ASM Metals Handbook - Desk Edition (ASM_ 1998) Episode 4 pptx

Cold Finishing Pipe in suitable sizes and most products classified as tubing, both seamless and welded, may be cold finished. The process may be used to increase or decrease the diameter, to produce shapes other than round, to produce a smoother surface or closer dimensional tolerances, or to modify mechanical properties. The process most commonly used is cold drawing, in which the descaled hot-worked tube is plastically deformed by drawing it through a die and over a mandrel (mandrel drawing) to work both exterior and interior surfaces. Cold drawing through the die only (without a mandrel) is called sink drawing or sinking. Tube Reducing and Swaging. In tube reducing by rotorolling or pilgering and in swaging, a reducing die works the tube hollow over a mandrel; swaging may, however, be done without a mandrel. The commercial importance of tube reducing is, first, that very heavy reductions (up to 85%) can be applied to mill length tubes, and second, that the process can be applied to the refractory alloys that are difficult to cold draw because of high power requirements. Cold Finishing. Tubular products of circular cross section may be cold finished on the outside by turning, grinding, or polishing, or by any combination of these processes. They may be bored, skived, or honed on the inside diameter. Because these operations involve stock removal only, with negligible plastic deformation, there is no enhancement of mechanical properties. Many of the standard specifications involving strength are based on the properties of hot-rolled or cold-worked material. Some high-strength oil country goods are heat treated to achieve the combination of high strength, ductility, and sulfide stress corrosion cracking resistance required by the intended application. Cold drawing may be employed to improve surface finish and dimensional accuracy and to increase the strength of tubular products. Some customer specifications prescribe strength levels that can best be attained by cold working. Pipe Sizes and Specifications Pipe is distinguished from tubing by the fact that is produced in relatively few sizes and, therefore, in comparatively large quantities of each size. For a reasonably complete list of the standardized sizes and weights of pipe for the major named uses, the AISI Steel Products Manual should be consulted. For oil country tubular goods, the specifications of the American Petroleum Institute (API) govern. Table 3 lists the current ASTM, API, and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) specifications covering pipe. Some of these involve several grades. The specifications listed cover carbon high- strength low-alloy (HSLA), and alloy steels other than stainless, all methods of manufacture, and a wide range of service temperature. Steels are produced with yield strengths ranging from 170 MPa to 930 MPa (25 to 135 ksi). Table 3 ASTM, API, and CSA specifications for carbon, HSLA, and alloy steel pipe Specification Product ASTM specifications A 53 (a) Welded and seamless steel pipe, black and hot dipped, zinc coated A 106 (a) Seamless carbon steel pipe for high-temperature service A 134 (a) Arc-welded steel-plate pipe (sizes 400 mm, or 16 in., and over) A 135 (a) Resistance-welded steel pipe A 139 Arc-welded steel pipe (sizes 100 mm, or 4 in., and over) A 211 Spiral-welded steel or iron pipe A 252 Welded and seamless steel pipe piles A 333 (a) Welded and seamless steel pipe for low-temperature service A 335 (a) Seamless ferritic alloy steel pipe for high-temperature service A 381 Double submerged-arc welded steel pipe for high-pressure transmission systems A 405 Seamless ferritic alloy steel pipe, specially heat treated for high-temperature service A 523 Resistance-welded or seamless steel pipe (plain end) for high-pressure electric cable conduit A 524 (a) Seamless carbon steel pipe for atmospheric service and lower temperatures A 587 (a) Resistance-welded low-carbon steel pipe for the chemical industry A 589 Welded and seamless carbon steel water