ella mach lrong

tlwe Ie' Do cit'! \'I¢C I)1l) 1,1 V~I XLr Iy' Gie gla Iq Ih('1i giatl tr~ trong c,le IlllC'1 hi

I[nh \(Xlll d{IJlg val Ire) quail Ir9ng

Trong me) hlnh don gi,ln nh[11 \'a ph() bien nh,il ell<1 de phflll til' l()gie

mQI IhU(lC Linh cua Iho'j gian lruy~n lin hi¢u qua 111'-.leh [I Ih6i gl,m Ire Ihu[ln

Ill~' '" Twng tru"(~mg h~p Ilily Ih(1i giom Ire eua mach gum de phfin It! ehCre

n~ing rn~ie nl'li liC:'p sc htlUg Iring de Ih('1i gian Ire eua C,IC ph[in Il'r chCrc n[mg

V(I lhi)'i gi<ln tre ella ule phrin tu' licn kel Thong lhui:mg L!lb'! gian tr~ lrong

dc ph[in IU' 1<1 nhung d<.11 lU9ng ngtw nhien do cit'> \'iCcc tinll (i0'n C,IC gi, Iri

Ih(\i gwn Ire phc'u sit dl;lllg cae plllrO'llg phap thong k0

Thlllig thU'l11lg cae IIha >;,.In xllAt dlia ril gia [ri cLfc d'.Ii Clla tho-i gian Ire

D()l khi de cling dp (hiy du th6ng tin hall \'C Iho-i giall Ire, nglrh'i ta Cll the

dlta ra giii Iq CLtc dai \'il nhiJng gia tri li2u hieu M()l c,lch (by (ttl hcm la c6

Ih':: ulng C[lp gi,i Iq L"l rc dai \'il qre lieu cua lho-i gian Lre Trong nhlIng tnl'(\ng

IH.'p Ci11l d() chinh xile cao ngu'i\i til dn phili eung cilp nhiing (be linh Iheing

\- l' ella Lhll'1 gl<lll Lre nhu k-5' \'(.mg Imin hqe E, plllf0ng >;ill 0' \':t 1116 la ~~l' phu

IllLl(lC ella Ihl1i gian Ire \,~tO nllu'llg di~u ki~n ll1l)i Iru'lmg hen ngo;lI nhu nhlC!

d(l, d(l [im d{l drill di0n

!\":;u ell! bict gl.lln ql'e di.1I ella Ihi\j glall tre dlii \'()'j lIll)1 Ini.KI! Irll) en [Ill

llieu h:11 1-.:5' la clll e6 the ~h"1I1g dPlh du't,l'e rl\J1g [In hlCU khi di qlla 1ll<.Ich s0

b! Ire khong h,'11 IHm Iring Ulc gJiI Iri qrc d'.li ella lhb'i gian Lre Ttl d() llH)1 h{'

qu,'t quan Lrong 11<IY ~inh Iii chung La kJlrlflg ('(I kil(1 filing VI .\'/11111 {II/if giull lUll

11'11.\"(;'/1 f/ll /II~"II (/lIiI ('(il d(llill 11111('/1 JJl!ic II/III/I Trong mqi dOi.\n m'.Ich gi'l Iri

thiji gian Ire e6 [he" nllt) lU~' ~'

N0\1 ehLlllg la hlCt gl:\ LI"! qrc d'.I1 va qre tleu clla Iho-i gian Ire khi d<'l

lrung llWi dO;.1ll m • teh 1<1 c6 Ihe x;ie dinh gi;i Iq el.re (t.li vii qle Ihiu ella Ihb-i

glall Ire Trong tru'lmg IH)'P n:IY, ta c6 Ihe so sunh dU\ie cae thl)'i gian tre

nllll'lIg Kc't LIU,"t e6 the x;ie djnh hO(IC f hOng : ac dillh Dicu d6 ph~1 [hU(IC VUlI

c.ie Iham so Ihb-i glall Ire eua de ph:in ILr vi:t s61lfqng de phtln ILr trong do'.1Il

Ill.teh

Trollg nhCrng tnr('-mg hup gi(1i hi.tIl cia hie'! thl1i gian Ire Ihli0ng dU\K xae

lIlllh bill1g e,iell linh den nhCrng f h;'l n[lI1g x{iu nh:il lrong qua Irinh IrUYCIl Ifn

