Mechanical Engineers Data Handbook Episode 13 ppsx

290 MECHANICAL ENGINEER’S DATA HANDBOOK 8. I .2 Abbreviations for technical terms Term Abb. Term Abb. Absolute Alternating current Aqueous Atomic number Atomic weight Audio frequency Boiling point Bottom dead centre Brake mean effective pressure Calculated Calorific value Cathode-ray oscilloscope Cathode-ray tube Centre of gravity Compare Computer-aided design Computer-aided manufacture Concentrated Constant Corrected Critical Cross-sectional area Decomposition Degree Diameter Differential coefficient Dilute Direct current Dry flue gas Elastic limit Electromotive force Equation Equivalent Example Experiment(a1) Freezing point Frequency Higher calorific value High frequency High pressure High speed steel High tensile abs. a.c. aq. at. no. at. wt. a.f. b.p. b.d.c., BDC b.m.e.p. calc. C.V., cv c.r.0. c.r.t. c.g. cf. CAD CAM conc. const. corr. crit. c.s.a. decomp. deg. dia. d.c. dil . d.c. d.f.g. e.1. e.m.f. eqn. equiv. ex. expt. freq. h.c.v., HCV h.f. h.p. h.s.s. h.t. f.p. High tension High voltage Horse power Indicated mean effective pressure Infra-red Intermediate frequency Internal combustion Internal combustion engine Kinetic energy Lower calorific value Low pressure Low tension Low voltage Magnetomotive force Maximum Mean effective pressure Melting point Minimum Moment Numerical control Pitch circle diameter Potential difference Potential energy Pressure Proof stress Radian Radio frequency Radius Relative density Relative humidity Root mean square Specific Specific gravity Standard temperature and pressure Strain energy Temperature Tensile strength Thermocouple Top dead centre Ultraviolet Ultra-high frequency Very high frequency Yield stress h.t. h.v. h.p. i.m.e.p. i.r. i.f. i.c., IC i.c.e. k.e. I.C.V., LCV 1.p. 1.t. I.V. m.m.f. max. m.e.p. m.p. min. mom. n.c. p.c.d. p.d. p.e. press. ps. rad. r.f. rad. r.d. r.h. r.m.s. spec. s.g. s.t.p. s.e. temp. ts., TS tic t.d.c., TDC u.h.f. v.h.f. U.V. ys., YS GENERAL DATA 29 1 0. I .3 Abbreviations for units Unit Abb. Unit Abb. Unit Abb. Unit Abb. metre angstrom square metre cubic metre litre second minute hour lumen candela lux day year radian m A m2 m3 1 min h lm cd IX d a rad S steradian radian per second hertz revolution per minute kilogramme gramme tonne (= 1 Mg) seimen atomic mass unit Dascal sr rads-' Hz rev. min- kg g t S U Pa newton bar millibar standard atmosphere millimetre of mercury poise stokes joule kilowatt hour electron volt calorie N bar mb atm mm Hg P s, St J kW-h eV cal mole watt decibel kelvin centigrade coulomb ampere volt ohm farad henry weber tesla mol W dB K "C C A V R F H Wb T 0. I .4 Multiples and submultiples Multiplying factor Prefix Symbol 10'2 tera T 109 gigs G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro P 10-9 nano n 10-12 pic0 P 10-15 femto f 10-18 atto a 0. I .5 SI equivalents for Imperial and US customary units Abbreviations used m =metre km = kilometre in. =inch ft =foot yd = yard m, mi = mile Pa = pascal (N mZ) psi =pounds per square inch Tsi = tons per square inch atm = atmosphere 1 =litre cc=cubic centimetre gal =gallon Ib =pound Ibm =pound mass Ibf = pound force k, kip = kilopound t, T=ton tnf, tonf = ton force mph =miles per hour fpm = feet per minute kt = knot (nautical mile per hour) gpm =gallons per minute cfs =cubic feet per second cfm =cubic feet per minute N =newton s, sec = second min = minute h = hour hp = horsepower kW = kilowatt Btu = British thermal unit J =joule Length 1 in. = 25.4 mm = 0.0254 m. lft=305mm=0.305m. 292 MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S DATA HANDBOOK 1 yard=914 mm =0.914 m. 1 mile = 1609 m = 1.609 km. 1 nautical mile = 1.835 km = 1.14 miles. 