340 MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S DATA HANDBOOK Stainless steel. (continued) springs, 235 see also Steel Stanton number, heat convection, 132 Steam, density. 264 Steam plant, condenser heat exchangers. 138-9 impulse-reaction turbine. 115-16 impulse turbine, pressure compounded. 1 IS reheat factor and efficiency, 116 single-stage, I14 velocity compounded, 1 I5 dry saturated steam. 112 with reheat, I13 with superheat. 112-13 Rankin cycle, regenerative cycle, 113 applications. 237 Brinell hardness numbers, 239 British standards for, 228 chrome-vanadium (spring), 235 as clutch and brake material, 8S6 coefficient of expansion, 265 corrosion resistance, 261 density, 263 drilling, cutting speeds, feed rates and endurance limits and fatigue stress, 18 friction with various materials, 8s hard-drawn spring, 235 high-speed steels, 190 high strength, 260 lubricants for drilling, reaming and as machine tool slide material, 86 milling cutting speeds, feed rates and negative rake cutting speeds. 194 oil-tempered spring, 235 physical properties, 237 silicon-chromium (spring), 235 silicon-mangenese (spring), 235 steel tools, 190 surface emissivity, I37 tensile testing, 286-7 thermal conductivity, 131 turning, cutting speeds, feed rates and power, rake angle, I77 velocity of sound in, 309 welding fillers and fluxes, 209 welding processes, 2 14 see also Carbon steel; Stainless steel; Steel, power, 180, 192-3 tapping, 181 power, 187-8. 192-3 1745, 192-3 Steel alloys Steel alloys, alloy elements, 221 aluminium, effect of, 222 cast high-alloy properties. 224 chromium, effect of, 222 cobalt, effect of, 222 copper, effect of, 222 high alloy. 222, 223 lead, effect of, 222 low alloy, 222, 223 mangenese, effect of, 222 medium alloy. 222, 223 molybdenum, effect of, 222 nickel, effect of. 222 silicon, effect of. 223 sulphur, effect of, 223 titanium, effect of, 223 tungsten. effect of. 223 vanadium. effect of. 223 Steel section engineering stock. dimensions of. circular hollow section, 304 hollow rectangular section. 306 hollow square section. 305 Steelwork, factors of safety. 309 Stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. 139, 140 Stone, density, 264 factors of safety, 308 Straight-line formula, struts buckling. 47 Strain, definition, 1 measurement. 271-3, 287 strain gauges, 271-3 Strain energy. shear, 6 springs, 38 tension and compression, 6 torsion, 7 Strain gauges. 271-3 strain gauge rosette, 273 Strength see Stress Strength of materials, high Stress, 1-7 balls. contact, 51-2 bars, strength-to-weight materials, 262 thick curved, 28-9 thin curved. 29-30 bending, 2.45 bending and direct combined. 2 bending and torsion, 2-3 bolts, IO. 11-12 butt joints, 12 compound, 2,3 compressive, 25 concentration Factors, bending stepped bars. 2 I gear teath, 24 groved shafts, 22 keyways, 24 plate with hole, 20 screw threads, 24 stepped shafts, 23 welds, 24 contact, balls and rollers, 51-2 crane hooks, 29 crushing, 45. I2 cylinders, 48-50 fatigue stress, 17, 18-20 fluctuating, alternating, 17 repeated. 17 flywheels, 15-1 6 hoop, 49 hydrostatic. 2 impact, 3 knuckle joints, 45 lap joints. 12 circular. 53 circular with hole. 55 rectangular concentrated load, 54 plate, rectangular uniform load. 54 rings. 28-31 rivets, I2 rollers. contact, 52 rotational. 15-16 shear. 1.45. 1@12 shrink fit cylinders, 50 SI equivalents. 292 Soderberg diagram. 18 spheres. 49-50 struts. 48 tensile, 4 welds. 12-15 stress concentration factors. 24 Stress corrosion cracking. 241 Stroboscope. 284 Struts, buckling. Euler theory, 47 Johnson's parabolic formula. 47 Perry-Robertson formula. 47-8 RankinGordon formula. 47 straight-line formula. 47 pinned. deflection with lateral load. 48 Studs. 9 Styrene. drilling cutting speeds and feeds. 180 turning cutting speeds and feeds, 176 Styrene butadiene rubber adhesives. 252 Styrene butadiene rubbers. 248 Sulphur, formula and molecular weight, 140 latent heat of fusion, 108 as steel alloy element. 223 Sulphur dioxide. density. 264 formula and molecular weight. 140 latent heat of evaporation, 108 specific heat capacity, gas constant and molecular weight, 1 IO thermal conductivity. 131 boiling point. 109 cubical expansion. 265 Sulphuric acid. Sulphur monoxide, formula and molecular weight, 140 Sun, basic parameters, 62 Superposition, loads on beams. 25 Surface finish, metal cutting, 193 Sycamore (timber), mechanical properties, Symbols for physical quantities, 288-9 Tachometers, 250 electrical. 