well pipe A 671 (a) Arc-welded steel pipe for atmospheric service and lower temperatures A 672 (a) Arc-welded steel pipe for high-pressure service at moderate temperatures A 691 Arc-welded carbon or alloy steel pipe for high-pressure service at high temperatures A 714 Welded and seamless HSLA steel pipe A 795 Black and hot-dipped zinc-coated (galvanized) welded and seamless steel pipe for fire protection use API specifications 2B Specification for fabricated structural steel and pipe 5CT Specification for casing and tubing 5D Specification for drill pipe 5L Specification for line pipe CSA standard CAN3-Z245.1-M86 Steel line pipe (a) This ASTM specification is also published by ASME, which adds an "S" in front of the "A" (for example, SA 53). Common Types of Pipe The following brief descriptions concern the end uses of some of the more common types of pipe. Standard pipe is standard weight, extra strong, and double extra strong welded, or seamless pipe of ordinary finish and dimensional tolerances, produced in sizes up to 660 mm (26 in.) in nominal diameter, inclusive. This pipe is used for fluid conveyance and some structural purposes. Conduit pipe is welded or seamless pipe intended especially for fabrication into rigid conduit, a product used for the protection of electrical wiring systems. Piling pipe is welded or seamless pipe for use as piles, with the cylinder section acting as a permanent load-carrying member or as a shell to form cast-in-place concrete piles. Pipe for nipples is standard weight, extra strong, or double extra strong welded or seamless pipe, produced for the manufacture of pipe nipples. Transmission or line pipe is welded or seamless pipe currently produced in sizes ranging from 3 mm ( in.) nominal to 1.2 m (48 in.) actual outside diameter and is used principally for conveying gas or oil. Transmission pipe, which is covered by API Specification 5L and CSA specification Z245.1 is being increasingly manufactured from microalloyed HSLA steels with yield strengths as high as 550 MPa (80 ksi). Water main pipe is welded or seamless steel pipe used for conveying water for municipal and industrial purposes. Pipe lines for such purposes are commonly designated as flow mains, transmission mains, force mains, water mains, or distribution mains. The mains are generally laid underground. Oil country tubular goods is a collective term applied in the oil and gas industries to three kinds of pipe used in oil wells: drill pipe, casing, and tubing. These products conform to API specifications 5CT (casing and tubing) and 5D (drill pipe). Drill pipe is used to transmit power by rotary motion from ground level to a rotary drilling tool below the surface and to convey flushing media to the cutting face of the tool. Drill pipe is produced in sizes ranging from 60 to 170 mm (2 to 6 in.) in outside diameter. Size designations refer to actual outside diameter and weight per foot. Drill pipe is usually upset, either internally or externally, or both, and is prepared to accommodate welded-on types of joints. Casing is used as a structural retainer for the walls of oil or gas wells, to exclude undesirable fluids, and to confine and conduct oil or gas from productive subsurface strata to ground level. Casing is produced in sizes from 115 to 500 mm (4 to 20 in.) in outside diameter. Tubing is used within the casing of oil wells to conduct oil and gas to ground level. It is produced in sizes from 26 to 114 mm (1.05 to 4.50 in.) in outside diameter, in several weights per foot. Ends are threaded for special integral-type joints or fitted with couplings and may or may not be upset externally. Water well pipe is a collective term applied to four types of pipe that are used in water wells and that conform to ASTM A 589: type I, drive pipe; type II, reamed and drifted pipe; type III, driven well pipe; and type IV, casing pipe. Drive pipe is used to transmit power from ground level to a rotary drill tool below the surface and to convey flushing media to the cutting face of the tool. The lengths of pipe have specially threaded ends