ASM Metals Handbook - Desk Edition (ASM_ 1998) Episode 5 doc

(b) Hardness of matrix, measured with superficial hardness tester and converted to Rockwell C. (c) Although this value was obtained in the specific test cited, it is not typical of gray iron of 3.06% C. Ordinarily the hardness of such iron is 48 to 50 HRC. If any hardness correlation is to be attempted, the type and amount of graphite must be constant in the irons being compared. Rockwell hardness tests are considered appropriate only for hardened castings (camshafts, for example), and even hardened castings, Brinell tests are preferred. Brinell tests must be used when attempting any strength correlations for unhardened castings. Fatigue Limit in Reversed Bending Because fatigue limits are expensive to determine, the designer usually has incomplete information on this property. Figure 8 shows fatigue-life curves at room temperature for a gray iron under completely reversed cycles of bending stress. Each point represents the data from one specimen. Table 5 list additional data. Fig. 8 Reversed bending fatigue life at room temperature for gray iron containing 2.84% C, 1.52% Si, 1.05% Mn, 0.07% P, 0.12% S, 0.31% Cr, 0.20% Ni, and 0.37% Cu. Open circles represent notched specimens; closed circles represent unnotched specimens. Axial loading or torsional loading cycles are frequently encountered in designing parts of cast iron, and in many instances these are not completely reversed loads. Types of regularly repeated stress variation can usually be expressed as a function of a mean stress and a stress range. Whenever possible, the designer should use actual data from the limited information available. If precisely applicable test data are not available, the reversed bending fatigue limit of machined parts may be estimated as about 35% of the minimum specified tensile strength of the particular grade of gray iron being considered. This value is probably more conservative than an average of the limited data available on the fatigue limit for gray iron. Ductile Iron Introduction DUCTILE CAST IRON, also known as nodular iron or spheroidal-graphite (SG) cast iron, is cast iron in which the graphite is present as tiny spheres (nodules) (see Fig. 1). In ductile iron, eutectic graphite separates from the molten iron during solidification in an manner similar to that in which eutectic graphite separates in gray cast iron. However, because of additives introduced in the molten iron before casting, the graphite grows as spheres, rather than as flakes of any of the forms characteristic of gray iron. Cast iron containing spheroidal graphite is much stronger and has higher elongation than gray iron or malleable iron. It may be considered a natural composite in which the spheroidal graphite imparts unique properties to ductile iron. Fig. 1 Spheroidal graphite in an unetched ductile iron matrix shown at 75× (a) and in the etched (picral) condition shown at 300× (b). Etching reveals that the matrix consists of ferritic envelopes around the graphite nodules (bull's-eye structure) surrounded by a pearlitic matrix. The relatively high strength and toughness of ductile iron give it an advantage over gray iron or malleable iron in many structural applications. Also, because ductile iron does not require heat treatment to product graphite nodules (as malleable iron does to produce temper-carbon nodules), it can compete with malleable iron even though it requires a melt treatment and inoculation process. The mold yield is normally higher than with malleable iron. Ductile iron can be produced to x-ray standards because porosity stays in the thermal center. Malleable iron cannot tolerate porosity because voids migrate to the surface of hot spots such as fillets and appear as cracks. General