284 mechanical. 284 Tantalum. thermoelectric sensitivity, 275 Tapered bores. measurement of angle, 270 Tapping. cutting lubricants. 181 drill sizes for, 181 see dso Drilling Technical terms. abbreviations. 290 Teeth see Gears Teflon. 243 Tellurium, thermoelectric sensitivity. 275 Temperature. conversion. 107-8 Temperature measurement. bimetalic thermometers, 278 liquid-in-glass thermometers, 274 INDEX 34 1 pyrometers. 278 reference temperatures (freezing/melting/boiling points). 279 resistance thermometers. 2767 sensitive paints. 278 thermisters, 277-8 thermocouples, 2744 Temperatures. freezing mixtures. 265 Tensile testing, steel. 2867 Tension, stepped bar with fillets. 21 Tension measurement. 272 Textiles, adhesives for, 255 TFE-fluorocarbon, drilling cutting speeds and feeds, 180 turning characteristics. I76 Thermal conductivity coefficients. various materials. 131 2 Thermal resistance. 128 Thermisters, temperature measurement. Thermocouple temperature measurement. 277-8 274-6 limits for combinations, 275 thermal emf for combinations, 276 thermoelectric sensitivity of materials. 275 Thermodynamics see Heat Thermometers, alcohol. 274 bimetal, 278 electronic thermocouple, 276 mercury in glass. 274 mercury in steel, 274 resistance, 2767 sensitive paint. 278 see also Temperature measurement Thermopiles, 275 Thermoplastics, 2424. 246 as an adhesive, 252-3 turning characteristics. I76 turning, drilling, milling properties. 194 Thermosets. 244. 246-7 adhesives for. 255 as an adhesive. 2534 Threads see Screw threads Throttling. irreversible gas process, I05 Tile, surface emissivity, 137 Timber, applications. 238 factors of safety, 308 properties, 238 Timing belts see Belt drives Tin. applications. 234 coefficient of expansion. 265 density, 263 latent heat of fusion, 108 low melting point alloys. 236-7 specific heat capacity. I IO thermal conductivity, I31 Tinman’s solder, applications. 234 Titanium. applications. 234 coefficient of expansion. 265 corrosion resistance, 241 density, 263 recommended welding processes. 21 4 specific heat capacity, 1 IO as steel alloy element, 223 Tolerances. limits and fits, 21617 Tool forces, Merchants circle, I934 Tools see Drilling; Milling: Turning Torque, automobiles, 78-9 Torque diagrams. 39 Torque measurement, 273 Torque-wrench tightening. IO Torsion. hollow circular shaft. 6.7 rectangular bar, 67 shafts. 22, 23 solid circular shaft. 6 stress, 2,6.7 thin bar and thin section, 7 thin tubular section. 7 torsion bar spring. 35-6 Toughness tests, 286 TPX (methylpentene). 243 Tractive effort. automobiles. 78 Tufnol. 245 Tungsten. applications. 234 coefficient of expansion. 265 density, 263 properties pure, 240 resistance temperature coefficient. 277 specific heat capacity. 110 as steel alloy element. 223 thermal conductivity, 131 thermoelectric sensitivity, 275 Turbine blades and rotors, factors of safety, 309 Turbine engines, 91 Turbine How meters. 282 Turbines, impulse (Pelton) water, 170 reaction (Francis) water. 170- I specific speed concept. 171 see afso Gas turbines: Steam plant cutting power, 1734 cutting speeds, 175 cutting tool forces, I73 force versus cutting speed. I74 force versus depth of cut, I74 force versus feed rate, 175 lathe operation standard times. 176 lathe-tool nomenclature and setting. metal cutting. single point. 173 parting-off tools, 178 plastics, I76 rake angle, I77 tool life, 174 tool setting. I78 CUbkdI expansion. 265 latent heat of evaporation. 108 specific heat capacity. I10 Turret lathe operations, 176 see also Turning Two-stroke engines see Engines Type metal, 234 UF (urea formaldehyde foam). 246, 247 UNC (Unified Coarse) threads, 8.301 UNF (Unified Fine) threads, 8.301 Units. abbreviations. 291 Units for physical quantities, 288-9 Universal gas constant. 102 Turning. 176-8 Turpentine, Uranium. density, 263 specific heat capacity. I IO thermal conductivity. I3 I Urea formaldehyde. thermal conductivity. Urea formaldehyde foam (UF). 246. 247 132 Vanadium. density. 263 specific heat capacity. I IO as steel alloy element. 223 Vane air compressor. 125-6 Vapours. as cutting Huids. 196 dryness fraction, 106. 107 enthalpy. 1067 enthalpy-entropy diagram. 107 Vee belts see Belt drives Vee thread. 76.84 Vehicles on curved horizontal track. overturning speed. ho skidding speed, 60 Velocity. SI equivalents, 292 Velocity of flow meters, 2834 Velocity ratio (VR). machines. 63 screw threads. 84 winches and pulleys. 67-8 How meters, 282 liquid flow measurement. 