SỰ ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA MÔI TRƯỜNG SỐNG TỚI NHÂN VẬT (HEATHCLIFF, CATHERINE VÀ YOUNG CATHERINE) TRONG TÁC PHẨM WUTHERING HEIGHTS CỦA EMILY BRONTE

Wuthering Heights is the only novel of Emily Bronte, published in 1847. The novel remarks one of the great contributions to the English literature from female author so it calls the public’s attention to various aspects from detail to general. With its popularity and values in terms of literature, the novel became a significance subject for researchers and scholars to study. The researcher took a decision to investigate “the effect of living circumstance on characters (Heathcliff, Catherine and young Catherine) in Wuthering Heights”. It is considered a new and practical thesis for study because its aim is to discover and analyze the contribution of living circumstance on characters. First, the background for the study will be provided with some terms related to living circumstance, novel as well as information of the author Emily Bronte and Wuthering Heights particularly. Secondly, the next part will be a development of the contribution of living circumstance on some protagonists of Wuthering Heights based on the terms mentioned before. Finally, the researcher will summarize the outcomes and give out some limitations of the study together with suggestions for further studies. The researcher hopes that the thesis will be meaningful for those who are interested in the book and that it will provide the foundation for future related studies.

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

GRADUATION PAPER

THE EFFECT OF LIVING CIRCUMSTANCE ON CHARACTERS (HEATHCLIFF, CATHERINE AND YOUNG CATHERINE) IN WUTHERING HEIGHTS

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮKHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH

KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP

SỰ ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA MÔI TRƯỜNG SỐNG TỚI NHÂN VẬT (HEATHCLIFF, CATHERINE VÀ YOUNG CATHERINE) TRONG TÁC PHẨM WUTHERING HEIGHTS CỦA EMILY BRONTE

Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Nguyễn Thị Thơm Thơm Sinh viên: Phạm Thị Lụa

Khóa: QH2010.F1.E13

I hereby state that I: Pham Thi Lua, QH2010.F1.E13, being a candidate for the degree ofBachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use

of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library

In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the libraryshould be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normalconditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper

Signature,

Wuthering Heights is the only novel of Emily Bronte, published in 1847 The novelremarks one of the great contributions to the English literature from female author so it calls thepublic’s attention to various aspects from detail to general With its popularity and values interms of literature, the novel became a significance subject for researchers and scholars to study

The researcher took a decision to investigate “the effect of living circumstance oncharacters (Heathcliff, Catherine and young Catherine) in Wuthering Heights” It is considered anew and practical thesis for study because its aim is to discover and analyze the contribution ofliving circumstance on characters First, the background for the study will be provided with someterms related to living circumstance, novel as well as information of the author Emily Bronte andWuthering Heights particularly Secondly, the next part will be a development of thecontribution of living circumstance on some protagonists of Wuthering Heights based on theterms mentioned before Finally, the researcher will summarize the outcomes and give out somelimitations of the study together with suggestions for further studies

The researcher hopes that the thesis will be meaningful for those who are interested in thebook and that it will provide the foundation for future related studies

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACCEPTANCE i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