1 pm = m. 1 A= 10-'Om. Area 1in.'=645mm2=0.645 x 10-3m2 1ft2=9.29x 104mm2=0.0929m2. 1 yard2=0.836m2. 1 acre = 4047 m2. 1 mile2 = 2.59 x lo4 m2 = 2.59 km2. 1 hectare= 10000m2 Volume (capacity) 1 in.3 = 16.4 x 103mm3 = 16.4 x 1 ft3 =0.0283 m3. 1 yard3 = 0.765 m3. 1 pint (UK)=0.568.1. 1 pint (US)=O.4561. 1 quart (UK)= 1.1371. 1 quart (US) = 0.9464 1. 1 gallon (UK)= 1.201 gallon (US)=4.546 1. 1 gallon (US) = 3.785 1. 1 barrel =42 gallons (US) = 159 1. 1cm3=1000mm3. lm2=10001. m3. 1 I. = 1000cm3. Mass 1 Ibm = 0.454 kg. 1 slug=32.17Ibm= 14.6 kg. 1 ton (US or 'short')=2000Ibm=907.2kg. 1 ton (UK or 'long')=2240Ibm= 1016kg. 1 tonne (metric ton) = lo00 kg Density 1 Ib in 3 =27 680 kgm-3 11bft-3=16.02kgm-3. 1 slug ft-' = 515.4 kg m- Velocity 1 in. s- ' = 0.0254 m s- ' . 1 fts-'=0.3048ms-'. 1 ft min- ' =O.O0508 m s- ' 1 mile h-'=0.447 m s-' = 1.61 km h-'. 1 km h-' =0.719ms-'. 1 knot = 1 nautical mile/hour =0.515 m s- ' MassJlow rate 1 Ibm s- ' = 0.454 kg s- '. lIbmh-'=1.26x 10-4kgs-'. 1 tonh-'=0.282kgs-'. 1 slugs-'= 14.6kg~-'. Volume $ow rate 1 ft3 s- ' = 0.283 m3 s- '. 1 UK gallonsec-'=0.00455m3s-'. 1 US galIons-'=0.00379m3s-'. 1 UK gallonmin-'=7.58~ 10-5m3s-1. 1 US gallon min-'=6.31x 10-5m3s-1. Force 1 Ibf = 4.45 N. 1 kip (1000Ibf)=4.45 kN. 1 tonf= 9964 N. 1 poundal=O.l38N. 1 d~ne=lO-~N. Stress or pressure 1 Ibfin.' (psi)=6895Nm-2 (Pa). 1 IbfftW2 (p~f)=47.9Nm-~. 1 kipin 2 (ksi)=6895 kNm-2 (kPa). 1 kipft-2. (ksf)=47.9 kNm-2 (kPa). 1 po~ndalft-~=l.49Nm-~. 1 t~nfin ~= 15.44 x 106Nm-2. It0nfft-~=1.073~ io5Nm-'. lin. water (39.2"F)=249Nm-2. 1 ft water (39.2"F)=2989Nm-'. 1 in. merc~ry=3386Nm-~. latmos=14.7psi=1.01325 x lO5Nrn-' 1 MPa = lo6 N m- = 1 N mm- '. 1 bar = 10' N m - 2. Work and energy 1 in.Ibf=0.113 J (Nm). 1 ft.lbf= 1.365 J. 1 Btu = 778 ft Ibf = 252 calories = 1055 J. lcal=4.1865. 1 kcal = 4.186 kJ. GENERAL DATA 293 1 ft poundal =0.0421 J. 1 horsepower-hour = 2.685 MJ. 1 erg= lO-’J. 1 kW-h=3.6MJ. Power 1 ft poundal sec = 0.0421 W Acceleration 1 ft s-~ =om m s-~. 1 g = 32. I74 ft s - = 9.807 m s - 1 ft Ibfs- ’ = 1.356 W. lftlbfrnin-’=O.O226W. 1 horsepower (550ftIbfs-’)=746W=0.746kW. Fuel consumption 1 mile per gallon fmpg) = 0.425 km I I. 8.2 Fasteners 8.2. I Bolt and screw types Bolts Bolts are used for fastening machine parts together often in conjunction with nuts and washers to form non-permanent connections. The bolt head is usually hexagonal, but may be square or round. The ‘shank’ may be screwed for part or the whole of its length, in the latter case it is sometimes called a ‘screw’ or ‘machine screw’. Most bolts are made of low or medium carbon steel by forging or machining with threads cut or rolled. Forged bolts are called ‘black’ and machined bolts ‘bright’. They are also made in high tensile, alloy and stainless steels as well as non-ferrous metals and alloys, and plastics. Bolts may be plated or galvanized