Characteristics of Ductile Irons Typically, the composition of unalloyed ductile iron differs from that of gray iron or malleable iron (Table 1). The raw materials used for ductile iron must be of higher purity. Like gray iron, ductile iron can be melted in cupolas, electric arc furnaces, or induction furnaces. Ductile iron, as a liquid, has high fluidity, excellent castability, but high surface tension. The sands and molding equipment used for ductile iron must provide rigid molds of high density and good heat transfer. Table 1 Typical composition ranges for unalloyed cast irons Composition, % Type TC (a) Mn Si Cr Ni Mo Cu P S Ce Mg Gray iron 3.25- 3.50 0.50- 0.90 1.80- 2.30 0.05- 0.45 0.05- 0.20 0.05- 0.10 0.15- 0.40 0.12 max 0.15 max . . . . . . Malleable iron 2.45- 2.55 0.35- 0.55 1.40- 1.50 0.04- 0.07 0.05- 0.30 0.03- 0.10 0.03- 0.40 0.03 max 0.05- 0.07 . . . . . . Ductile iron 3.60- 3.80 0.15- 1.00 1.80- 2.80 0.03- 0.07 0.05- 0.20 0.01- 0.10 0.15- 1.00 0.03 max 0.002 max 0.005- 0.20 (b) 0.03- 0.06 (a) TC, total carbon. (b) Optional Solidification and Shrinkage Characteristics. The formation of graphite during solidification causes an attendant increase in volume, which can counteract the loss in volume due to the liquid-to-solid phase change in the metallic constituent. Ductile iron castings typically require only minimal use of risers (reservoirs in the mold that feed molten metal into the mold cavity to compensate for liquid contraction during cooling and solidification). Gray irons often do not require risers to ensure shrinkage-free castings. On the other hand, steels and malleable iron generally require heavy risering. Thus, the mold yield of ductile iron castings (the ratio of the weight of usable castings to the weight of metal poured) is much higher than the mold yield of either steel castings or malleable iron castings, but not as high as that of gray iron. In some cases, ductile iron castings have been made without risers. Often designers must compensate for the shrinkage of cast iron (during both solidification and subsequent cooling to room temperature) by making patterns with dimensions larger than those desired in the finished castings. Typically, ductile iron requires less compensation than any other cast ferrous metal. The allowances in patternmaker rules (shrink rules) are usually: Type of cast metal Shrinkage allowance, % Ductile iron 0-0.7 Gray iron 1.0 Malleable iron 1.0 Austenitic alloy iron 1.3-1.5 White iron 2.0 Carbon steel 2.0 Alloy steel 2.5 Shrinkage allowance can vary somewhat from the percentages given above, and different percentages must often be used for different directions in one casting because of the influence of the solidification pattern on the amount of contraction that takes place in different directions. Shrinkage is volumetric, and the ratio of dimensions to volume influences each dimension. As ductile iron approaches a condition of shrinkage porosity, the graphite nodules tend to become aligned and can result in lower fatigue strength. As-Cast versus Heat Treated. Most ductile iron castings are used as-cast, but in some foundries, some castings are heat treated before being shipped. Heat treatment varies according to the desired effect on properties. Any heat treatment, with the exception of austempering, reduces fatigue properties. Holding at subcritical (705 °C, or 1300 °F) temperature for no more than 4 h improves fracture resistance. Heating castings above 790 °C (1450 °F) followed by fast cooling (oil quench or air quench) significantly reduces fatigue strength and fracture resistance at temperatures above room temperature. Ferritizing by heating to 900 °C (1650 °F) and slow cooling has the same effects. Heating to above the critical temperature also reduces the