ABSTRACT iii

PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.Rationale of the study 1

2.Aims and objectives of the study 3

3 Background and significance of the study 3

3.1 Background of the study 3

3.2 Significance of the study 4

4 The scope of the study 6

5 Research methodology 6

PART 2: DEVELOPMENT 8

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 9

1.1 Setting in the novel 9

1.2 Picture of class in eighteen and nineteenth century in Wuthering Heights 10

1.2.1 Living as aristocracy class in eighteen and nineteenth century society 10

1.2.2 Living as middle and working classes in the eighteenth and nineteenth century society

1 3 Characters in the novel 12

1.3.1 Personal trait: flat and round characters, static and dynamic characters 12

1.3.2 Reaction toward the living circumstances (the effect of living circumstance on people) .13

1.3.3 Belief of the characters through novel 13

1.4 Atmosphere of the literature work 14

CHAPTER 2: AN OVERVIEW OF THE AUTHOR EMILY BRONTE AND THE NOVEL WUTHERING HEIGHTS 15

2.1 The author Emily Bronte 15

2.1.1 Summary of Emily Bronte’s life and career 15

2.1.2 Emily Bronte’ works 17

2.1.3 Review of Emily Bronte’s typical contribution 17

2.2 Wuthering Heights 18

2.2.1 Summary and brief review of the novel 18

2.2.2 The significance of the novel to English literature 21

2.2.3 Living circumstance in Wuthering Heights 22

CHAPTER 3: DISCUSSION ON LIVING CIRCUMSTANCES IN WUTHERING

3.1.1 Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights under Mr Earnshaw’s patronage 24

3.1.2 Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights after the death of Mr Earnshaw 26

3.1.3 Heathcliff when fleeing away Wuthering Heights 28

3.1.4 Heathcliff when coming back and taking revenge 29

3.2 Discussion on the effect of living circumstance on the character Catherine 30

3.2.1 Catherine in Wuthering Heights 30

3.2.2 Catherine in Thrush Cross and back to Wuthering Heights 31

3.2.3 Catherine in ThrushCross with Edgar Linton after Heathcliff comes back and visits her .34

3.3 Discussion on the effect of living circumstance on the character Young Catherine, Cathy37 3 3.1 Young Catherine in Thrushcross with her father 37

3.3.2 Young Catherine in Wuthering Heights with Heathcliff 37

3.3.3 Young Catherine after Heathcliff’s death 38

3.4 Comparisons of Catherine and young Catherine 39

PART 3: CONCLUSION 40

1 Summary of the study 40

2 Limitations of the study 42

3.Suggestions for further studies 42

PART 1: INTRODUCTION

This first part of the study includes rationale of the study, the aims, objectives, significance, scope and methodology of the study In addition, organization of the study will also be stated in order to help readers follow the thesis easier

1 Rationale of the study

“Wuthering Heights” is the only novel written by Emily Bronte in the late of Romanticism

It is considered to be one of the masterpieces after Emily’s death in 1848 According to FredLangman, “Wuthering Heights is a novel of genius” (approaches to the novel, 1966) It revealsone aspect of Emily’s life Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar note in The Madwoman in the Attic,

“a woman writer must examine, assimilate, and transcend the extreme images of “angle” andmonster” which male authors have generated for her” (p 596) Moreover, they believe that: ‘For all literary artists, of course, self-definition necessarily precedes self-assertion: the creative

“I AM’ cannot be uttered if the “I” know not what it is But for the female artist the essentialprocess of self-definition is complicated by all those patriarchal definitions that intervenebetween herself and herself’ (p 569)

Therefore, up to now, there have been many discoveries from time to time Although itwas written in the Romantic style, it still reflected England’s society during Victoria era

All over the world, there are so many aspects of Wuthering Heights for investigation According

to Anne Williams in Natural Supernaturalism in Wuthering Heights, “Wuthering Heights –

items, children abuse There are some famous works studying Wuthering Heights including

“The novel as Dramatic Poem” written by Klingopulos, “The incest theme in WutheringHeights” written by Solomon, “Wuthering Heights: the land East of Eden” written by Adams,Ruth Klingopulos tries to demonstrate that Wuthering Heights is “the novel as dramatic poem.”

He emphasizes that “it is important to remember that the novel is the first in English whichinvites the same kind of attention that we claim as poetry” (1947, p 269) He supposes “thequality of achievement from chapter to chapter is so consistent that it established as much unityand interconnection as the common readers require” (ibid, p 269) Moreover, “we are remindedrepeatedly of that fine control of feeling which distinguishes Emily Bronte best known poem”(ibid, p.269) In another aspect, Fred Langman pays interest on “criticism of this novel”.According to him, “too much of the published criticism is badly written, critically evasive, and(sometimes) just inaccurate.” On the other hand, Thompson gives birth to the essay called

