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TÍNH NỘI ĐỊA HOÁ VÀ NGOẠI LAI HOÁ TRONG BẢN DỊCH ANHVIỆT HÃY VỜ NHƯ CHUYỆN NÀY CHƯA TỪNG XẢY RA CỦA TÁC GIẢ JIM BENTON

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  • Declaration

  • Acknowledgement

  • Abstract

  • TABLE OF CONTENTS

  • List of tables and figures

  • List of abbreviations

  • CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

    • 1.1. Rationale of the study

    • 1.2. Aims of the study

    • 1.3. Research questions

    • Question 1: What kind of language items were foreignized or domesticated in the translation of ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’?

    • Question 2: Which strategy, domestication or foreignization, is more predominant in the translation of ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’?

    • 1.4. Scope of the study

    • This is a small case study to deeply investigate the instances of domestication and foreignization in the English-Vietnamese translation of ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ by translator Phong Linh. This book is the first book of the Dear Dumb Diary series by Jim Benton. The first nine books have been translated into Vietnamese so far; however, the researcher only takes the first into consideration because this is a qualitative research of which the effort was made to investigate the issue with depth and thoroughness. The researcher does not count the number of domestication and foreignization instances to make generalizations about trends. Instead, in-depth analysis is carried out on each instance of domestication and foreignization related to culture-specific items, wordplay, and syllables to answer the two research questions.

    • 1.5. Significance of the study

  • CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW

    • 2.1. Domestication and foreignization

      • 2.1.1. Definitions of domestication and foreignization

      • 2.1.2. Studies on domestication and foreignization

      • Many studies on domestication and foreignization have been carried out; however, they mostly research on the translations from English into other languages or vice versa. Some major studies will be presented to show what they are about.

      • The first is A Diachronic Study of Domestication and Foreignization Strategies of Culture-Specific Items in English-Persian Translations of Six of Hemingway’s Works by Esamail Zare-Behtash and Sepideh Firoozkoohi. This study was conducted on the translation of six of Hemingway’s works over the period of 1950s and 2000s. The study found out that domestication was pervasive during that time.

      • Another study is Domestication and Foreignization: An Analysis of Culture-Specific Items in Official and Non-Official Subtitles of the TV Series Heros by Rafael Matielo and Elaine B. Espindola. This study was carried out in the translation of subtitles from English to Portuguese. The result was that foreignization was used more frequently than domestication.

      • One more study is A Comparative Study of Translation Strategies Applied in Dealing with Culture-Specific Items of Romance Novels before and after the Islamic Revolution of Iran by Mansoor Fahim and Zaha Mazaheri. This study analyzed the culture-specific items of the translations from English to Persian. It found out that before the Revolution, foreignization was dominant and vice versa domestication was more prevalent after the revolution.

      • Many other studies are on this issue like Domestication and Foreignization? A Comparative Study on Three Translation of Wenxin Diaolong by GaoHan, which focused on title, key terms, rhetorics, and grammatical features. Foreignization and Domestication in the Croatian translations of Oscar Wilde’s the Picture of Dorian Gray by Goran Schmidt, which analyzed culture-specific items and syntax. Or Tension between Domestication and Foreignization in English-language Translations of Anna Karenina by Maya Birdwood-Hedger, which analyzed culture-specific aspects with a variety of variables like cultural lacunas, culture-specific gestures, participles and gerunds, idioms, non-equivalence of semantic fields, words denoting measures, names, personal pronouns, word order, puns.

      • It can be seen that most of the studies work on culture-specific items. Some work on other aspects in grammar, syntax. Like those studies, the present study also analyzes culture-specific items. Besides, the researcher takes wordplay and syllables into consideration.

      • 2.1.3. Domestication or foreignization

    • 2.2. Culture-specific items

      • 2.2.1. Definition of culture-specific items

      • 2.2.2. Categories

      • Many categories are proposed, the researcher chooses the categories of three prestigious translation researchers who are influential in the translation world.

        • Table 1. Categories proposed by Peter Newmark (1988)

    • 2.3. Linguistic aspects

      • 2.3.1. Wordplay

        • 2.3.1.1. Definition

        • 2.3.1.2. Category

      • 2.3.2. Characteristics of English and Vietnamese languages’ syllables

        • 2.3.2.1. Vietnamese syllables

        • 2.3.2.2. English syllables

  • CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY

    • This chapter is aimed to clarify the reasons why ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ is chosen among millions of books. The readership is also described because choosing domestication or foreignization requires the translator to deliberately analyze his readership. An overview of data analysis methods and procedures is provided as a tool for the later findings and discussion.