combined carbon content of quenched and tempered microstructures and produces lower tensile strength and wear resistance than the same hardness produced as-cast. Some castings may be given hardening treatments (either localized surface or through hardened) that produce bainitic or martensitic matrices. As the matrix structure is varied progressively from ferrite to ferrite and pearlite to pearlite to bainite and finally to martensite, hardness, strength, and wear resistance increase, but impact resistance, ductility, and machinability decrease. An exception to this is austempered ductile iron, in which considerable elongation (as high as 10%) can be obtained even at high strengths (1000 MPa, or 145 ksi). Austempered ductile iron (ADI) has a matrix that is a combination of acicular (bainitic) ferrite and stabilized austenite (Fig. 2). Fig. 2 Austempered ductile iron structure consisting of spheroidal graphite in a matrix of bainitic ferritic plates (dark) and interplate austenite (white) Alloying. Ductile iron can be alloyed with small amounts of nickel, molybdenum, or copper to improve its strength and hardenability. The addition of molybdenum is done with caution because of the tendency for intercellular segregation. Larger amounts of silicon, chromium, nickel, or copper can be added for improved resistance to corrosion, oxidation or abrasion, or for high-temperature applications. Specifications Most of the specifications for standard grades of ductile iron are based on properties. That is, strength and/or hardness is specified for each grade of ductile iron, and composition is either loosely specified or made subordinate to mechanical properties. Tables 2 and 3 list compositions, properties, and typical applications for most of the standard ductile irons that are defined by current standard specifications (expect for the high-nickel, corrosion-resistant, and heat-resistant irons defined in ASTM A 439). As shown in Table 3, the ASTM system for designating the grade of ductile iron incorporates the numbers indicating tensile strength in ksi, yield strength in ksi, and elongation in percent. This system makes it easy to specify nonstandard grades that meet the general requirements of ASTM A 536. For example, grade 80-60-03 (552 MPa, or 80 ksi, minimum tensile strength; 414 MPa, or 60 ksi, yield strength; and 3% elongation) is widely used in applications for which relatively high ductility is not important. Grades 65-45-12 and 60-40-18 are used in areas requiring high ductility and impact resistance. Grades 60-42-10 and 70-50-05 are used for special applications such as annealed pipe or cast fittings. Grades other than those listed in ASTM A 536 or mentioned above can be made to the general requirements of A 536, but with the mechanical properties specified by mutual agreement between purchaser and producer. Table 2 Compositions and general uses for standard grades of ductile iron Typical composition, % Specification No. Grade or class UNS TC (a) Si Mn P S Description General uses ASTM A 395; ASME SA395 60-40- 18 F32800 3.00 min 2.50 max (b) . . . 0.08 max . . . Ferritic; annealed Pressure-containing parts for use at elevated temperatures ASTM A 476; SAE AMS 5316C 80-60- 03 F34100 3.00 min (c) 3.0 max . . . 