that permit the lengths to butt inside the coupling. Drive pipe is produced in nominal sizes of 150, 200, 300, 350, and 400 mm (6, 8, 12, 14, and 16 in.) in outside diameter. Driven well pipe is threaded pipe in short lengths used for the manual driving of a drill tool or for use with short rigs. It may be furnished in random lengths ranging from 0.9 to 1.8 m (3 to 6 ft) or in random lengths ranging from 1.8 to 3.0 m (6 to 10 ft). Casing is used both to confine and conduct water to ground level and as a structural retainer for the walls of water wells. It is produced as threaded pipe in random lengths from 4.9 to 6.7 m (16 to 22 ft) and in sizes from 90 to 220 mm (3 to 8 in.) in outside diameter. In western water well practice, welded strings are sometimes used. Reseamed and drifted pipe is similar to casing, but is manufactured and inspected in a manner that assures the well driller that the pipe string will have a predetermined minimum diameter sufficient to permit unrestricted passage of pumps or other equipment through the string. Pressure pipe, as distinguished from pressure tubes, is a commercial term for pipe that is used to convey fluids at elevated temperature or pressure, or both, but that is not subjected to the external application of heat. This commodity is not differentiated from other types of pipe by ASTM, and the applicable specifications are listed with the other types in Table 3. Pressure pipe ranges in size from 3 mm ( in.) nominal to 660 mm (26 in.) actual outside diameter in various wall thicknesses. Pressure Tubes Pressure tubes are given a separate classification by both ASTM and the producers. Pressure tubes are distinguished from pressure pipe in that they are suitable for application of external heat while conveying pressurized fluids. The principal named uses of pressure tubing are given in Table 2. These tubings are produced to actual outside diameter and minimum or average wall thickness (as specified by the purchaser) and may be hot finished or cold finished, as specified. Double-wall brazed tubing is a specialty tubing confined to small sizes (refer to ASTM A 254) It is used in large quantities by the automotive industry for brake lines and fuel lines, and by the refrigeration industry for refrigerant lines. It is made by forming copper-coated strip into a tubular section with double walls, using either single-strip or double strip construction. The tubing is then heated in a reducing atmosphere to join all mating surfaces completely. The resulting product is thus copper coated both inside and outside. When required by the intended service, a tin coating may be supplied. Available sizes range from 3 to 15 mm ( to in.) in outside diameter (OD) with wall thickness from 0.64 mm (0.025 in.) for 3 mm ( in.) OD to 0.9 mm (0.035 in.) for 15 mm ( in.) OD. Structural Tubing Structural tubing is used for the welded, riveted, or bolted construction of bridges and building and for general structural purposes. It is available in round, square, rectangular, or special-shape tubing, as well as tapered tubing. These products are covered by ASTM specifications. Mechanical Tubing Mechanical tubing includes welded and seamless tubing used for wide variety of mechanical purposes. It is usually produced to meet specific end-use requirements and therefore is produced in many shapes, to a variety of chemical compositions and mechanical properties, and with hot-rolled or cold-finished surfaces. Most mechanical tubing is ordered to ASTM specifications. Even when customer specifications are used, they usually reference portions of the ASTM standard. Mechanical tubing is not produced to specified standard sizes: instead, it is produced to specified dimensions, which may be anything the customer requires within the limits of production equipment or processes. Welded mechanical tubing is usually made by electric resistance welding, but some is made by the various fusion welding processes. In all instances, the exterior welding flash may be removed (if necessary) by cutting, grinding, or hammering. Electric resistance