“Infanticide and Sadism in Wuthering Heights” in 1963 He wants to analyze one problem which

is mainly the abuse children in Wuthering Heights On the contrary, Magaret Homans tries totake investigation into the repression and sublimation of nature in Wuthering Heights in 1978

He focuses on two protagonists in this novel They are Cathy and Heathcliff “whose relations tonature would seem to be the strongest and the most important to the novel”(1978, p 9) Beside,Adam realizes that Wuthering Heights is much like the land east of Eden, nineteenth centuryfiction in 1958 Solomon concerns about the incest in Wuthering Heights (1959)

Nevertheless, the researcher took a decision to investigate the effect of living circumstance

on some protagonists in Wuthering Heights She is going to carry out the analysis of aspectsrelating to circumstance including living condition, places to provide deeper insights into theinteractive change between thinking and behaviors of characters In terms of living circumstance,

the research focuses on two core living conditions including the condition of being aristocracyand condition of being lower circumstance Aristocracy belongs to the rich and powerful class.However, people who originate from lower circumstance seem to be poor and wild Both livingconditions are very different from each other because they indicate two different types of class.One side is very rich but the other side is very poor In this novel, Heathcliff, Catherine andyoung Catherine all belong to both living conditions Their living circumstances are changingfrom time to time As a result, their spirit, personalities and behaviors also change, which is to beanalyzed to set up the helpful thesis

2 Aims and objectives of the study

Wuthering Heights written by Emily Bronte is one of the most well-known novels of theEnglish literature in the eighteen century Because of being a famous novel, there must bemisunderstanding of Wuthering Heights I take a decision to investigate on the contribution ofliving circumstance on characters to gain deep understanding of its characters

Moreover, the researcher conducts this research with the aim of developingunderstanding English literature in the eighteen century and fulfilling my passion of literature

3 Background and significance of the study

3.1 Background of the study

Wuthering Heights is a priceless masterpiece of English literature This work is one ofthe most priceless masterpieces of English literature There are so many works analyzing it.Heathcliff, Catherine and young Catherine are the strong characters to build up this novel These

3.2 Significance of the study

The thesis is going to discover and analyze the contribution of living circumstance tosome protagonists It is going to unveil the reasons why the protagonists’ personalities change alot from time to time and the difference between their behaviors and thoughts For example,when living in the Wuthering Heights, Catherine seems to be a wild girl, whereas when shecomes back from Thrushcross, “her manners much improved” (p 44) In addition, “The mistressvisited her often in the interval, and commenced her plan of reform by trying to raise her self-respect with fine clothes and flattery, which she took readily; so that, instead of a wild, hatlesslittle savage jumping into the house, and rushing to squeeze [them] all breathless, there ‘lightedfrom a handsome black pony a very dignified person, with brown ringlets falling from the cover

of a feathered beaver, and a long cloth habit, which she was obliged to hold up with both handsthat she might sail in”(p 44) Her behaviors change a lot because of her personality is affected

by Thrushcross where people who she meets living are very gentle and behave aristocratically.The first time Catherine sets foot on the other land teaches her a lesson of passion of becomingaristocrat Debra Goodle believes in “Love and Addiction in Wuthering Heights”, “lacking anyinner Catherine attempts to capture Heathcliff’s psyche to fulfill the emptiness in her own soul”(p.316) Therefore, the research would be very helpful to provide readers with a quickapprehension of that psychological issue Psychological issue is a difficult term that a lot ofnovels remain It can explain why the characters behave extremely different from their thought.Living circumstance is one of the factors which make contribution to this difference a lot In

“Wuthering Heights”, there are three characters I focus on analyzing the effect of livingcircumstance on them including Heathcliff, Catherine Earnshaw, and young Catherine Myresearch is going to include investigating the denial in some characters especially denial in

Catherine who is considered one of the strong affected characters in this novel In her mind, sheconsiders Heathcliff is her life When living in Wuthering Height, she behaves as if she andHeathcliff are born for each other She claims, “[her] love for Heathcliff resembles the eternalrocks beneath” (p 91).Therefore, in her mind, Heathcliff is her life as well as her soul, she thinks