0.08 max 0.05 max As-cast Paper mill dryer rolls, at temperatures up to 230 °C (450 °F) 60-40- 18 (d) F32800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferritic; may be annealed Shock-resistant parts; low-temperature service 65-45- 12 (d) F33100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mostly ferritic; as- cast or annealed General service 80-55- 06 (d) F33800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferritic/pearlitic; as-cast General service 100-70- 03 (d) F34800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mostly pearlitic; may be normalized Best combination of strength and wear resistance and best response to surface hardening ASTM A 536 120-90- 02 (d) F36200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Martensitic; oil quenched and tempered Highest strength and wear resistance ASTM A 716 60-42- 10 F32900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centrifugally cast Culvert pipe ASTM A 746 60-42- 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centrifugally cast Gravity sewer pipe ASTM A 874 (e) 45-30 . . 3.0-1.2-0.25 0.03 . . . Ferritic Low-temperature service 12 37 2.3 max max D4018 (f) F32800 3.20- 4.10 1.80- 3.00 0.10- 1.00 0.015- 0.10 0.005- 0.035 Ferritic Moderately stressed parts requiring good ductility and machinability D4512 (f) F33100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferritic/pearlitic Moderately stressed parts requiring moderate machinability D5506 (f) F33800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferritic/pearlitic Highly stressed parts requiring good toughness D7003 (f) F34800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pearlitic Highly stressed parts requiring very good wear resistance and good response to selective hardening SAE J434 DQ&T (f) F30000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Martensitic Highly stressed parts requiring uniformity of microstructure and close control of properties SAE AMS 5315C Class A F33101 3.0 min 2.50 max (g) . . . 0.08 max . . . Ferritic; annealed General shipboard service Note: For mechanical properties and typical applications, see Table 3. (a) TC, total carbon. (b) The silicon limit may be increased by 0.08%, up to 2.75 Si, for each 0.01% reduction in phosphorus content. (c) Carbon equivalent, CE, 3.8-4.5; CE = TC + 0.3 (Si + P). (d) Composition subordinate to mechanical properties; composition range for any element may be specified by agreement between supplier and purchaser. (e) Also contains 0.07% Mg (max), 0.1% Cu (max), 1.0% Ni (max), and 0.07% Cr (max). (f) General composition given under grade D4018 for reference only. Typically, foundries will produce to narrower ranges than those shown and will establish different median compositions for different grades. (g) For castings with sections 13 mm ( in.) and smaller, may have 2.75 Si max with 0.08 P max, or 3.00 Si max with 0.05 P max; for castings with section 50 mm (2 in.) and greater, CE must not exceed 4.3. Table 3 Mechanical properties and typical applications for standard grades of ductile iron Tensile strength, min (b) Yield strength, min (b) Specification No. Grade or class Hardness, HB (a) MPa ksi MPa ksi Elongation in 50 mm (2 in.) (min), % (b) Typical applications ASTM A 395; ASME SA395 60-40- 18 143-187 414 60 276 40 18 Valves and fittings for steam and chemical plant equipment ASTM A 476 (c) ; SAE AMS 5316 80-60- 03 201 min 552 80 414 60 3 Paper mill dryer rolls 60-40- 18 . . . 414 60 276 40 18 Pressure-containing parts such as valve and pump bodies 65-45- 12 . . . 448 65 310 45 12 Machine components subject to shock and fatigue loads 80-55- 06 . . . 552 80 379 55 6 Crankshafts, gears, and rollers 100-70- 03 . . . 689 100 483 70 3 High-strength gears and machine components ASTM A 536 120-90- 02 . . . 