welded (ERW) mechanical tubing is made from hot-rolled or cold-rolled carbon steel or from alloy steel strip. The welded tubing can be supplied as-welded, hot finished, or cold finished. Sizes produced by ERW range in outside diameters from 6.4 to 400 mm ( to 16 in.) and in wall thickness from 1.65 to 17 mm (0.065 to 0.680 in.) for hot- rolled steel and 0.65 to 4.2 mm (0.025 to 0.165 in.) for cold-rolled steel. Continuous-welded cold-finished mechanical tubing, as its name implies, is tubing that has been hot formed by furnace butt welding and cold finished. It is furnished sink drawn or mandrel drawn and is available in outside diameters up to 90 mm (3 in.) and wall thicknesses from 0.9 to 13 mm (0.035 to 0.500 in.). The material is low-carbon steel, and the product is, in effect, a form of cold-drawn pipe. Although furnished in a narrower size range than electric resistance welded tubing, it has two advantages: within the available size range, heavier walls are available, and there is no problem with flash. Seamless mechanical tubing, both hot and cold finished, is available in a wide variety of finishes and mechanical properties. It is made from carbon and alloy steels in sizes up to and including 325 mm (12 in.) OD. Closed-Die Steel Forgings Introduction FORGING is the process of working hot metal between dies, usually under successive blows and sometimes by continuous squeezing. Closed-die forgings, hot upset parts, and extrusions are shaped within a cavity formed by the closed dies. Justification for selecting forging in preference to other and sometimes more economical methods of producing useful shapes is based on several considerations. Mechanical properties in wrought materials are maximized in the direction of major metal flow during working. Types of Forgings Forgings are classified in several ways, beginning with the general classifications "open-die" and "closed-die." They are also classified in terms of the "close-to-finish" factor, or the amount of stock (cover) that must be removed from the forging by machining to satisfy the dimensional and detail requirements of the finished part (Fig. 1). Finally, forgings are classified in terms of the forging equipment required for their manufacture: for example, hammer upset forgings, ring- rolled forgings and multiple-ram press forgings (see the Section "Forging" in this Handbook for more detailed information on such equipment). Fig. 1 Schematic composite of cross sections of blocker-type, conventional, and precision forgings Of the various classifications, those based on the close-to-finish factor are most closely related to the inherent properties of the forging, such as strength and resistance to stress corrosion. In general, the type of forging that requires the least machining to satisfy finished-part requirements has the best properties. For this reason, a finished part that is machined from a blocker-type forging usually exhibits mechanical properties and corrosion characteristics that are inferior to those of a part produced from a close-tolerance, no-draft forging. Selection of Steel Selection of a steel for a forged component is an integral part of the design process, and acceptable performance is dependent on this choice. A thorough understanding of the end use of the finished part will serve to define the required mechanical properties, surface-finish requirements, tolerance to nonmetallic inclusions, and the attendant inspection methods and criteria. Forging-quality steels are produced to a wide range of chemical compositions by electric furnace, open hearth, or pneumatic steelmaking processes. Forgeability describes the relative ability of a steel to flow under compressive loading without fracturing. Except for resulfurized and rephosphorized grades, most carbon and low-alloy steels are usually considered to have good forgeability. Differences in forging behavior among the various grades of steel are small enough that selection of the steel is seldom affected by forging behavior. However, the choice of a resulfurized or rephosphorized steel