Ôn thi lý thuyết ngữ pháp cao học (chuyên ngành tiếng anh)

What is grammar?Grammar drived from Greek “grammatike” meaning “to write”Kinds of grammar:Prescriptive grammar: to be phrased as prohibition standard grammarDescriptive grammar: to describe the grammatical system of a language (e.g to describehow to play football: using a ball, hand and a basket...)Grammar development:•Traditional grammar: grammar teaching at school, parts of speech, The traditional categories•Immediate constituents: using techniques for displaying sentence structure is the use of immediate constituent (IC) analysis•Phrase structures and transformational grammar:Phrasal structure: the division of a sentence into parts, or constituents, and the division of those constituent into subparts.the transformational rules can be informally thought of as an instruction to change one structure to another•Functional grammar: showing grammar communicating meaning in social interaction.

- What is grammar?

Grammar drived from Greek “grammatike” meaning “to write”

- Kinds of grammar:

Prescriptive grammar: to be phrased as prohibition - standard grammar

Descriptive grammar: to describe the grammatical system of a language (e.g to describe

how to play football: using a ball, hand and a basket )

• Phrase structures and transformational grammar:

- Phrasal structure: the division of a sentence into parts, or constituents, and the division

of those constituent into subparts

- the transformational rules can be informally thought of as an instruction to change

one structure to another

Functional grammar: showing grammar communicating meaning in social

interaction

Ngu* phap 2

1

Grammar Morphol ogy

Noun

s Adjecti

s Pronoun

s Preposition

s Conjunction

s Int

Phra ses

N

P, AdjP, Adv

P,

S e n t e n c e s

Elements:S,

V,

C,O,

usingSubordinators

them,cannotcount

them

- the

number

donotexclude

• Can

countthem-

exclu

in general

In particular

1, Is it right to say that right wrongs no man?

2, One can not right all the wrongs in the world

3, Cure that cold with a drink of hot lemon before you go to bed

4, Drink this quick ! Don’t let it get cold

5,Before the fire, there had been a plague, the like of which had not been known before and has not been seen since

6,It is a common failing to suppose we are not like other men, that we are not as other people are

7,As your doctor, I must warn you that the results of taking this drug may be very serious

8, Growth in weight results in the development of muscles and fat

9, Warm pan, sift dry ingredients and stir well

10,Dry hair thoroughly with warm towel and comb

Unit 1 - Phrases - clauses - sentences

1 PHRASES

1.1. Definition

A group of one or more than one words, equivalent to a part of speech

A phrase consists of (Pre-modification) + Head + (Post-modification)

d, Prepositional phrase (Pre.P):

in the class pre NP

a noun phrase dominated by a preposition

1.2 Kinds of phrase: 5

a, Noun phrase (NP): a phrase in which there is a noun as a head

a beautiful girlsN head

girlpremod N head

a beautiful girl in the classpremod N head postmod

b, Adjective phrase (Adj.P): a

phrase in which there is an adjective as a head

than I did

premod Adv

e, Verb phrase (VP): a group of one or more than one verbs in which there is a verb as a

head

- Structurally, there are 2 kinds of VP:

• Finite verb phrase: a verb phrase whose verb element agrees with the subject in

person and number

• Non - finite verb phrase: a verb phrase whose verb element does not agree with

the subject in person and number

- Infinitive non-finite verb phrase:

+ “To” infinitive non-finite verb phrase: To learn English is difficult

+ Bare infinitive non-finite verb phrase: Run away is what I could do then

-Ing participle non-finite verb phrase: My duty is learning English

-Ed participle non-finite verb phrase: Asked a lot of questions, she was tired

Non-finite VPs

• Finite VPs (V, V-s & V-edl, etc.) have

tense and mood of a certain

They go there very often.

He goes there twice a week.

(Tense: past; mood : indicative)

We went there yesterday (Tense:

past; mood : indicative)

•Non-finite VPs (to V, ing &

V-ed2) do not have tense and mood

They want to go there then She enjoyed watching TV.