    • 3.1. The reasons to choose the book ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’

    • Firstly, the present study is a qualitative research which focuses on the qualities rather than the quantities. Patton and Cochran (2002, p. 2) stated that qualitative research is “characterized by its aims, which relate to understanding some aspect of social life, and its methods which generate words, rather than numbers, as data for analysis.” This study focuses on understanding domestication and foreignization in the book only.

    • Secondly, this is a small case study, which means it is purposive to choose this book. The purpose of this study is to analyze domestication and foreignization. The researcher is interested in children’s books, especially the funny books like ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’. Therefore, the book is chosen for the study.

    • 3.2. The book ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’

    • ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ is written by Jim Benton. It is the first book in the famous Dear Dumb Diary series. It was first published in the USA by Scholastic In. in 2004. The book is “the nearly true confessions of Jamie Kelly” (Benton, 2004). The book is about Jamie Kelly’s school and daily life. She has a close friend named Isabella. Jamie has problems with Angeline who seems to be “so perfect that the word ‘perfect’ is probably not perfect enough for her,” (Benton 2004, p. 9). She also feels weird about her mom’s cooking that “[her mom] made a casserole with 147 ingredients, and it still tasted bad,” (Benton 2004, p. 11). And many other things about school like Mrs. Brunt Ford, the eighth cutest guy Hudson Rivers, Mike Pinsetti who is the official nicknamer, Jamie’s dog Stinker, etc make the book a must-have.

    • Big Blue Dot trend Update (J. K. Benton Design Studio and Arts n.d.) comments that:

    • “The New Tween Lit hit ‘Dear Dumb Diary’ was released in July and has already found a cult following among young readers…This book’s witty and satiric sense of humor is sure to resonate with kids and makes these books a must-have.”

    • Editors at Barnes and Noble (J. K. Benton Design Studio and Arts n.d.) also give positive compliments on the book:

    • The hilarious author of the Franny K. Stein, Mad Scientist books zaps fans with another new series. Jim Benton…combines his knack for knowing what kids love to read with fun illustrations. Young audiences will eat up Jamie’s diary descriptions…While parents are sure to see their kids beg for more Dumb Diary books.

    • Barnes and Noble is the largest book retailer in the United States, so it can be assumed that this book is very popular in the USA. That the translation can be as popular as in the USA greatly depends on the translator.

    • 3.3. The readership of ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’

    • At the beginning of the book, Benton (2004) mentioned the readership. The book is for “everybody that is in, or will be in, or has ever been in, middle school.” The majority readers of the book are middle school students. Vietnamese middle school students are officially taught English since grade 6, some urban schools start teaching English since grade 3. This group of readers have a certain amount of English language and culture.

    • The readership is one of the most significant factors that the translator has to consider when preparing for translating. Newmark (1988, p. 13) wrote that:

    • On the basis of the variety of language used in the original, you attempt to characterize the readership of the original and then of the translation, and to decide how much attention you have to pay to the TL readers.

    • The readership of the book is described by Lefevere (as cited in Venuti 1995, p. 101):

    • The type of reader who is familiar with the foreign language while it yet always remains foreign to him: he no longer has to think every single part in his mother tongue […] before he can grasp the whole, but he is still conscious of the difference between that language and his mother tongue, even where he enjoys the beauty of the foreign work in total peace.

    • In this case, the TL readers of ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ can enjoy the work while they have to deal with the foreignness in the translation because they are “familiar with the foreign language.” The translator can be freer in dealing with the words having translation problems.

    • 3.4. Data analysis methods and procedures

      • 3.4.1. Coding

    • The researcher will read the book thoroughly to find out the instances of foreignization and domestication in the book ‘Let’s pretend this never happened’ based on the theoretical background in the literature review. What is foreignized and what is domesticated have to be coded.

      • 3.4.2. Grouping

      • 3.4.3. Analyzing

    • Question 1: What kind of language items were foreignized or domesticated in the translation of ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’?

    • Question 2: Which strategy, domestication or foreignization, is more predominant in the translation of ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’?