for a forging is usually justified only if the forging must be extensively machined; because one of the principal reasons for considering manufacture by forging is the avoidance of subsequent machining operations, this situation is uncommon. Design Requirements. Selection of a steel for a forged part usually requires some compromise between opposing factors; for instance, strength versus toughness, stress-corrosion resistance versus weight, manufacturing cost versus useful load-carrying ability, production cost versus maintenance cost, and the cost of the steel. Material selection also involves consideration of melting practices, forming methods, machining operations, heat-treating procedures, and deterioration of properties with time in service, as well as the conventional mechanical and chemical properties of the steel to be forged. An efficient forging design obtains maximum performance from the minimum amount of material consistent with the loads to be applied, producibility, and desired life expectancy. To match a steel to its design component, the steel is first appraised for strength and toughness and then qualified for stability to temperature and environment. Optimum steels are then analyzed for producibility and finally for economy. Cost. The cost of steel as a percentage of the total manufacturing cost of forgings is shown in Fig. 2. These curves are based on an average of many actual forgings that are different in number of forging and heat treating operations required, cost of steel, quantity, and setup cost. It should not be inferred from these data that an average 14 kg (30 lb) stainless steel forging will cost 34% more than an average carbon steel forging of the same weight. Fig. 2 Cost of steel as a percentage of total cost of forgings Material Control After completion of a forging design, there remains the responsibility of ensuring and verifying that the delivered forging will have all of the properties and characteristics specified on the forging drawing. Responsibility for material control is subject to agreement between the purchaser and forging supplier. In many such agreements, the purchaser is responsible for design, material selection, and controls during manufacture; the forging supplier is responsible for performing raw-material inspection as well as maintaining adequate process control and product inspection. Tests and Test Coupons. Tests contained in the material specifications are intended to provide correlation with, and interpretation of, the behavior of material in actual use. The dynamic behavior of a full-size structural component seldom can be accurately predicted from simple room-temperature tests on small specimens. Analytical studies coupled with model or full-scale testing can augment simple tests in interpreting the complex behavior of materials. The kinds of test specimens and tests specified for quality assurance depend on the conditions imposed on the final component in service. If, for example, a critical forging is to be subjected to large tensile loads, the designer would specify tests to measure fracture toughness and tensile yield strength, For components for elevated-temperature service, tests measuring strength, ductility, and creep at appropriate temperatures would be specified. Test Plans. Frequently, specifications are prepared from the results of tests on laboratory specimens because the cost and time required for full-scale testing are usually prohibitive. Test plans for evaluation of the mechanical properties of two high-strength 9Ni-4Co steels used in aircraft service at temperatures ranging from -45 to greater than 205 °C (-50 to greater than 400 °F) are shown in Table 1. This table illustrates the range and number of tests required for a very extensive type of evaluation. Table 1 Testing plan for determining mechanical properties of forging material Number of tests for (a) : 9Ni-4Co-0.30C steel (1520-1660 MPa, or 220-240 ksi) (b) 9Ni-4Co-0.45C steel (1790-1930 MPa, or 260-280 ksi) (c) Temperature and test L LT ST Total L LT ST Total At -80 °C (-110 °F) Tension 2 3 2 7 2 4 2 8 Compression 1 3 1 5 1 4 . . . 