827 120 621 90 2 Pinions, gears, rollers, and slides D4018 170 max 414 60 276 40 18 Steering knuckles D4512 156-217 448 65 310 45 12 Disk brake calipers D5506 187-255 552 80 379 55 6 Crankshafts D7003 241-302 689 100 483 70 3 Gears SAE J434 DQ&T (c) (d) (d) (d) (d) (d) Rocker arms SAE AMS 5315C Class A 190 max 414 60 310 45 15 Electric equipment, engine blocks, pumps, housings, gears, valve bodies, clamps, and cylinders Note: For compositions, descriptions, and uses, see Table 2. (a) Measured at a predetermined location on the casting. (b) Determined using a standard specimen taken from a separately cast test block, as set forth in the applicable specification. (c) Range specified by mutual agreement between producer and purchaser. (d) Value must be compatible with minimum hardness specified for production castings. The Society of Automotive Engineers (now SAE International) uses a method of specifying iron for castings produced in larger quantities that is based on the microstructure and Brinell hardness of the material in the castings themselves. Both ASTM and SAE specifications are standards for tensile properties and hardness. The tensile properties are quasistatic and may not indicate the dynamic properties such as impact or fatigue strength. Specifications for the highest-strength grades usually mention the possibility of hardened and tempered structures, but ASTM A 897 (Table 4) should be consulted for the most recently reported austempered ductile irons, which have the highest combinations of tensile strength and ductility. Table 4 ASTM standard A 897-90 and A 897M- 90 mechanical property requirements of austempered ductile iron Tensile (min) Yield (min) Impact (a) Grade MPa ksi MPa ksi Elongation, % J ft · lbf Hardness, HB (c) 125-80-10 . . . 125 . . . 80 10 . . . 75 269-321 850-550-10 850 . . . 550 . . . 10 100 . . . 269-321 150-100-7 . . . 150 . . . 100 7 . . . 60 302-363 1050-700-7 1050 . . . 700 . . . 7 80 . . . 302-363 175-125-4 . . . 175 . . . 125 4 . . . 45 341-444 1200-850-4 1200 . . . 850 . . . 4 60 . . . 341-444 200-155-1 . . . 200 . . . 155 1 . . . 25 388-477 1400-1100-1 1400 . . . 1100 . . . 1 35 . . . 388-477 230-185 . . . 230 . . . 185 (b) . . . (b) 444-555 1600-1300 1600 . . . 1300 . . . (b) (b) . . . 444-555 (a) Unnotched Charpy bars tested at 72 ± 7 °F (22 ± 4 °C). The values in the table are a minimum for the average of the highest three test values of four tested samples. (b) Elongation and impact requirements are not specified. Although grades 200-155-1, 1400-1100-1, 230-185, and 1600-1300 are primarily used for gear and wear resistance applications, grades 200-155-1 and 1400-1100-1 have applications where some sacrifice in wear resistance is acceptable in order to provide a limited amount of ductility and toughness. (c) Hardness is not mandatory and is shown for information only. Manufacture and Metallurgical Control Greater metallurgical and process control is required in production of ductile iron than in production of other cast irons. Frequent chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical testing is needed to ensure that the required quality is maintained and that specifications are met. Manufacture of high-quality ductile iron begins with careful selection of charge materials that will yield a relatively pure cast iron free of undesirable residual elements sometimes found in other cast irons. Carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur must be held at specified levels. Magnesium, cerium, and certain other elements must be controlled in order to attain the desired graphite shape and to offset the deleterious effects of subversive elements; elements such as antimony, lead, titanium, tellurium, bismuth, and zirconium interfere with the nodulizing process, and must be either eliminated or restricted to very low concentrations. Reduction of the sulfur content to less than 0.02% is necessary prior to the nodulizing process; this can be accomplished through basic melting alone, by use of low-sulfur charge material, or desulfurization of the base metal before the magnesium-nodulizing alloy is added. If base sulfur is not so reduced, excessive amounts of costly nodulizing alloys will be required and melting efficiency will be impaired. Graphite Shape and Distribution. There