    • 4.1. Culture-specific items

      • 4.1.1. Proper names and nicknames

        • 4.1.1.1. Names of people and nicknames

        • 4.1.1.2. Names of animals

        • 4.1.1.3. Names of places

        • 4.1.1.4. Historical events, documents, laws, and periods

        • 4.1.1.5. Names of characters

        • 4.1.1.6. Brand names

        • 4.1.1.7. Names of local institutions

        • 4.1.2. Common expressions

        • 4.1.2.1. Food and drinks

        • 4.1.2.2. Measuring system and currencies

        • 4.1.2.3. Scholastic reference

    • 4.2. Linguistic aspects

      • 4.2.1. Wordplay

      • 4.2.2. Syllables

    • 4.4. Quantitative discussion

  • CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS

    • 5.1. Major findings and implications

    • 5.2. Limitations

    • 5.3. Recommendation for further research

  • Some recommendation for further research are suggested under the above limitations.

  • REFERENCES

Nội dung

‘Domestication’ andor ‘foreignization’ plays a critical role in translation and it depends on the translator’s choice about whether and to what extent they are employed in any translation. In light of Venuti’s theory on ‘domestication’ and ‘foreignization’, ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ written by Jim Benton and its translation by Phong Linh were chosen for analysis. Combining three models by Peter Newmark, Espindola, and Aixela, and the researcher’s categories, instances of culturespecific items, wordplay, and syllables from the translation were extracted for analysis by comparison and contrast, and expert consultation. The frequency of domestication and foreignization was also discussed. The study found out that foreignization was much more predominant than domestication. Of 45 instances, there are only 8 domesticated instances. Only common expressions were more domesticated than foreignized. Foreignization seems more advantageous than domestication in the current context when the target readers are more capable of English and the informationsearching demand is explosive.