to prevent corrosion. In the UK, metric threads (ISOM) have largely replaced BSW and BSF threads. For small sizes British Association (BA) threads are used. In the USA, the most used threads are ‘unified fine’ (UNF) and ‘unified coarse’ (UNC). Hexagonal head boll stud (Stud bok) 294 E== Uniform strength bolts Square neck Ribbed neck Serrated neck Coach bolts (cardage bolts) Hexagon socket head s~ew Hexagon suAet head screw-application ul Hexagon socket wrench (Allen key) - _. @ +- Socket button head screw Socket muntersurk head screw Socket shoulder head screw MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S DATA HANDBOOK -1 Eye bolt indented foundation bon Rawlbon GENERAL DATA 295 Screws The term 'screw' is applied to a wide range of threaded fasteners used with metal, wood, plastin, etc. Screws have a variety of types of head and are made in many materials (steel, brass, nylon, etc.), some are plated. Small screws usually have %A threads and special threads are used for wood and self-tapping screws. U'dEiPB Cheese Rolnd Camtem~nkFWstw I- heedp head M(W) head (Ormi8d flat filhster) counlsrsunk) head skttedheadmaoMnescter*s M Roundhead Countmunk CmdIeed head (PhilHps rscass) sen-tapping screws 0.2.2 Nuts ad washers Nuts are usually hexagonal, but may be square or round. Steel hexagon nuts may be 'black' or 'bright' and have one or both faces chamfered. Washers are used to distribute load and prevent damage to a surface. They are mostly of steel, but brass, copper, aluminium, fibre, leather and plastin are used. A wide variety of lock washers and locking devices are available, including adhesives such as 'Loctite'. l~"3o"l 309 300 R f f Square nut ' Cap nut (cmwn nut. dome nut) 296 MECHANICAL ENGINEER’S DATA HANDBOOK Wing nut Barrel nut Welded type barrel nut Elastic stop nut (NYLOC nut) Spring lxk nut (compression stop nut) Locked nuts (jam nuts) Castle nut Slotted nut , Before fitting Fmed Spli nut Stamped spring nut Is- @- I Plain washer (flat washer) Taper washer and application GENERAL DATA 297 Helical spring lock washer Two-coil spnng lodc washer -i- internally serrated lock washer (tooth kdc washer) Externally serrated lo& washer: (a) fiat and (b) for countersunk hole Tab washer 8.2.3 Rivets and pins Rivets Rivets are used to make permanent joints between two or more plates. Steel rivets may be closed when red hot; rivets of softer metals such as aluminium and copper may be closed cold. There are a number of types of riveted joint configurations for plates, two of which are shown in the figure. Snap Pan Pan head Countersunk Round head countersunk w@q$ Flat C0;lil Types of rivet Rivet Tubular tivet -@ BeC0re"mting Pop rivet Tab washer-application Flush rivet 298 MECHANICAL ENGINEER’S DATA HANDBOOK tight fit. Split pins are used mainly for locking nuts. Cotter pins are used to connect rods in tension and fits into mating slots. Explosive rivet Riveted lap joint Double riveted bun pint with two straps Pins Dowel pins Dowel pin fitted Grwved pin Coltei -q+- Plain pin Taper pin Roll pin -e- The term ‘pin’ refers to a large number of components used for fixing, locating and load carrying. Dowel pins are used to locate accurately one part relative to another. Taper pins fit into taper holes and are often used