are three major types of nodulizing agents, all of which contain magnesium: unalloyed magnesium, nickel-base nodulizers, and magnesium-ferrosilicon nodulizers. Unalloyed magnesium has been added to molten iron as wire, ingots, or pellets; as briquets, in combination with sponge iron; or in the cellular pores of metallurgical coke. The method of introducing the alloy has varied from an open-ladle method (in which the alloy is placed at the bottom of the ladle and iron is poured rapidly over the alloy) to a pressure-container method (in which unalloyed magnesium is placed inside a container is rotated so that the iron flows over the magnesium). In all cases, magnesium is vaporized and the vapors travel through the molten iron, lowering the sulfur content, and promoting formation of spheroidal graphite. Testing and Inspection. Various tests are used to control the processing of ductile iron, starting with analyses of raw materials and of the molten metal both before and after the nodulizing treatment. Rapid thermal-arrest methods are used to determine carbon, silicon, and carbon equivalence in the molten iron. Silicon content is also determined by thermoelectric and spectrometric techniques. Chill tests are used for production-line testing for silicon. After the nodulizing step, a standard test coupon for microscopic examination should be poured from each batch of metal, as recommended by AFS and as specified in ASTM A395. One ear of the test coupon is broken off and polished to reveal graphite shape and distribution, plus matrix structure. These characteristics are evaluated by comparison with standard ASTM/AFS photomicrographs, and acceptance or rejection of castings is based on this comparison. Tensile-test specimens are machined from separately cast keel blocks, Y blocks, or modified keel blocks, as described in ASTM A 395. If the terms of purchase require tensile specimens to be taken from castings, the part drawing must identify the area of the casting and the size of the test specimens. These terms also must be mutually acceptable to both producer and purchaser. Hardness testing of production castings also is used to evaluate conformance to specified properties. Some standard specifications, such as SAE J434b, relate strength and hardness, as shown in Table 3. Heat Treatment. When the properties desired are difficult to obtain in the as-cast metal, ductile iron can be heat treated. Heat-treated ductile iron usually has more uniform mechanical properties that as-cast ductile iron, particularly in casts with wide variations in section thickness. [...]... 3 251 0 340 50 220 32 .5 156 max 10 ASTM A 197 276 40 207 30 156 max 5 40010 400 60 276 40 14 9-1 97 10 450 08 450 65 310 45 15 6-1 97 8 450 06 450 65 310 45 15 6-2 07 6 50 0 05 480 70 3 45 50 17 9-2 29 5 60004 55 0 80 414 60 19 7-2 41 4 70003 59 0 85 483 70 21 7-2 69 3 80002 655 95 552 80 24 1-2 85 2 90001 720 1 05 621 90 26 9-3 21 1 M3210(b) 3 45 50 224 32 156 max 10 M 450 4(c) 448 65 310 45 16 3-2 17 4 M5003(c) 51 7 75 3 45 50... 2.03.6 0 .51 .5 0.10 0.06 1.0 1 .5 1 1-2 3 0 .53 .5 1.2 M, A 2.33.0 0 .51 .5 0.10 0.06 1.0 1 .5 2 3-2 8 1 .5 1.2 M High-silicon iron(f) 0.41.1 1 .5 0. 15 0. 15 1 4-1 7 5. 0 1.0 0 .5 F High-chromium iron 1.24.0 0.31 .5 0. 15 0. 15 0. 5- 3 .0 5. 0 1 2-3 5 4.0 3.0 M, A Nickel-chromium gray iron(g) 3.0 0 .51 .5 0.08 0.12 1. 0-2 .8 13 .53 6 1. 5- 6 .0 1.0 7 .5 A Nickel-chromium ductile iron(h) 3.0 0.74 .5 0.08 0.12 1. 0-3 .0 1 8-3 6 1. 0 -5 .5 1.0 A... Elongation in 50 mm (2 in.), % Modulus Poisson's ratio GPa 106 psi Tension 6 0-4 0-1 8 167 461 66.9 329(a) 47.7(a) 15. 0 169 24 .5 0.29 6 5- 4 5- 1 2 167 464 67.3 332(a) 48.2(a) 15. 0 168 24.4 0.29 8 0 -5 5- 0 6 192 55 9 81.1 362(a) 52 .5( a) 11.2 168 24.4 0.31 12 0-9 0-0 2 331 974 141.3 864(a) 1 25. 