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER DOMESTICATION AND FOREIGNIZATION IN THE ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF JIM BENTON’S LET’S PRETEND THIS NEVER HAPPENED Supervisor: Nguyen Ngoc Ninh, M.A Student: Duong Thi Ngoc Anh Course: QH2010.F1.E21 HANOI – 2014 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHOÁ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP TÍNH NỘI ĐỊA HOÁ VÀ NGOẠI LAI HOÁ TRONG BẢN DỊCH ANH-VIỆT HÃY VỜ NHƯ CHUYỆN NÀY CHƯA TỪNG XẢY RA CỦA TÁC GIẢ JIM BENTON Giáo viên hướng dẫn: ThS Nguyễn Ngọc Ninh Sinh viên: Dương Thị Ngọc Anh Khoá: QH2010.F1.E21 HÀ NỘI – NĂM 2014 DECLARATION I hereby state that I: Duong Thi Ngoc Anh, QH2010.F1.E21, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Hanoi, 2014 Duong Thi Ngoc Anh ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, my sincerest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Ms Nguyen Ngoc Ninh for her wholehearted encouragement and support during the last several months The graduation paper cannot be completed without her Secondly, I would like to express my thanks to my classmates, class QH2010.F1.E21, for their advice and encouragement when I was really under pressure Thirdly, gratefulness and love are sent to my mother From the bottom of my heart, I owe her for all the things she has done for me Lastly, I send my thanks to the Faculty of English Language Teacher Education and all the teachers in the division of Translation and Interpreting for supporting students for the last four years ABSTRACT ‘Domestication’ and/or ‘foreignization’ plays a critical role in translation and it depends on the translator’s choice about whether and to what extent they are employed in any translation In light of Venuti’s theory on ‘domestication’ and ‘foreignization’, ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ written by Jim Benton and its translation by Phong Linh were chosen for analysis Combining three models by Peter Newmark, Espindola, and Aixela, and the researcher’s categories, instances of culture-specific items, wordplay, and syllables from the translation were extracted for analysis by comparison and contrast, and expert consultation The frequency of domestication and foreignization was also discussed The study found out that foreignization was much more predominant than domestication Of 45 instances, there are only domesticated instances Only common expressions were more domesticated than foreignized Foreignization seems more advantageous than domestication in the current context when the target readers are more capable of English and the information-searching demand is explosive TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table Table Table Categories proposed by Peter Newmark (1988) Categories proposed by Espindola (as cited in Matielo) Categories proposed by Aixela (as cited in Brasiene 2013) Page 14 14-15 15-16 Table Table Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Vietnamese syllable structure Instances of domestication and foreignization Instances of domestication and foreignization Domestication and foreignization in all instances Domestication and foreignization in culture-specific items Domestication and foreignization in wordplay Domestication and foreignization in syllables 20 35 36 36 37 38 38 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TL: SL: CSIs CV Target language Source language Culture-specific items Consonant-vowel CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter explains why domestication and foreignization are chosen for the present study Aims of the study are presented as the destination to reach The two research questions, the scope and significance of the study are also provided 1.1 Rationale of the study Literary translations have recently received huge attention from Vietnamese readers with notable works including ‘Da Vinci Code’ (Mật Mã Da Vinci) translated by Do Thu Ha, ‘La carte et le territoire’ (Bản đồ và Vùng đất) translated by Cao Viet Dung, ‘The Things They Carried’ (Những Thứ Họ Mang) translated by Tran Tien Cao Dang and ‘The Lord of the Rings: the Fellowship of the Ring’ (Đoàn Hộ Nhẫn) translated by Dang Tran Viet, Nguyen Thi Thu Yen, and An Ly Discussions were generated surrounding translation errors, translation equivalence, and the “degree” of these translations “Degree” here refers to how much a translator should follow the original The two most recent and heated debates are about the “degree” of the translations of ‘The Things They Carried’ and ‘The Lord of the Rings: the Fellowship of the Ring’ “The dumb cooze never writes back” in ‘The Things They Carried’ is the most controversial sentence The translator Tran Tien Cao Dang faithfully translated into “Con mặt l** ngu đ** bao giờ trả lời”, which encountered huge objection from Vietnamese readers for its obscenity Nguyen (2013), a Vietnamese modern poet, claimed that no matter how exactly the sentence was translated, Vietnamese readers would never accept that because it would not be regarded as literature in Vietnamese culture Besides, the translation of characters’ names in ‘The Lord of the Rings: the Fellowship of the Ring’ has also raised a heated discussion Thu (2013) wrote: Vietnamese readers got accessed to the movie first and got familiar with the English names before the publication of “Đoàn Hộ Nhẫn”, so discussion is inevitable That “Proudfoot” is translated into “Bàn Chân Oách”, “Dady TwoFoot” into “Bố Hai Chân”, or “Paddifoot” into “Chân Đạp Bùn” is said to be awkward and meaningless In this case, Vietnamese readers not appreciate the translation of proper names although they might read more easily in Vietnamese There are two flows of opinion, one from the readers, the other from the translators and scholars The readers of the book apposed that names of the characters should not be translated They think that translating makes the translation far less interesting than the original book Mr Minh Tuan, a lecturer at Hanoi University of Science and Technology, said that for instance, that “Proudfoots” was translated into “Bàn Chân Oách” and “Proudfeet” was translated into “Đôi Chân Oách” made him understand nothing about the wordplay of these two words in the original Domestication was not good all the time (Thu, 2013) In contrast, the translators of the book said that it was required by the author and many scholars said that the readers could feel the translation better An Ly, one of the three translators of ‘The Fellowship of the Ring’ claimed that if English names were kept the same, Vietnamese