!lIcit each linh \lay dl.J'a lrcll gjii thlct nhu sau: thl1j giiln tre ella lin lll~u klli

di qua de ph{in ILr co Ihe dWK xac dinh th6ng qua nhCrng tn)' ng'.ll kill dam

bao nhO'ng ehC' dQ 1(1111 vi~e xiic dinh eua philn lir V6'i ehe' dc) Eun \'i~e [Y'

36

tw'mg Ih()'j f!IClI1 Ire c6 the COl nlm g{ll1 bimg kh6ng Khl kh{mg th':; (bm han dU<.K che' dCl \i\111 VI¢C l~' tw'mg do :l!lh hu'()-ng lit bell ngo;u th(ii ~lall lrl; eua tin hlCll sf t,"mg kn Tronl.! Iruo-ng hrjp dlj"J1 gian nhlll hili tin hicu hll\\ll~ b\

ph,in ILl' lam meo thi)'] gian lr~ Ian IrLlyen c6 the dunc coi El elf) \¢ch pha ella

den nhilng trLfll'Ilg I1l,)"p co kh,i n~lng Xll)' ra nho nh,"lI lrollg m'.lch l.\ic lhcll ki¢n r~mg hU(K c{) the dlfCiC X:lC d!nh nhu' sau

Ta .\a hal throng truyen tin hl¢U mClt dU'lmg chLra:- J1 ph"lll IlC du(mg hal chua N\ ph:in ILL Cii,'] thie, rtll1g Ni > 1\, +)(:;i \'6i nhCrllg m'.lch 16c d() cao

lh(r-la din ph<ii lfnh Je'n Ih6"i gWtl Ire eLla d nhi:i'ng m,.tch li~1l 1-.0'\ T{;lIg lh(\i ~iall tre Irong !lhO'llg nwch hen k61 dUQ'e k)' hi2u 1;1 I" v~\ sc duqc I [nh g(ljl \'l)'j Ihi)'] gian Ire ella ph'ln ILL

Thb'i gial\ tre lui Ihi~L! Iren dui:mg tin hi¢u eh(ra l':J nh6111 phrln tIl' ~c bang

II I11LI1= N I., Idlllill

Thoi gian Ire 16i dOl tr~n dU'ong tin hi~u chua N\ nhom phfin Ill' ,,12 hang:

t\'6u linh d'::"ll nhung dale tinh Ihting kc eua thai gian trG chLing La e6 the'

ea nhling danh gia ehfnh x,ie hO'n vc thai gian trc ella lin hi¢u khi di qua de phfin Ill': 'O \'(1i phuong phClp ctlnh gi.i Iheo kh,-! n[\I1g x,Yu nh:I'!

eii;.! Ihiet ril11g eac gILl In Ihl1i gian ln~ Iii cae d'.li IU\l11g ng[IU nillen L10e -h~p va e6 ph[111 b6 xac su:it gfin voi d'.l!lg ph,h) b6 Gall"s CiI:1 Ihi'::"l n(IY dUl)'C

olJa tren co Sli cae nghien eu'll d~c tinh ella cae pho:in ILr !6gie

Y 6i nhung clieu ki¢n do, thai gian Ire lrung m()1 do'-.1Il 11Weh gC)1TI de rhein ILr mite noi ti6p se duqc eoi 1a d'.li lu,<!ng ngau nhien c() ph<.ln b6 xae sufll

dano /;' Gau: ,s vo-i ky' von(~ / ; ' , to,in hoe E va phuon/;' o sai 0'2 IiI 1011(~ /;' eua de: k\' -' VOII\! ~

loan hqc E, va long ella Ule: phuCing sai 0"/ ella piJClll h6 x,ic slI(i( ellLt de ph,'in tu' Ihanh ph[in Khi do hi~u .1 eLla thb'i gi;lll Ire Irell dO;I') ll1' ,eo nhi6u phjn tll' ,,6i Ihi'ii ~ian 1re Ircil c1OL,lIl nwch

ng;'lu nhien co ph,In bu X;1e: ~ufll d,.mg Ci"

1-_((,)-'I', 11 ph:in 1<1' hCitll dll.s la d'.li lu,mg

, \,()'i ky \,(Ong 10;\n hoc' E htUl)C,'