“[she] [is] Heathcliff (p 92)” However, this “eternal rocks” can be destroyed by her behavior toHeathcliff from the time she lives in Thrucross as well as meet Edgar The thesis alsoinvestigates the denial in this character deeply in order to unveil the effects of livingcircumstance on personalities as well as behaviors

In addition, the investigation can be a helpful supporter for many people when studyingWuthering Heights especially for some who choose Wuthering Heights to take investigation intoother related issues

Moreover, English literature is one of the official subjects in some language faculties ofUniversity of Language and International Studies Whenever concerning about English literature,readers cannot pass Wuthering Heights which makes contribution to English literature history

In addition, the thesis will support third year students to have more information for theircomprehension

4 The scope of the study

It can be seen that Wuthering Heights mentions about changing of characters in manyaspects Therefore the researcher determines to focus on three protagonists including Heathcliff,Catherine and young Catherine who are considered to be the strongest characters in the novel.This study will concentrate on the changing of living circumstance on them to discover thereasons of changing in thought and behaviors

5 Research methodology

To conduct the survey, the researcher must read various works not only related to

“Wuthering Heights” but also works related to other issues including classes in England duringthat period of time Besides that, her thesis includes some issues mentioning psychology,behavior and living circumstances Therefore, she must read some researches about these items

to make comprehension of them Having adequate knowledge and information helps her to carryout this research more easily

In order to achieve the aim, the sources used must be reliable and informative Theresearcher must refer to documents in the University library and also Internet sources as well asthe documents provided by supervisor

6 Organization of the paper

The thesis paper consists of three parts:

Part 1: Introduction This provides an overview of the thesis including the rationale, aims,

significance, scope, methodology and organization of the paper

Part 2: Development It consists of three chapters:

Chapter 1: Literature review This chapter provides all substantive findings as well as theoretical

and methodological contributions to the thesis

Chapter 2: An Overview of the author and the novel Brief introduction of the author and the

novel are included in this chapter

Chapter 3: Discussion on living circumstance in Wuthering Heights and its effect on characters.

This is the main focus of the thesis This chapter is designed to investigate the changes of livingcircumstances which belong to Heathcliff, Catherine and young Catherine Some further ideasand explorations are going to be found in this chapter

Part 3: Conclusion This briefly summarizes main points of the thesis and indicates the

limitations as well as suggestions for further studies

PART 2: DEVELOPMENT

This is the second part of the study, which is also the main focus of the thesis Part 2consists of three chapters The first chapter, Literature review presents some terms and theoriesrelated to the studies The second chapter, An Overview about the Author and the Novelprovides information about life, career and typical contribution to English literature and alsoinformation about summary and circumstance of the novel Wuthering Heights

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, the researcher is going to analyze several terms related to the title including living circumstance and characters Living circumstance is divided into three categories They are living as aristocracy class, middle class and working class Each of them is going to be exploited to discover changing of characters’ personalities as well as behaviors Besides, there are some data analyzed about the setting of Wuthering Heights in particularly Wuthering Heights and Thrush Cross The researcher makes a decision to choose Wuthering Heights and Thrush Cross because they are two main places which various events taking place and each of them symbolizes a different class In terms of characters, they consist of two types including flat character and round character In another way, characters are also divided into static characters and dynamic characters

1.1 Setting in the novel

Abrams considers, “the overall setting of a narrative or dramatic work is the general locale,historical time, and social circumstances in which its action occurs; the setting of a singleepisode or scene within such a work is the particular physical location in which it takes place”(1999, p 284) As he mentions, setting means where the story takes place including its place,time or even social circumstance Setting helps the author to compose the novel based on iteasily Most of novels are created to define their setting or in other words, to reflect their society.One aspect of Wuthering Heights reveals the society contains it It is realized as a disordered andcomplex society