5 Shear 1 3 1 5 1 3 1 5 Bearing e/D = 1.5 (d) 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 3 Bearing e/D = 2.0 (d) 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 6 At room temperature Tension 12 12 12 36 18 17 18 53 Compression 3 3 3 9 2 4 3 9 Shear 3 3 3 9 3 4 2 9 Bearing e/D = 1.5 (d) 3 3 3 9 3 3 3 9 Bearing e/D = 2.0 (d) 3 3 3 9 3 3 3 9 Modulus of elasticity 1 1 . . . 2 1 1 . . . 2 At 150 °C (300 °F) Tension 1 3 1 5 2 4 2 8 Compression 1 1 1 3 1 4 . . . 5 Shear 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 Bearing e/D = 1.5 (d) 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 4 Bearing e/D = 2.0 (d) . . . . . . . . . 0 1 4 1 6 At 260 °C (500 °F) Tension 2 3 2 7 . . . . . . . . . 0 Compression 1 3 1 5 . . . . . . . . . 0 Shear 1 3 1 5 . . . . . . . . . 0 Bearing e/D = 1.5 (d) 1 2 1 4 . . . . . . . . . 0 Bearing e/D = 2.0 (d) 2 2 1 5 . . . . . . . . . 0 Total number of tests 42 57 40 139 42 65 39 146 (a) L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse. (b) Three heats. (c) Four heats. (d) D, hole diameter; e, edge distance measured from the hole center to the edge of the material in direction of applied stress As shown in Table 1, test plans for mechanical properties include tension, compression, shear, and bearing strength tests; the effect of grain orientation is evaluated by testing specimens representative of the longitudinal, long-transverse, and short-transverse directions, as required. In addition to room-temperature tests, specimens are tested at -80, 150, and 260 °C (-110, 300, and 500 °F). The plan encompasses a total of 285 individual tests. Ductility and the Amount of Forging Reduction. A principal objective of material control is to ensure that optimum mechanical properties will be obtained in the finished forging. The amount of reduction achieved in forging has a marked effect on ductility, as shown in Fig. 3, which compares ductility in the cast ingot, the wrought (rolled) bar or billet, and the forging. The curves in Fig. 3(a) indicate that when a wrought bar or billet is flat forged in a die, an increase in forging reduction does not affect longitudinal ductility, but does result in a gradual increase in transverse ductility. When a similar bar or billet is upset forged in a die, an increase in forging reduction results in a gradual decrease in axial ductility and a gradual increase in radial ductility. Fig. 3 Metal flow in forging. Effect of extent and direction of metal flow during forging on ductility. (a) Longitudinal and transverse ductility in flat-forged bars. (b) Axial and radial ductility in upset-forged bars Grain Flow. Macroetching permits direct observation of grain direction and contour and also serves to detect folds, laps, and re-entrant flow. By macroetching of suitable specimens, grain flow can be examined in the longitudinal, long- transverse, and short-transverse directions. Macroetching also permits evaluation of complete sections, end to end and side to side, and a review of uniformity of macro grain size. Figure 4 illustrates grain flow in a representative forged part. Fig. 4 Flow lines in a closed-die forging of AISI 4340 alloy steel. 0.75× [...]... Maximum length of forging Tolerance on length or location mm in mm in 150 6 +1.19, -0 .79 +0. 047 , -0 .031 380 15 +1.57, -1 .19 +0.062, -0 . 047 610 24 +3.18, -1 .57 +0.125, -0 .062 910 36 +3.18, -1 .57 +0.125, -0 .062 1220 48 +3.18, -3 .18 +0.125, -0 .125 1520 60 +4. 75, -3 .18 +0.187, -0 .125 1830 72 +5.56, -3 .18 +0.219, -0 .125 Table 4 Recommended commercial tolerances for steel forgings Tolerance Forging size Thickness(a)... Other ASTM A 148 : steel castings for structural applications(d) 11 5-9 5 795 115 655 95 14 30 (e) 13 5-1 25 930 135 860 125 9 22 (e) 15 0-1 35 1035 150 930 135 7 18 (e) 16 0-1 45 1105 160 1000 145 6 12 (e) 16 5-1 50 1 140 165 1035 150 5 20 (f) 16 5-1 50L 1 140 165 1035 150 5 20 (f) 21 0-1 80 145 0 210 1 240 180 4 15 (f) 21 0-1 80L 145 0 210 1 240 180 4 15 ... service WC1 45 0620 6590 240 35 24 35 0.25 0.500.80 0.60 0.35(i) 0.50(i) 0 .45 0.65 (i)(j) WC4 48 5655 7095 275 40 20 35 0.20 0.500.80 0.60 0.500.80 0.701.10 0 .45 0.65 (j)(k) WC5 48 5655 7095 275 40 20 35 0.20 0 .40 0.70 0.60 0.500.90 0.601.00 0.901.20 (j)(k) WC6 48 5655 7095 275 40 20 35 0.20 0.500.80 0.60 1.001.50 0.50(i) 0 .45 0.65 (i)(j) WC9 48 5655 7095 275 40 20 35 0.18 0 .40 0.70 0.60 2.002.75 0.50(i) 0. 