3(a) 1 .5 164 23.8 0.28 6 0-4 0-1 8 167 359 (a) 52 .0(a) 164 23.8 0.26 6 5- 4 5- 1 2 167 362(a) 52 .5( a) 163 23.6 0.31 8 0 -5 5- 0 6 192 ... cerium As-cast ferrite (> 95% F) 95% CG, 5% SG 336 48.7 257 37.3 6.7 Ferritic-pearlitic ( >5% P) 95% CG, 5% SG 298 43.2 224 32 .5 5.3 As-cast ferrite (90% F, 10% P) 85% CG, 15% SG 371 53 .8 267 38.7 5. 5 100% ferrite 85% CG, 15% SG 338 49.0 2 45 35. 5 8.0 100% ferrite CG 3 65 63 ± 53 ± 9 278 42 ± 40 ± 6 7.2 ± 4 .5 Ferritic-pearlitic (>90% F, 90% CG 30 0-4 00 4 3 -5 8 25 0-3 00 3 6-4 3 3-7 Ferritic-pearlitic ( 85% ... Ni Cr Mo Cu P S I A Ni-Cr-HiC 2. 8-3 .6 2.0 max 0.8 max 3. 3 -5 .0 1. 4-4 .0 1.0 max 0.3 max 0. 15 max I B Ni-Cr-LoC 2. 4-3 .0 2.0 max 0.8 max 3. 3 -5 .0 1. 4-4 .0 1.0 max 0.3 max 0. 15 max I C Ni-Cr-GB 2. 5- 3 .7 2.0 max 0.8 max 4.0 max 1. 0-2 .5 1.0 max 0.3 max 0. 15 max I D Ni-HiCr 2. 5- 3 .6 2.0 max 2.0 max 4. 5- 7 .0 7. 0-1 1.0 1 .5 max 0.10 max 0. 15 max II A 12% Cr 2. 0-3 .3 2.0 max 1 .5 max 2 .5 max 11. 0-1 4.0 3.0 max 1.2 max... Minimum tensile strength Minimum yield strength Elongation in 50 mm (2 in.), % Hardness, HB BID(b), mm (2 in.), % MPa ksi MPa ksi 250 (c) 250 36.3 1 75 25. 4 3.0 179 max 4 .50 min 300 300 43 .5 210 30 .5 1 .5 14 3-2 07 5. 0-4 .2 350 350 50 .8 2 45 35. 5 1.0 16 3-2 29 4. 7-4 .0 400 400 58 .0 280 40.6 1.0 19 7-2 55 4. 3-3 .8 450 (d) 450 65. 3 3 15 45. 7 1.0 20 7-2 69 4. 2-3 .7 (a) Grades are specified according to the minimum tensile... Nickel-chromium ductile iron(h) 3.0 0.72.4 0.08 0.12 1. 755 .5 1 8-3 6 1.7 5- 3 .5 1.0 A 1-2 .5 0.31 .5 0. 5- 2 .5 3 0-3 5 F Martensitic iron chromium-molybdenum High-chromium iron Corrosion-resistant irons High-resistant gray irons Heat-resistant ductile irons Heat-resistant white irons Ferritic grade Austenitic grade 1-2 .0 0.31 .5 0. 5- 2 .5 1 0-1 5 1 5- 3 0 A (a) Where a single value is given rather than... 1. 0 -5 .5 1.0 A Medium-silicon iron(i) 1.62 .5 0.40.8 0.30 0.10 4. 0-7 .0 F Nickel-chromium iron(g) 1.83.0 0.41 .5 0. 15 0. 15 1.02. 75 13 .53 6 1. 8-6 .0 1.0 7 .5 A Nickel-chromium-silicon iron(j) 1.82.6 0.41.0 0.10 0.10 5. 0-6 .0 1 3-4 3 1. 8 -5 .5 1.0 10.0 A High-aluminum iron 1.32.0 0.41.0 0. 15 0. 15 1. 3-6 .0 2 0-2 5 Al F Medium-silicon ductile iron 2.83.8 0.20.6 0.08 0.12 2. 5- 6 .0 1 .5 2.0 F Nickel-chromium ductile... 6 5- 4 5- 1 2 167 362(a) 52 .5( a) 163 23.6 0.31 8 0 -5 5- 0 6 192 386(a) 56 .0(a) 1 65 23.9 0.31 12 0-9 0-0 2 331 920(a) 133 .5( a) 164 23.8 0.27 6 0-4 0-1 8 167 472 68 .5 1 95( b) 28.3(b) 63 65. 5(c) 9.1 9 .5( c) 6 5- 4 5- 1 2 167 4 75 68.9 207(b) 30.0(b) 64 65( c) 9.3 9.4(c) 8 0 -5 5- 0 6 192 50 4 73.1 193(b) 28.0(b) 62 64(c) 9.0 9.3(c) 12 0-9 0-0 2 331 8 75 126.9 492(b) 71.3(b) 63.4 64(c) 9.2 9.3(c) Compression Torsion Note:... structure, as-cast(c) TC(b) Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Cu Low-carbon white iron(d) 2.22.8 0.20.6 0. 15 0. 15 1. 0-1 .6 1 .5 1.0 0 .5 (e) CP High-carbon, low-silicon white iron 2.83.6 0.32.0 0.30 0. 15 0. 3-1 .0 2 .5 3.0 1.0 (e) CP Martensitic nickel-chromium iron 2 .53 .7 1.3 0.30 0. 15 0.8 2. 7 -5 .0 1. 1-4 .0 1.0 M, A Martensitic nickel, high-chromium iron 2 .53 .6 1.3 0.10 0. 15 1. 0-2 .2 5- 7 7-1 1 1.0 M, A Abrasion-resistant . 3.2 5- 3 .50 0 .5 0- 0.90 1.8 0- 2.30 0.0 5- 0. 45 0.0 5- 0.20 0.0 5- 0.10 0.1 5- 0.40 0.12 max 0. 15 max . . . . . . Malleable iron 2.4 5- 2 .55 0.3 5- 0 .55 1.4 0- 1 .50 0.0 4- 0.07 0.0 5- 0.30. HB (c) 12 5- 8 0-1 0 . . . 1 25 . . . 80 10 . . . 75 26 9-3 21 85 0 -5 5 0-1 0 850 . . . 55 0 . . . 10 100 . . . 26 9-3 21 15 0-1 0 0-7 . . . 150 . . . 100 7 . . . 60 30 2-3 63 1 05 0-7 0 0-7 1 050 . . . . 30 2-3 63 17 5- 1 2 5- 4 . . . 1 75 . . . 1 25 4 . . . 45 34 1-4 44 120 0-8 5 0-4 1200 . . . 850 . . . 4 60 . . . 34 1-4 44 20 0-1 5 5-1 . . . 200 . . . 155 1 . . . 25 38 8-4 77 140 0-1 10 0-1 1400