1.2 Picture of class in eighteen and nineteenth century in Wuthering Heights

Penelope J Corfield views “class” as “a powerful organizing concept” (1970, p.103) In

my viewpoint, “class” is defined to classify different living conditions among people It iscreated as well as used by people to distinguish between the rich and the poor In WutheringHeights, “class” is taken advantage of to classify the differences between characters by EmilyBronte

1.2.1 Living as aristocracy class in eighteen and nineteenth century society

Aristocracy class is considered to be the highest social class in the society People inaristocracy class usually possess hereditary titles They have much power Moreover, they have alot of land as well as waiters and money Their life is like a dream which seems to be very easy.Edgar family is one sample of aristocracy class As Penelope J Corfield mentioned in Class ineighteen-century Britain (1970, p.103), “a well- ordered sequence of ranks and degrees in humansociety [is] deemed part of a divinely ordained hierarchy that embraced the whole of creation.”

As a result, their behaviors are very different from Catherine and particularly from Heathcliff

1.2.2 Living as middle and working classes in the eighteenth and nineteenth century society

In this part, the middle class and the working class are going to be analyzed The middleclass including people who have a few land, waiters and power as well They have an easy lifebut not better than aristocracy class They have power The Earnshaw is one sample of middleclass They owe Wuthering Heights They have enough money to make ends meet in their life.Catherine and Hindley are children originated from middle class They are a little wild and alittle naughty

In terms of working classes, it is considered to be “a descriptive term” (Thompson, 1963,p.9) Thompson also assumes that, “there were tailors here and weavers there, and together theymake up the working classes” (p.8) The working class belongs to people who work for themiddle class and also aristocracy class They owe nothing Most of them are waiters likes Dean

in Earnshaw family Some of them are wandering in the street and have no place to go likeHeathcliff They may become beggars if they are not lucky like Heathcliff who is brought up by

Mr Earnshaw

Margaret M.Watts (2013,p.2) comments, “despite the availability of greater supplies offood, additional housing, and more generous welfare, poverty was more prevalent than everbefore- especially in the cities” Moreover, this century is the century of a lot of tragedies Inaddition, “The eighteen century saw continuous and accelerating population growth Womenmarried at an earlier age, and the number of illegitimate births increased As fertility ratesimproved- death rates fell” (2013, p.2), women marry at the young age There are a lot ofdiseases in this century As the result, the number of people in upper class is rising People seem

to have harsh life than ever Heathcliff at his earliest life and Dean belong to the working class.They have to suffer from various prejudices from other classes

It can be seen that three main protagonists stem from dissimilar classes While Catherine

is from middle class, Heathcliff is from working class Catherine lives in the loves of her family.She has an easy childhood; moreover, she becomes one member of aristocracy class as Mr

Heathcliff Three main characters belong to three distinct classes in society Then, they changetheir social status Catherine becomes aristocracy class as Edgar’s wife while Heathcliff alsobecomes aristocracy member possessing both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Nevertheless,Cathy, Catherine’s daughter turns into lower class as a maid for Heathcliff

1 3 Characters in the novel

1.3.1 Personal trait: flat and round characters, static and dynamic characters

Both Andrew Bennett and Prof Nicholas Royle (2004, p 60) agree that characters areconsidered to be “the life of literature” because “they are the objects of our curiosity andfascination, affection and dislike, admiration and condemnation.” Characters play an importantrole in novels since “through the power of identification, through sympathy and antipathy, theycan become part of how we conceive ourselves, a part of who we are.” Moreover, “our memory

of a particular novel or play often depends as much on our sense of a particular character as onthe ingenuities of the plot.”

Flat characters are extremely different from round characters Flat characters possesssimple characteristics and round characters possess complex characteristics Kelley Griffiththought, “Flat characters have only one or two personality traits and are easily recognizable asstereotypes” (2010, p.54) Nevertheless, “round characters have multiple personality traits andtherefore resemble real people (ibid).” In addition, “[round characters] are much harder tounderstand and describe than flat characters (ibid).”