for light shaft couplings. A grooved pin has grooves with raised edges to give a tight fit in a hole. -*. @-\ ~ The roll pin is a spring steel tube which closes to give a Split pin (cotter pin) GENERAL DATA 299 8.2.4 IS0 metric nut arad bolt sizes IS0 metric precision hexagon nuts and bolts (all quantities) (in mm) M1.6 0.35 3.2 3.7 M2 0.4 4 4.6 M2.5 0.45 5 5.8 M3 0.5 5.5 6.4 M4 0.7 7 8.1 M5 0.8 8 9.2 M6 1 10 11.5 M8 1.25 13 15 M10 1.5 17 19.6 M12 1.75 19 21.9 M16 2 24 27.7 M20 2.5 30 34.6 M24 3 36 41.6 M30 3.5 46 53.1 M36 4 55 63.5 M42 4.5 65 75.1 M48 5 75 86.6 M56 5.5 85 98.1 M64 6 95 109.7 1.225 1.525 1.825 2.125 2.925 3.65 4.15 5.65 7.18 8.18 10.18 13.215 15.215 19.26 23.26 26.26 30.26 35.31 40.31 9.2 1.3 - 0.35 0.4 10 1.6 11 2 - 0.45 0.5 12 2.4 14 3.2 - 0.7 0.8 16 4 1 18 5 22 6.5 5.0 1.25 26 8 6.0 1.5 30 10 7.0 1.75 38 13 8.0 2 46 16 9.0 2.5 54 19 10.0 3 66 24 12.0 3.5 18 29 14.0 4 90 34 16.0 4.5 102 38 18.0 5 118 46 - 5.5 6 134 51 - - - - - 0.795 1.25 1.53 1.6 2.61 2.05 4.0 2.5 6.82 3.3 11.3 4.2 15.8 5 30.0 6.8 48 8.5 70.5 10.2 136 14 212 17.5 305 21 492 26.5 722 32 1007 37.5 1330 43 1830 50.5 2430 58 D =nominal diameter pr =pitch (fine series) pE =pitch (coarse series) f= width across flats c = width across corners h=height of head Lmin =minimum length of thread t, =thickness of normal nut t, = thickness of thin nut Ab=area at bottom of thread D, = tapping drill diameter for coarse thread L = bolt length 4 Standard bolt lengths (L) 20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,80,90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150 Standard screw lengths 10, 12, 16, 18, 20,22, 25, 30, 35,40,45, 50, 55,60, 70. [...]... 53.746 59.614 65.710 75.189 81.534 87.884 100.330 113. 030 125.73 138 .43 151 .13 163.83 44.845 50.788 56.656 62.752 72.226 78.576 84.926 97.372 110.072 122.772 135 .472 148.172 160.372 2) 2 : 3 3) 4 4) 5 5) 6 8.2.9 Rectangular BS keys Dimensions (mm) Shaft diameter, D 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-17 17-22 22-30 30-38 3 8 4 4450 50-58 58-65 65-75 75-85 85-95 95-1 10 110 -130 130 -150 150-170 170-200 200-230 230-260 260-290... 7.62 8.99 48.3 3.2 4.0 5.O 3.56 4.37 5.34 4.53 5.57 6.80 11.60 13. 8 16.2 60.3 3.2 4.0 5.0 4.51 5.55 6.82 5.74 7.07 8.69 23.5 28.2 33.5 76.1 3.2 4.0 5.O 5.75 7.1 1 8.77 7.33 9.06 11.2 48.8 59.1 70.9 88.9 3.2 4.0 5.O 6.76 8.38 10.3 8.62 10.7 13. 2 79.2 96.3 116 114.3 3.6 5.O 6.3 9.83 13. 5 16.8 12.5 17.2 21.4 192 257 313 1, (cm') 305 GENERAL DATA D (rnrn) t (rnm) M A (kgm-') (an2) I, (crn4) A (kgrn-') (crn2)... 2.9* 3.6 5 O 6.3 6.99 8.59 11.70 14.40 8.90 10.90 14.90 18.40 88.0 106 139 165 300 90 3.6 5 O 6.3 9.72 13. 30 16.40 12.4 16.9 20.9 154 202 242 350 100 4.0 5.O 6.3 8.0 10.0 12.00 14.80 18.40 22.90 27.90 15.3 18.9 23.4 29.1 35.5 234 283 34 I 408 474 *Not to BS 4848: Part 2 M D (rnm) 400 (rnm) 1, (crn4) 306 MECHANICAL ENGINEER’SDATA HANDBOOK Rectangular hollow steel sections (BS 4 4 : a t 2) 88Pr DxB t... 3.35 3.66 3.58 3.86 4.26 4.66 11.6 12.4 13. 3 14.5 60x40 2.5* 2.9* 3.2 4.0 3.71 4.26 4.66 5.72 4.72 5.42 5.94 7.28 23.1 26.2 28.3 33.6 12.2 13. 7 14.8 17.3 80x40 2.9* 3.2 4.0 5.17 5.67 6.97 6.58 7.22 8.88 53.5 58.1 69.6 2.9* 3.6 5.0 6.08 7.46 10.1 7.74 9.50 12.9 82.9 99.8 130 32.8 39.1 50.0 100 x 50 2.9* 3.2 4.0 5.0 6.3* 6.53 7.18 8.86 10.9 13. 