154-5 beams. 31-2 forced damped. 8 1-2 free damped. critical. 81 heavy. 81 light. 81 free undamped. spring mass. 80 torsional. 80 helical springs, 33 simple harmonic motion, 79-80 three mass system. 83 Venturi. Vibration. Vicker’s pyramid hardness number (VPN). Viscosity, 239. 285 dynamic. 156 kinematic. I56 water. 156 Volume. SI equivalents. 292 Volume flow rate, SI equivalents. 292 VPN see Vicker‘s pyramid hardness number VR see Velocity ratio Wahl factor. springs. 32 Washers, helical spring lock, IO tab washer. IO two coil spring, IO types of. 2967 boiling point, 109 cubical expansion, 265 density. 264 heavy. specific heat capacity. 1 IO latent heat of evaporation. 108 specific heat capacity. I IO Water. 342 MECHANICAL ENGINEER’S DATA HANDBOOK Water, (confinued) steam, formula and molecular weight, 140 surface emissivity, 137 thermal conductivity, 131 velocity of sound in, 309 viscosity, 156 Water based fluids as cutting fluids, 195 Water uapour, thermal conductivity, 131 Watt governer, 75 Wedge, friction forces, 84 Weirs, liquid flow through, 153 Welding, arc, edge preparation, 214 fillet welds, 21 1-12 fusion joint processes, 21 1 gas shielded, 213 recommended usage, 214 resistance seam, 2 12-1 3 solidfliquid joint processes, 21 I solid phase joint processes, 21 I spot welding, 212 carburizing flame, 208 edge preparation, sped and metal thickness, 207-8 fillers and fluxes, 209 flame cutting, 210 methods, 208-9 gas, neutral he. 208 oxidizing flame, 208 oxyacetylene welding, 207 recommended usage, 214 bracket welds, 13 butt welds, 13, 21 1-12 factors of safety, 309 fillet welds, 13 stress allowable, 216 symbols, 213 tack welds. 21 I terminology. 21 5 throat size, 215 weld fatigue failure, 19-20 weld group properties, 14-15 weld stress concentration, 24 Wheels, cast iron, factors of safety, White heart cast iron (BS 309). properties, Winches, 67 wood, 309 219 adhesives for, 255 as clutch and brake material, 86 densities, 263 friction coefficient with cast iron; steel, 8% properties and permitted stresses, 250 specific heat capacity. I IO surface emissivity, 137 thermal conductivity, I32 velocity of sound in, 309 boiling point, 109 latent heat of evaporation, 108 Wood alcohol, Wood’s metal, 237 Work. definition, 58-9 SI equivalents. 292-3 Worm gears. 99 Wrought aluminium see Aluminium Xenon, density, 264 Yield stress, steel, 287 Young’s modulus, definition. 1 steel testing, 287 Zinc. applications, 234 corrosion resistance, 241 density, 263 latent heat of fusion, 108 properties pure, 240 specific heat capacity, I IO thermal conductivity. I31 Thii book provides the student and profwod nwhniil aagimerwith a mference text of an essdaHypmdicd nature. Uncluttered by tat, an extensive use of illustrations and tables provides quick and ckar KUSS to inhndh. h also indudes exampbs d Wkd cokulolionr 011 mony d the applii ofidwbgy d by mrchanicol and produdioA etqinm, dmughm d qinwiq designers. I comms Slragtk of matodds: Trpesofdrssr urength offostenm Stress due to rotation Fatigue and drsss conontrotion Boding of beams Spriqjs shahs Struts Cylinders and hollow Iphrrer bntoddrsss*Flatm udania: M'mech4nics Bdt drives Balancing Miscellaneous machine dements Autorobib mechanics Vibmtions Friction Bmkesddutthes Bearings Gwrs ky ndaks: Hydrostoticr Flow of lids in pipes and duds Fbw of liquids through voriow bvices Viand hinarh Fluid iats Flow dgosos Fluid machines - rclkrkb: Ferrous metals Non-ferrous metals Miscellaneous metals W Ebsbmors Wood Adhesives brnposites Ceramics (kments Materialsfor special quhmmts ~laneousinfonnation - -: hgth mmumment Angle mearurement Strain mearumment Twnprrohrre measurement Pressure measum Flow measurement Velocity mearurenmnt Rotoliosal rpesd measurement Matwiak fasting measurement hmml dah : Units and symbols Fadeners Enginerring stock Miscellaneous data Glossary Index An knprlnt of Elsevier Science www.bh.com ISBN 0-7506-1960-0 9 780750 619608 . 340 MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S DATA HANDBOOK Stainless steel. (continued) springs, 235 see also Steel Stanton. IO latent heat of evaporation. 108 specific heat capacity. I IO Water. 342 MECHANICAL ENGINEER’S DATA HANDBOOK Water, (confinued) steam, formula and molecular weight, 140 surface. finish, metal cutting, 193 Sycamore (timber), mechanical properties, Symbols for physical quantities, 288-9 Tachometers, 250 electrical. 284 mechanical. 284 Tantalum. thermoelectric sensitivity,