Can be used either with Present or Past tense)

• Finite VPs often have their own

subject

If she liked, she could go.

S +V-edl

• Finite VPs often appear in the

simple, compound or complex

sentence (making up finite

‘To’

Inf.NFVP

Finite VP Nonfinite

V

-Ing participle NFVP-

- Infinitive

a He

3rd person, is_3rd person,

sing FVP - simple have learnt FVP -

Englis

I

Finite

typ

2. CLAUSES

2.1 Definition a part of a sentence, conveying an independent supposition

2.2. Clause elements : S,V,0,C,A

a. Object: - Directobject (Od.): I like him

S V Od

- Indirect object (Oi) + Od: I gave him a book

S V Oi Od

b. Complements:

- Subject complement (Cs): to describe or indicate the characteristics or feature of the

subject - after copular verbs (link verbs)

+ BE group: be, appear, seem, feel, look, see, sound, smell, taste , expressing the

current attribute:

He appears tired

They elected him chairman

I have my car repaired

I saw her sleeping in the garden

He made me cry

They found her a good wife

S V Oi Co They found him a good wife

S V Oi Od

They found a good wife for him

He gave a book to me

- Adjective complements (Cadj.)

1’ m happy to meet you

S V Cs Cadj

- Prepositional complement (Cpre.)

She is interested in making up all day

- Adverbials:

+ Semantically: adverb of time, place and process (manner)

He worked hard at school then

1

(generally speaking, in fact, to be honest, to tell the truth )

Conjuncts: peripheral to the structure of the clause and connective fonction

Secondly you have to learn French

+ Simple sentence : Tom saw Mary

+ Compound sentence: Tom saw Mary and he ran away + Complex sentence: When Tom saw Mary,he ran away

+ Dependent clause: When he saw Mary, he ran away

b, According to clause elements and verb complementation: 7 kinds

S

V O C ASV

SVASVCSVOSVOASVOCsvoo

1

INTENSIV

Eintrans

itive

C2, Non - finite clauses: a clause whose verb element is a non

-finite verb phrase

- Infinitive NFC:

+ “To” infinitive non - finite clause:

To learn English is difficult

+ Bare infinitive non - finite clause:

All I did was hit him on his head

-Ing participle non - finite clause:

The teacher being ill we missed our lesson

- Ed participle non - finite clause:

Given a beautiful present, she was happy

His job finished, he went home

C3, Verbless clause: a clause whose verb

element is absent He went to bed angry

verbless

<-> When he was angry, he went to bed

She stayed at home jobless

<-> Because she was jobless, she stayed at home

Ex: 11

d, According to syntactic function of the clauses: 2

- Independent clauses (main/super ordinate) :

He ran away when I turned out

- Dependent clauses (sub-clause/subordinate)

What he wants is what I want

Functionally : Ithink that you can do it if you try

‘a’ is the superordinate to ‘b’ or ‘c’ is the

subordinate to ‘b’ ‘b’ is the superordnate to

subordinate to ‘a’

1. Traditional classification: Subject + Predicate

2. Modern classification:

S-V-O-C-A Obligatory: 7 pattern

clauses Optional: Adverb of

place/time

She went to London last Sunday.

Aplace Atime The plane took off immediately.

Ex: 99

3.3. Classification

a. According to communicative functions (purposes of utterances): 4

a. Statements (Declarative): usually with the word order: S-V

- Affirmative: I’ll speak to him tonight (+)

- Negative: I won’t speak to him (-)

b. Questions (Interrogative): Normally with the inversion of the first auxiliary

verb or modal verb - called the operator - and the subject

Do you like cat?

Op SQuestions are sentences marked by one or more of these three criteria:

- The placing of the operator in front of the subject (S-operator inversion):

Do you like coffee?

- The initial positioning of an interrogative or “Wh-” element:

What do you like?

- Rising intonation: You know him?