9-1 .20... 250.0 1 14 250 2.39 0.0 94 0.79 0.031 0.76 to 1.52 0.030 to 0.060 2.39 0.0 94 171 265.0 27 60 2.39 0.0 94 0.79 0.031 0.76 to 1.52 0.030 to 0.060 2.39 0.0 94 177 275.0 30 65 3.18 0.125 0.79 0.031 1.19 to 2.39 0. 047 to 0.0 94 3.18 0.125 1 94 300.0 34 75 3.18 0.125 1.57 0.062 1.19 to 2.39 0. 047 to 0.0 94 3.18 0.125 1 94 300.0 159 350 2.39 0.0 94 0.79 0.031 0.76 to 1.52 0.030 to 0.060 2.39 0.0 94 242 375.0 205 45 0 3.18... 0.30 1.101 .40 0.80 0.35(i) 0.50(i) 0.100.30 (i)(p) 2B (QT) 620795 90115 45 0 65 22 40 0.30 1.101 .40 0.80 0.35(i) 0.50(i) 0.100.30 (i)(p) 2C (NT or QT) 620 90 45 0 65 22 40 0.30 1.101 .40 0.80 0.35(i) 0.50(i) 0.100.30 (i)(p) 4A (NT or QT) 620795 90115 41 5 60 20 40 0.30 1.00 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0.150.30 (k)(p) 4B (QT) 725895 105130 585 85 17 35 0.30 1.00 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0.150.30 (k)(p) 4C (NT or... or QT) 620 90 41 5 60 20 40 0.30 1.00 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0.150.30 (k)(p) 4D (QT) 690 100 515 75 17 35 0.30 1.00 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0.150.30 (k)(p) 4E (QT) 795 115 655 95 15 35 0.30 1.00 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0.150.30 (k)(p) 6A (NT) 795 115 550 80 18 30 0.38 1.301.70 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0.300 .40 (k)(p) 6B (QT) 825 120 655 95 15 35 0.38 1.301.70 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0 .40 0.80 0.300 .40 (k)(p) 7A (QT)(q)... draft 6.3 5-1 2.7 - 1 9-2 5 -1 >12.7 5-2 5 > -1 >2 5-7 6 > 1-3 7 3 5 3 >76 >3 7 4 7 3 7 3 5 3 10 3 10 3 Inside draft 6.3 5-2 5 .4 -1 >25 .4 >1 (a) The minus tolerance is zero Fig 10 Definition of inside and outside draft and limitations on the depth of the cavities between ribs Tolerances Forging tolerances, based on area and weight, that represent good commercial practice are listed in Tables 3 and 4 These tolerances... 100 48 5 70 10 15 0 .40 0.50 0.500.90 0.80 20 7-2 55 HB Carbon steel mediumstrength grade 080 550 80 345 50 22 35 16 3-2 07 HB Medium-strength lowalloy steel 090 620 90 41 5 60 20 40 18 7-2 41 HB Medium-strength lowalloy steel HA, HB, HC(f) 0.250. 34 (f) (f) See Fig 1 Hardenability (Fig 1) grades ASTM A 216: carbon steel castings suitable for fusion welding and high-temperature service WCA 41 5585... 35 0.20 0 .40 0.70 0.60 0.500.90 0.601.00 0.901.20 (p)(s) 13A (NT) 620795 90115 41 5 60 18 35 0.30 0.801.10 0.60 0 .40 (t) 1 .40 1.75 0.200.30 (p)(t) 13B (QT) 725895 105130 585 85 17 35 0.30 0.801.10 0.60 0 .40 (t) 1 .40 1.75 0.200.30 (p)(t) 14A (QT) 8251000 120 145 655 95 14 30 0.55 0.801.10 0.60 0 .40 (t) 1 .40 1.75 0.200.30 (p)(t) 16A (NT)(u) 48 5655 7095 275 40 22 35 0.12(v) 2.10(v) 0.50 0.20(s) 1.001 .40 0.10(s)... bearing part Table 3 Core properties of carburized versus induction-hardened components Hardness, HB Yield strength Ultimate tensile strength Impact energy MPa Material ksi MPa ksi J Machining(a), % ft · lbf 8620(b) 3 0 -4 5 HRC 82 5-9 65 12 0-1 40 110 5-1 240 16 0-1 80 5 5-1 10 4 0-8 0 65 5160(c) 197 275 40 725 105 10 7 55 1095(c) 192 380 55 655 95 3 2 45 (a) Where 1212 carbon steel represents 100% (b) Quenched and . +1.57, -1 .19 +0.062, -0 . 047 610 24 +3.18, -1 .57 +0.125, -0 .062 910 36 +3.18, -1 .57 +0.125, -0 .062 1220 48 +3.18, -3 .18 +0.125, -0 .125 1520 60 +4. 75, -3 .18 +0.187, -0 .125 1830 72 +5.56, -3 .18. for (a) : 9Ni-4Co-0.30C steel (152 0-1 660 MPa, or 22 0-2 40 ksi) (b) 9Ni-4Co-0 .45 C steel (179 0-1 930 MPa, or 26 0-2 80 ksi) (c) Temperature and test L LT ST Total L LT ST Total At -8 0 °C (-1 10 °F). draft 6.3 5-1 2.7 - . . . . . . 3 2 1 9-2 5 -1 5 3 . . . . . . >12.7 5-2 5 > -1 . . . . . . 5 2 >2 5-7 6 > 1-3 7 3 5 3 >76 >3 7 4 7 3 Inside draft 6.3 5-2 5 .4 -1 7 3