readers, especially those who were not good enough in English could not clearly understand the original Translating the names was aimed to help Vietnamese readers to have a more appropriate assess and convey the author’s intention (Thu, 2013) From the two examples, it can be seen that being faithful to the original work or being friendly with the target readers is opposed by the target readers of the two books, which excites the researchers to carry out a study on this translation issue In addition, many translators have raised their voices after many discussions on literary translations One seminar on translation in publishing was held by Nha Nam Publishing House and French Cultural Center Many eminent translators agreed with the idea of the professional translator Le Hong Sam on the “degree” of translation that “[t]ranslation is a faithful duty that needs creativity”, which means translators should follow the original work but need to be flexible because “the boundary between the sacredness, honor, and humor is delicate, each translator needs to clearly determine his 10 Foreignization is superior to domestication in wordplay with 100% Figure Domestication and foreignization in syllables Foreignization is also dominant in syllables with 100% CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Major findings and implications After discussing domestication and foreignization in 45 instances picked from ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ by Jim Benton and ‘Hãy vơ chuyện này chưa từng xảy ra’ translated by Phong Linh, some major findings and implications are drawn out (1) Foreignization is much more frequently used than domestication Of 45 instances, there are as many as 37 instances are foreignized, only instances are domesticated This trend of the book is compatible with the comment of some grey Vietnamese professional translators in the rationale (2) English proper names are kept the same in the translation As explained in chapter IV, proper names should be foreignized to be the same as the original for convenient information search and conformity in translation Translation students or translators can choose to foreignize proper names to avoid possible offense and possible incorrect transcription (3) Common expressions are more domesticated than foreignized Foreignization should not be abused, domestication can help the TL readers read more comfortably Translators should deliberately consider these two strategies to make the best decisions (4) Foreignization in wordplay is unavoidable but some explanation should be added for clearer understanding (5) Although syllables are foreignized, it is mainly in written forms Translators can choose to add or remove dashes between Vietnamese words 44 (6) In the current situation with the growing number of target readers who know English, foreignization is an advantage 5.2 Limitations Due to limited time and sources, the research has certain limitations (1) This is a qualitative study, so the results cannot be the grounds for generalization The results are only a source of suggestion (2) The present study does not involve the perception from the target readers The influence on the target readers are possible in the light of domestication and foreignization theory developed by Venuti (1995) (3) The study may not cover all aspects that are related to domestication and foreignization due to limited resources for literature review 5.3 Recommendation for further research Some recommendation for further research are suggested under the above limitations A larger and diverse sample is recommended for more valid results such as detective, comedy, fiction books A survey or interview for getting opinions from the target readers is useful for analyzing the influence of the two strategies, domestication and foreignization, on the readers More aspects of domestication and foreignization can be an abundant source for further research like in grammar, syntax, everyday expressions that are particular to one language 45 REFERENCES Anh, M 2013, ‘Dịch thuật thực tế xuất bản: Phục tùng vẫn cần sáng tạo’, An Ninh Thủ Đô, 27 May, viewed 12 February 2014, http://www.anninhthudo.vn/Hau-truong/Dich-thuat-trong-thuc-te-xuat-banPhuc-tung-nhung-van-can-sang-tao/498255.antd Behtash, EZ, & Firoozkoohi, S 2009, ‘A diachronic study of domestication and foreignization strategies of culture-specific items: in English-Persian translations of six of Hemingway’s works’, World Applied Sciences Journal, vol 7, no 12, pp 1576-1582, viewed 15 February 2014, http://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj7(12)/19.pdf Benton, J 2004, Dear Dumb Diary, Let’s Pretend This Never Happened, Scholastic Inc., the USA Benon, J 2009, Hãy vơ chuyện này chưa từng xảy ra, trans Phong Linh, Nxb Hội Nhà Văn, Hanoi, original work published 2004 Birdwood-Hedger, M 2006, ‘Tension between Domestication and Foreignization in English-language Translations of Anna Karenina’, PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, viewed 15 March 2014, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download? doi=10.1.1.121.5545&rep=rep1&type=pdf Brasiene, B 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id=ha2ffpkivjQC&pg=PT39 &lpg=PT39&dq=the+terms+domestication+and+foreignization+do+not+establi sh+a+neat+binary+opposition&source=bl&ots=22UJYVirPa&sig=89DNf22i6mbIjR3BFopGAXpMEI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=thlVU7DqFcXCkAXk54HIBw &ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20terms%20domestication %20and%20foreignization%20do%20not%20establish%20a%20neat %20binary%20opposition&f=false Wollacott, M 2014, ‘What is a monosyllabic language’, WiseGEEK, viewed 20 February 2014, http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-monosyllabic- language.htm 50 51 ... PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHOÁ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP TÍNH NỘI ĐỊA HOÁ VÀ NGOẠI LAI HOÁ TRONG BẢN DỊCH ANH-VIỆT HÃY VỜ NHƯ CHUYỆN NÀY CHƯA TỪNG XẢY RA CỦA TÁC GIẢ JIM BENTON Giáo viên hướng dẫn: ThS Nguyễn... ‘Let’s Pretend This Never Happened’ by Jim Benton and ? ?Hãy vơ chuyện này chưa từng xảy ra? ?? translated by Phong Linh, some major findings and implications are drawn out (1) Foreignization is much... http://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj7(12)/19.pdf Benton, J 2004, Dear Dumb Diary, Let’s Pretend This Never Happened, Scholastic Inc., the USA Benon, J 2009, Hãy vơ chuyện này chưa từng xảy ra, trans Phong Linh, Nxb

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