Like flat and round characters, static and dynamic characters are very different Staticcharacters “remain the same thought (ibid)” while dynamic characters change their thought It

can be seen that flat characters are usually static characters and round characters tend to bedynamic characters

In Wuthering Heights, Dean, Edgar, Isabella, Hindley are flat characters whereasCatherine, Heathcliff and young Catherine are round characters

1.3.2 Reaction toward the living circumstances (the effect of living circumstance on people)

Facing different living circumstances, people are likely to handle them in dissimilarways Based on this theory, various authors try to create characters with a lot of personalities andbehaviors There are a lot of factors affecting characteristics and reactions One of the corefactors is living circumstance Living circumstances can change characters from thinking tobehaviors For example, Heathcliff, one of the protagonists in the novel, he is initially a poorlittle boy with no family Then, he becomes one member in the Earnshaw family He thinks hebelongs to middle class like Mr Earnshaw As a consequence, his behaviors are extremelydifferent from before He turns into arrogant person Everything changes again after the death of

Mr Earnshaw, Heathcliff comes back to working class and gets treated as a servant His thoughtand behaviors change again

1.3.3 Belief of the characters through novel

Jonathan Culler states, “Literary works encourage identification with characters byshowing things from their point of view” (1997, p.112) The belief readers put on characters maynot be shown up by the author In order to do that, the author must be one of the readers with

demand in identification, and identification works to create identity: we become who we are byidentifying with figures we read about” (1997, p.113)

1.4 Atmosphere of the literature work

Abrams (1999, p.14) supposes atmosphere is like “the emotional tone pervading a section

or the whole of a literary work, which fosters in the reader expectations as to the course ofevents, whether happy or (more commonly) terrifying or disastrous” There are two mainatmospheres in Wuthering Heights; the happy and peaceful atmosphere in the childhood ofCatherine, Heathcliff and young Catherine and the terrifying atmosphere when all three of themgrow up

In short, some terms and theories related to the study include the definition of literature aswell as some classification and its elements are provided in this chapter The next chapter willfocus on background and information about the author Emily Bronte and the novel WutheringHeights

CHAPTER 2: AN OVERVIEW OF THE AUTHOR EMILY BRONTE AND THE NOVEL WUTHERING HEIGHTS

In this chapter, the researcher is going to introduce the general information on the novel

“Wuthering Heights” and its author, Emily Bronte Regarding Wuthering Heights, I would like

to summary the content, the circumstance when it was written as well as the significance in English literature Secondly, it is necessary to present some information of the author, Emily Bronte especially her life, works and also her typical contribution to the English literature

2.1 The author Emily Bronte

2.1.1 Summary of Emily Bronte’s life and career

As it is written in English literature textbook by ULIS, “Emily Bronte was born on July

30, 1818 in Yorkshire (p.2).” She “was the fifth of six children born into this literary family” Asmentioned in classic poetry series in 2012, “Emily joined school for a brief time (p 2)”.However, “in 1824, the family moved to Haworth, where Emily’s father was perpetual curate,and it was in these surroundings that their literary gift flourished (p.2) The major factors in herlife are the silence surrounding her life as mentioned in Wuthering Heights, a novel by EmilyBronte Her mother died when she was thirteen In addition, “in June 1826, Mr Bronte returnedfrom travelling with a set of twelve wooden soldiers for Emily’s brother, Branwell Led byCharlotte and Branwell, the Bronte children created imaginative stories, poems, plays, and gamesabout a magical world they created for “The Twelves,” as they called the soldiers”(p 2)” It is

caring for father, and doing the finances and housework.” In many works, she had no interest onstudying at school In other word, she preferred study at home

“Emily became a teacher at Law Hill School in Halifax beginning in September 1838, when shewas twenty (Classic poetry series p.3).” Nevertheless, “her health broke under the stress of the17-hour work day and she returned home in April 1839 (p.3)”

As mentioned in poetry classic, “she became sick during her brother’s funeral inSeptember 1848 Though her condition worsened steadily, she rejected medical help and allproffered remedies, saying that she would have “no poisoning doctor” near her She eventuallydied of tuberculosis, on 19 December 1848 at about two in the afternoon (p 3).”