X<ic su<Yt de diCll ki~ll ni:ty h! ph,i \'0 e6 the (hJ(l'C xac d!nh nhu ~au: ta xi'll' lImh d'-,Ii Im.mg:

E(,0.)-1'1

n

' 0-("')

Irong dr), crl,',) =, Il("') x,\C ~u:\l dicll ki¢n tnlllh '\ung dOl b! phii yfj Iii Xite ,~ll[\1 eua Iru'G'ng iWp dai Ilrnng ( L\ -1:\ ) I¢ch khai E(.3.) 11101 dm,lll lXll1g 1/ do l¢ch quy chu,1n V{ij gi<.1

In 1/ > 3, xLie sU<.YI nay du\:iC Ifnh giin dung Ihea e6ng link:

Khi ",ic 1tinh gi'-l Irj Ihhi gian Ir~, ta Gin ph:ii l[lIh dc"n ;inll hl(1))lg eua nhl~1 d(), ella 1;li, " 10n lio,-,II d(lllg cLla ph:1l1 ILL

Cie tillh to,-in lIeLi Ircll lrong HUang hO[l thtJ'i gian Ire Iii (h,li luqng ngtlLl nl1H:-n dU\lC sv dl.lIlg cho Inri)"ng hQ'p Il1<,lch duqc x[IY dl,mg til' nhu'l1g ph[in ILr n~Ilg bi¢1 Khi 1ll:'ICh dll'qe 1~,IO )\1()1 c,leh d6ng nhrll Ircn m()1 tinh Ihe, Sl! 1,'111 1l1'.111 IlJ'O"ng d6i e':I<,1 Ihbi gian Ire gi,-\m di do Slr tlfung quail giCra c,-ie ph'lll tLI' mach, Ih(ii giall Ire lril' nen g<.lll nhv U'll d~nh

2 eie m~ch U; hqp va cae m,~ch tmill, tl!

Sv phfln ehia eSc mach s{) th:l1lh c,Ie m'.lch to hqp \';1 eac m'.leil tu[in III XlI,-Yt ph,-t! tv e[le dicmkh{lc bi¢! cei b;m giiJu ute d~lc linh eua chung

Cic bien dilu ra ct'Ja cae 111i.lch t6 h9'P chi phl;! tilll()C v;tO eSc tac d6ng \,ZIO m;.lch lai Ihai ditm hi¢n !ai

eic m~lCh tu[in tLr tinl! toan cae gia tf! ra d\-J'a \,:10 cae gi,i Ir.i chlU vao khong chi tai thO'I diem hi¢n lai m:l clm phl;! Ihuoe Ci\ \';10 nhCmg Ir'-.l11g Ih.ii

Clla mach tlnh ILr l!lfji di~m dang xct Irl") \'C tnr6c C.ic tr<.ll1g: thaI clIa 1l1<.lch

3X

lu~in Ill' chroe ltru Ifll" \'(\0 Cal' ph[in III nhl'i lrung lh~'tIlh ph,ill elLI :1',_, Tr:lil,O!

Illal ella me.teh lai mIll thb'i dicm 1;\ h~l1n ~6 ell;! eiL' Irdng Ih,'11 l'lld 111.t,-,11 \'i]

de gICi If! (till \'au tal cic Ihui ,ilem Iru'Uc c!() :"JIll! \,~]'y mach IU,lll tLl' bl':'ll

doi lll(li chulii de giii Ir! ella uie lin hil'u \'ill) th:inh ellUl'll c,ie gi,'t ll"! lll<l lin

111¢U ra Cac I11<-,lCh ~llan Ilj dlJq"e e:lu 1,.\0 Ix\'i hai rhein: de h() ph,)n n\J,i' lk lUll

trD' cac Irang thai eua 11Weh: \'~t mach 10 hor dung dc dlCll khlC:11 cell' plt'lll ILr

nha viI hlnh thilnh de gi:i Ir! tin hi¢u ra

Trong ky Ihu:lt tinh loan de m<'leh (() hqp l:t ceil' mach 1l1~l llO,i, ~1.l1 IlIa

b(l '-;0 '-;,Inh lin hi\'u htl c(mg Cae 111<.1eh tuSIl I~r IiI Ciie tngn c,lc Ill.ICll nl1(\ thanl! ghl b(l dC:ll1 Ci.c phuong ph,ip t<:-;ng hC,lP \':1 [1h;'1Il lich c,il' 1I1.ICII til hqp clel'n gian hOIl so \"ai mach Il!<l:n tl.J