Ex: 15

c. Commands (imperative): sentences which have no overt grammatical subject and

whose verb element is in imperative

V

Be careful

Don’t be silly

Someone open the door

Don’t someone open the door Let’s go

Let him know

Don’t let him go

Let him not go

d. Exclamations: sentences which have an initial phrase introduced by “what” or “/zow”

without the inversion of subject and operator

How + adj/adv + S + V! How beautiful she is!

What +NP + S +V! What a beautiful girl she is!

Sometimes, we have verbless utterances in exclamation (in spoken language)

b. According to their structures:

Simple Compound Complex sentence Mixed Simple Complex

s Word group: (Premod) + Head + (Postmod)

Head: equivalent to a part of speech

Grammatical units

Sentences

are analyzed into

Clauses are analyzed

into Phrases are

analyzed into Words

are analyzed into

Ex:

51, 53,

56, 57

1.3. Syntac tic

Sentences are used

to build Clauses are used to build Phrases are used

to build Words are used to build

Morphemes

4. Objec

t complement

5. Subjec

t complement

6. Attribute

7. As modifi

er

of othe

r nounTom

is a teacher

I gave him a book

They electe

d him chairman

My mothe

r is an actress

This is

I went

to grocer store

Ex: 54 56 57,

2 Noun phrases

2.1. Definition: NP is a phrase, in which there is a noun as a head

2.2. Kinds of NP: 2 kinds: Basic Noun phrases and complex noun phrases

2.2.1 Basic NP (BNP):

a. Definition: Basic NP (BNP) is:

- a N P

- consists of (Pre-modification) + Head

- functions in the sentence as S, O and C

b. Elements of the BNP:

1. Basic noun phrase is only one word:

Books are friends She is my friend

S

Cs S Cs

2. The head of the Basic noun phrase is realised by:

- A common noun with zero modifier:

Pens are used for writing

- Proper noun with/without modifier realised by closed system items:

(A) Mr John wants to see you

- Common Noun with closed system item:

a/my/this book

- Pronoun with zero modifier:

like him Od

IsNothing compares to

articles

demonstratives

pronouns

interrogative deter

indefinite deter

determiners

numeral

children

some children

every

student,

- Quantifiers: much, e.g: much water

*

Pre-determiners

- As whole (inclusives): all, both, hlf, e.g: all the book

- Multipliers: double, twwice, three times, e,g: dounle your salary

- Fractions: third, two-thords; e.g: one-third of this book

one-*

Post-determiners

- Numeral: + Close-

system: many, little, few e.g: many books, few apples

+ Open class:

alot

of,

good

deal

of,

a

great

of

e.g

a

lot

of

book,

a

deal

of

oil

uantifiers:

+

one,

two,

three

;

e.g:

book,

two

books

+

Ordinal:

f

second,

third,

e.g:

first

Premodification

+

Head

+

Po

3

types:

+

Premo

+

Head+

Head

+

Postmo

+

Premodification

+

H

The elements of

a CNP

-The head:

the item around which the other components cluster and which dictate

s concor

d with other elemen

ts in the NP

-Premodificatio

n of a CNP

-Postmodificati

are noun phrases (N.P)

Functions: S, O, C Premodification + Head Premodification: Closed system items Permanent features

Can be only one word

Premodification + head

Premodification : closed

system items

Only permanent features

Premod + head + postmod

Premodification:

+ open class items (chiefly)+ closed system items (optional)Premod (perm.) + Head + Postmod (temp)Permanent and temporary features

on of a CNP

Complex Noun Phrase

Postmodification

Closed sys

Items

Chiefly (đế phân biệt với BNP)

e. g: beautifulgirl CPNGrocerstores

CPNNN-head

Premodificatio Hea

Open clas

Adv/Prep NFC1 Rel.ClPre-deter

inclusives

multiplie

Deter deter art

numeraldem

quantifiers

Adjs Parts N

Option

All my first student BCN

Premodification and postmodification: (self-study) trang 18,19,20,21 SGK

Ex: 248 249 250

2.3. Multiple Premodification and Multiple postmodification

2.3.1 Multiple Premodification

- The items can be premodifiers:

Predeter + deter + postdeter + adj + part + N + Nhead all the three

beautiful black little dancing school girls

prede deterpost adj.gen colour age size part Ns N-head

- Any change in set sequence will lead to change in meanings:

a beautiful black young girl - a beautiful young black girl his last

interesting novel - his interesting last novel

- Cases of premodified premodifiers:

the consumer goods prices increase control

the extremely out dated point of view

Ex: 257 258 259 260 261 262

2.3.2. Multiple postmodification

- The items can be postmodifiers:

Nhead + Adv/ Pre.P + NFC1 + Rel.Cl

Predet + deter + postdet + adj + part + N + Nhcad + Adv/Pre.P + NFC1+ Rel.Cl

all the three beautiful black young little dancing girls in the corner talking to the director

who waved to you when you entered

- Any change in set sequence will lead to change in meanings

- Cases of modified postmodifiers:

the construction of the northern part of our country a

young son from his first marriage to a British actress

good, hot, little, young, fat, etc.; colour: black, white, etc or shape: square,

round

1.2. Forms: no agreement with nouns

1. Simple adjs (root):

good, big, long, rich, nice,

2. Derived adjs: (prefix or suffix + root)

beauty (n) => beautiful (a) (suffix can create a new part of speech)

happy (a) => unhappy (a) (prefix can create a new lexical meaning)

3. Compound adjs (root + root): good-looking, kind-hearted

4. Adj phrases: asix year old boy

a far more easily intelligible speech

5. Nouns as adj: a silver cup; a church lower

6. Participles as adjs:

-Ing parti.: indicating characteristics, features, functions, quality of the

noun -Edparti.: expressing sth affected or attitude to sth This film is very

interesting.

We are interested in this film.

7. Ad vs as Adjs: the uj? train, the above statement

1.3. Syntactic features: 4

1. They freely occur in an attributive position, i.e they can pre-modify a noun :

- Attributive position:

attributive

This pre-noun position is called attributive because the adjective attributes a quality or characteristic to the noun

a love relationship (adjectival attributive) (functioning attributively)

- Sometimes, adjectives can be postpositive attribute (post-modifier):

There’s nothing new, but something important

I have a house larger than yours

2. They can freely occur in predicative position, i.e they can function as: Cs & Co: The man seemed old

They painted the door blue

3. They can be pre-modified by intensifiers :

very, quite, rather,

The children are very happy

This is so difficult

4. They can take comparative and superlative forms whether inflectional

The children are happier now

They are the happiest people

(beautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful)

1.4. Syntactic functions of adjectives: 5

a. Modifiers: Pre-modifier and post-modifier:

- Adjectives are attributive when they pre-modify nouns:

This beautiful painting is his

The only child can do it

His main argument is on how to learn well

- Sometimes, adjectives can be post-modifier (or postpositive attribute):

Anyone intelligent can do it

There’s nothing new, but something important

I have a house larger than yours

b. Complements:

Predicative adjectives can be:

(i) Cs (in intensive relationship with S):

Your daughter is intelligent

He’s rather careless

(it) Co (in intensive relationship with O):

I consider him foolish

c. Head of a noun phrase:

- Substantivised adjectives (the + adj.) can function as heads of NPs (as S, C, O and Cprep.):

The poor are causing the nation’s leaders great concern

They will help only the humble poor

d. Supplementive adjective clauses:

Nervous the man opened the letter.

The man, Quietly assertive, spoke to the assembled workers.

When ripe, the apples are sweet.

e. Exclamatory adjective sentences :

How good of you!

How wonderful!

Excellent!

1.5. Sub-classification of adjectives :

a. According to syntactic functions: central, attributive, predicative.

- Central adjectives can function both attributively and predicatively

a hungry man ~ The man is hungry

- Attributive adjectives can be attributive (^modifier) only, e.g

The political situation

My former friend

He’s an out and out scoundrel/ an utter fool / a mere boy

- Predicative adjectives can be predicative (=complement) only

He’s afraid to do it

I’m sorry (about/for)

The doctor made the patient well