In conclusion, there are various events both happening and affecting Emily Bronte, afamous female author’s life Bomarito Jessica (2006, p.1) iterates, “Although Bronte’s life [is]outwardly uneventful; the unusual circumstances of her upbringing have prompted considerablescrutiny” Specifically, “although she led a brief and circumscribed life, spent in relativeisolation in a parsonage on the Yorkshire moors, she left behind a literary legacy that includessome of the most passionate and inspired writing in Victorian literature (2006, p.1)” AgnesRobinson (1883, p.69) concludes in “Emily Bronte” that “an old, blind, disillusioned father, onceprone to an extraordinary violence of temper, but now grown quiet with age, showing hisdisappointment with life by a melancholy cynicism that was quite sincere; two sisters, bothbeloved, one, fired with genius and quick to sentiment, hiding her enthusiasm under the colddemeanor of the ex- governess, unsuccessful, and unrecognized; the other gentler, dearer, fairer,slowly dying, inch by inch, of the blighting neighborhood of vice”

2.1.2 Emily Bronte’ works

Bomarito Jessica (2006) discovered that the author of Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte,left a lot of works to the English literature including:

- Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell in 1864

- Wuthering Heights in 1847

- Life and works of the sisters Bronte with Charlotte and Anne from 1899 to 1903

- The Shakespeare Head Bronte between 1931 and 1938

- Gondal Poems in 1938

2.1.3 Review of Emily Bronte’s typical contribution

Bronte is cited as “one of the most important yet elusive figures in nineteenth centuryEnglish literature” (Bomarito Jessica, 2006, p 1) Although Emily Bronte “was born of parentswithout any peculiar talent for literature” (Agnes Robinson, 1846), Emily Bronte makes a hugecontribution to the English literature

In her period of time, Victorian Age, it is said, “people could not imagine that femalecould write so vividly about passion, power conflicts and sexual desire” (Parminde Kaur, 2013).However, she gave birth of a lot of famous works especially Wuthering Heights to prove thatfemale can write as well as male “Bronte showed the Victorian society that every woman has a

2.2 Wuthering Heights

2.2.1 Summary and brief review of the novel

Wuthering Heights is the love story between Catherine and Heathcliff in the moorlandnamed after Wuthering Heights in nineteenth century in England However, they cannot livetogether because of social status at that time It is a series of revenge from Heathcliff because ofthe love tragedy between him and Catherine As mentioned in Classic Poetry Series (2012, p 2),

“Emily Bronte was an English novelist and poet, best remembered for her only novel, WutheringHeights, now considered a classic of English literature.”

Wuthering Height is a moorland where the Earnshaw family, Mr and Mrs Earnshaw andtwo children, Hindley and Catherine live Dean, the house keeper, witnesses all things happening

in this family When coming back from Liverpool, Mr Earnshaw brings with Heathcliff who ishomeless He really takes care of this poor boy beside the jealousy of Hindley After Mr.Earnshaw’s death, Heathcliff is treated very badly by Hindley which makes Heathcliff comesback to his lower status Catherine and Heathcliff fall in love each other One time, they go toThrushcross to play, Catherine is hurt by the dog and cured by Edgar’s family who belong toupper class However, to become a noble lady, Catherine decides to marry to Edgar Linton who

is of noble birth Heathcliff runs away in the midnight Time flees away; Catherine marries toEdgar and has a happy family with his sister, Isabella Heathcliff comes back with richness andsuccess To take revenge on Hindley and Edgar, he betrays Hindley to owe Wuthering Heightsand marries to Isabella Owing Thrushcross and Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff becomes richerand richer Catherine dies after giving a birth to a daughter called young Catherine Isabella alsogives a birth to Linton Heathcliff Because of being badly treated by Heathcliff, Isabella runs