4 8.32 9.14 11.3 13. 9 17.1 108 117 142 170 202 36.1 39.1... 149 7880 9798 11940 14460 17700 4216 5219 6331 7619 92931 400x200 10.0 12.5 16.0 90.7 112 142 116 143 181 24140 29410 36300 8138 9820 11950 450x250 10.0 12.5 16.0 106 132 167 136 168 213 37180 45470 56420 14900 18100 22250 17.7 19.1 22.6 90x50 DxB t (mm x mm) (mm) 307 GENERAL DATA 8.3.2 I S 0 metric metal sheet, strip and wire sizes Preference is given in the order: R 10, R20, R40 Sizes (mm) R 10 R... 91.5 48.6 61.1 75.5 93.0 117 3 033 3 744 4 525 5419 6 524 250 6.3 8.O 10 12.5 16 48.1 60.5 75.0 92.6 117 61.2 77.1 95.5 118 149 6 049 7 510 9 141 11 050 134 80 10 12.5 16 90.7 112 142 116 143 181 16 150 19630 24 160 10.0 12.5 16.0 106 132 167 136 168 213 26 050 31 810 39 370 10.0 12.5 122 152 156 193 39 350 48 190 20 2.0 2.6 1.12 1.39 1.42 1.78 0.76 0.88 25 2.0* 2.6* 3.2* 1.43 1.80 2.15 1.82 2.30 2.74...300 8.2.5 MECHANICAL ENGINEER’SDATA HANDBOOK Clearance holes for bolts 8.2.6 British Association (BA) screw threads Clearance holes for metric bolts Bolt size, D (mm) Fine Medium Coarse 1.6 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 36 39 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.2 4.3 5.3 6.4 7.4 8.4 10.5 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 28 31 34 37 40 1.8 2.4 2.9 3.4 4.5 5.5 6.6... 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 1.20 1.20 1.20 2.00 2.00 2.00 303 GENERAL DATA 4 8.2 I O I S 0 straight-sided splines Dimensions (mm) Light series Do Di n Medium series Do b ~ n=number of splines Di n b 82 92 102 112 125 72 82 92 102 112 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 14 16 18 304 8.3 MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S DATA HANDBOOK Engineering stock 8.3 I Circular, square and rectangular hollow steel sections... 11 11 11 0.907 0.907 1.337 1.337 1.814 1.814 1.814 1.814 2.309 2.309 2.309 Major diameter (mm) 7.723 9.728 13. 157 16.662 20.955 22.91 1 26.441 30.201 33.249 37.897 41.910 Minor diameter (mm ) 6.561 8.566 11.445 14.950 18.631 20.587 24.1 17 27.877 30.291 34.939 38.952 302 MECHANICAL ENGINEER’SDATA HANDBOOK BSP pipe threads (BS2779: 1973) - Whitwortb thread form (continued) Nominal size (in.) Threads per... 9.00 10.00 11.2 12.5 14.0 16.0 18.0 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.30 5.60 6.00 6.30 6.70 7.10 7.50 8.00 8.50 9 00 9.50 10.00 10.6 11.2 10.6 12.5 13. 2 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 20.0 22.4 20.0 22.4 23.6 25.0 21.2 25.0 25.0 308 MECHANICAL ENGINEER’S DATA HANDBOOK 0.3.3 Copper pipe sizes for domestic water pipes, etc Size are given in BS 2871: Part 1 Nominal thickness (mm) (mm) Table X: Half-hard, . muntersurk head screw Socket shoulder head screw MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S DATA HANDBOOK -1 Eye bolt indented foundation bon Rawlbon GENERAL DATA 295 Screws The term 'screw'. 20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,80,90, 100, 110, 120, 130 , 140, 150 Standard screw lengths 10, 12, 16, 18, 20,22, 25, 30, 35,40,45, 50, 55,60, 70. 300 MECHANICAL ENGINEER’S DATA HANDBOOK 8.2.5 Clearance holes. 75.189 81.534 87.884 100.330 113. 030 125.73 138 .43 151 .13 163.83 44.845 50.788 56.656 62.752 72.226 78.576 84.926 97.372 110.072 122.772 135 .472 148.172 160.372 8.2.9 Rectangular