Trang qu,i tr1nh IhiC:'1 kc Ule m'.leh so Ihu'(lIlg dunc bicu dicn h;-Il1,~, nlll':u

plwo'ng ph,lp \'i d~l nhtr b~lllg e(le lX'HIg, 111a Inll1- di) thl h:IC haJl~' elL' (l\()]Jl.II

lvL.leh te) l19'P

plll're 1,,1[1 ella lllilCh m~\ l'lll~l\lt', 1.1

Ina ch(.l1l plllrll'llt-' plJ,'ijl tl1ich

lhip \'1(lt cach Icing qu:'il ca

1l1<'lcll i(i hnr 1,ln Illi leh tll;ill Il! c6 Ih(' dl1'(.1'_' l'l1ell (llC:ll h.l1l~ (,IC

(J!(lillal C;\"" lltlll1lclt C(~) till' dll(,"( blell dicn hallg sO" d(i kl'l h( JP giCi'a mach nh6' V~I mach h-i h(l"p

1\1;.leh nh6 dung ue luu IrD' Ir',lIlg thai ebn mach tci hop dl!!lg ue tillh Ciic tf'.lllg

I1lnh 3.2 So cui ()](llllal

hitu dl!~l1 111<1cl1 (0 llil'p_

th,li mO'i y~t de lin hi¢u ra mll'i d~ra \'ito lin hi~'ll (till

\':lO, de tri.lIlg thai eel Vi til,!, llH)\ I1li.leh II) hup b,l\ k~i e6 the du\x hicu dicil btlIlg Im}l lll(lInal ell h,li tr,.mg th<-ii 'I' vii '0': tIn hicu d:iu ra (hrCiC x(tC dinh Ihell

In.lIlg Ih<-ii eua l'llomal: hilln chu)'c'n trang th,i! \;Hl tn.ll1g Ih[li 'I' ehinh l~t l1il111 logie hicLl dicll eht.'"rL' n;-Ing ITI'-,Ieh: tu tr~lIIg Ih<-ii '1' h¢ Ih6ng ehuycll \"(~ tr'.lllg Ih,il '0' bhng tIn hi~u xiic dPlh bhng ham (t;\o CLld hhm clll1'c nang

§J.2 Cae phan hi logic co' ban

Trong qUii trlnh thiet k6 cae m'.leh tfch hqp co m0t s6 phall tli ]{)gie co b<.ln dlll:e Slr d~mg ph6 bien Vi~c thl!e hi~n cac phfin tll" l6gic n~ly plW thw)c

,,~\O c6ng ngh¢ S,111 XUftt linh ki¢n di¢n tLl" nhu' c6ng ngh¢ transistor CMOS

c(lIlg ngh¢ transistor truong: TrL TILS v.v Cic phfin IU logic C0 bitn g6111 phfill tll AND OR NOT XOR NOR NAND ngoai ra trong nhi~u

tnl?mg h(.J"p phAn tlr dong ngat cung duqc coi hI phan tv co ban Trcn hlnh 3.1 dU'a I"a ky' hieu cae phAn tlr C{j b,'lll \'6i hai dfiL! \'tto

:- & \'

~z=xffi\' -~

_:~ c8 z ,\ OI",J

- '

-[> ' c '-IIlnh '.3 Cit phJn Itr 16g1C CO' h,in

x y: de d[lulin lJieu \'ilO, z: chill tin hieu fa, (i:

dlrCrllg: lin hicu dlClI klll':n s S~: c,ic lin hieu

Tren quan didm ve kh'l nang x<1y dl!ng de h~lIn logic b,ll kyo l11()t sO' phfil1 tll" co 1);'\11 hqp thanh h¢ day duo Dieu do co nghlil J~l \'o-i dc h~l.In co' b,lll tham

lIillh 3.-1 XiJy dlrng pldn tIl OR him!, cae ph[in tlr NOT \':1 AND

gia \'~lO h~ c!:ly duo ta co the x<1y dl,t"ng 1TI9i hum I()gic Ta co h¢ de ph:iJ1 tlr AND OR NOT (,.to thanh m¢t h¢ day du VI ta co the \ft)-! dl.i'ng 1110i 11;\ln

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