Sun Fundamentals of Solaris 7 Student Guide With Instructor Notes phần 1 pps

Fundamentals of Solaris EU-118 Student Guide With Instructor Notes ® Sun Microsystems, Inc 500 Eldorado Blvd MS: BRM01-209 Broomfield, Colorado 80021 U.S.A Revision D, August 1999 Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, California 94303, U.S.A All rights reserved This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun Logo, Solaris, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, SunOS, ONC, OpenWindows, Java, NFS, and HotJava are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc in the U.S and other countries All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc in the U.S and other countries Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc PostScript is a trademark or registered trademark of Adobe Systems, Incorporated, which may be registered in certain jurisdictions The OPEN LOOK and Sun Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc for its users and licensees Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry Sun holds a non-exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface, which license also covers Sun’s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun’s written license agreements U.S Government approval required when exporting the product RESTRICTED RIGHTS: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S Govt is subject to restrictions of FAR 52.227-14(g) (2)(6/87) and FAR 52.227-19(6/87), or DFAR 252.227-7015 (b)(6/95) and DFAR 227.7202-3(a) DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE DISCLAIMED, EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD TO BE LEGALLY INVALID Please Recycle Contents About This Course xvii Course Overview xviii Course Map xix Module-by-Module Overview xx Course Objectives xxvii Skills Gained by Module xxviii Topics Not Covered xxix How Prepared Are You? xxx Introductions xxxi How to Use Course Materials xxxii Course Icons and Typographical Conventions xxxiv Icons xxxiv Typographical Conventions xxxv Notes to the Instructor xxxvi Philosophy xxxvi Course Tools xxxvii Instructor Setup Notes xxxix Purpose of This Guide xxxix Course Files xl Course Components xl Solaris Computing Environment 1-1 Relevance 1-2 Introduction to Solaris 1-3 Main Components of a Computer 1-5 Random Access Memory (RAM) 1-7 Central Processing Unit (CPU) .1-7 Input/Output (I/O) 1-7 Hard Disk (or Other Forms of Mass Storage) .1-7 The Solaris Distributed Computing Solution 1-8 Kernel 1-10 Shell 1-12 The File System 1-14 Main Capabilities of the Operating System 1-17 iii Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Main Capabilities of the Common Desktop Environment (CDE) 1-18 Exercise: Using the Solaris Computing Environment 1-20 Tasks 1-20 Workshop Labs 1-21 Exercise Summary 1-22 Exercise Solutions 1-23 Check Your Progress 1-25 Think Beyond 1-26 Accessing Your System .2-1 Relevance 2-2 User Accounts 2-3 The Root Account 2-3 The /etc/passwd Entry 2-4 Password Requirements 2-6 The Mouse Buttons 2-7 The Left Mouse Button 2-7 The Middle Mouse Button .2-8 The Right Mouse Button 2-8 Logging In 2-9 The Options Button .2-10 Logging in Using the Login Screen 2-12 Logging in Using the Command Line 2-13 Exiting From the Command Line 2-14 Changing Your Password 2-15 The CDE Workspaces 2-17 Managing Windows 2-18 Overlapping Windows 2-18 Lowering a Window .2-19 Moving a Window 2-20 Minimizing a Window 2-22 Maximizing a Window 2-24 Closing a Window 2-26 Leaving the CDE Session 2-28 Using the Exit Button .2-28 Exercise: Accessing Your System 2-31 Tasks 2-31 Workshop Labs 2-32 Exercise Summary 2-33 Exercise Solutions 2-34 Check Your Progress 2-35 Think Beyond 2-36 Features of the Common Desktop Environment 3-1 Relevance 3-2 The Front Panel Arrangement 3-3 iv Fundamentals of Solaris Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Front Panel Menu Button 3-5 Locking the Display 3-7 Workspace Buttons 3-9 Minimizing the Front Panel 3-12 The Workspace Menu 3-14 Voice and Text Note Applications 3-16 Address Manager 3-18 Customizing Your Workspace With Style Manager 3-20 Style Manager Options 3-22 Color Control 3-22 Font 3-23 Backdrop 3-24 Keyboard 3-25 Mouse 3-26 Beep 3-27 Screen 3-28 Window 3-29 Startup 3-30 Notes 3-31 Customizing Subpanels 3-32 Application Manager 3-34 Exercise: Using the Front Panel 3-36 Tasks 3-36 Workshop Labs 3-37 Exercise Summary 3-38 Check Your Progress 3-39 Think Beyond 3-40 Getting Help .4-1 Relevance 4-2 Front Panel Help 4-3 Help Viewer 4-5 Searching the Help Index 4-6 AnswerBook2 4-7 On Item Help 4-9 Other Ways to Access Help 4-11 Displaying Man Pages 4-13 Using the man Command .4-13 Using the man Command Without Options 4-14 Scrolling in Man Pages 4-15 Searching Man Pages by Section 4-16 Exercise: Getting Help 4-18 Tasks 4-18 Workshop Labs 4-19 Exercise Summary 4-20 Exercise Solutions 4-21 v Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Check Your Progress 4-22 Think Beyond 4-23 Accessing Files and Directories .5-1 Relevance 5-2 File System Structure 5-3 Pathnames 5-4 Absolute Pathname 5-6 Relative Pathname 5-8 Command-Line Syntax 5-10 Changing Directories Using the cd Command 5-12 Command Format 5-12 Moving Around the Directory Hierarchy 5-13 Displaying the Current Directory Using the pwd Command 5-14 Command Format 5-14 Determining Your Current Directory 5-15 Using the ls Command 5-18 Command Format 5-18 Listing the Contents of a Directory 5-19 Displaying Hidden Files 5-19 Displaying File Types 5-20 Displaying a Long Listing 5-21 Listing Individual Directories .5-22 Metacharacters 5-23 Asterisk 5-24 Question Mark .5-26 Square Brackets .5-28 Semicolon 5-30 File System Structure 5-32 Exercise: Accessing Files and Directories 5-33 Tasks 5-33 Workshop Labs 5-36 Exercise Summary 5-37 Exercise Solutions 5-38 Check Your Progress 5-42 Think Beyond 5-43 Directory and File Commands .6-1 Relevance 6-2 Control Characters 6-3 Determining File Type 6-5 Command Format 6-6 Example Text File 6-6 Example Data File .6-7 Example Executable File 6-7 vi Fundamentals of Solaris Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Displaying Files 6-8 Using the cat Command .6-8 Using the more Command 6-10 Using the head Command 6-12 Using the tail Command 6-14 Using the wc Command 6-16 Comparing Files 6-18 Locating Text Differences With the cmp Command 6-18 Using the diff Command 6-20 File and Directory Naming Conventions 6-23 Creating Files 6-25 Command Format 6-25 Creating Empty Files 6-25 Creating and Appending Using the tee Command 6-26 Creating Directories 6-28 Command Format 6-28 Creating Directories 6-29 Copying Files 6-31 Command Format 6-31 Copying a File to Another Within a Directory 6-32 Copying Multiple Files 6-32 Preventing Overwriting an Existing File When Copying 6-32 Copying Directories 6-33 Command Format 6-33 Copying the Contents of a Directory to a New Directory 6-34 Moving and Renaming Files 6-35 Command Format 6-35 Renaming Files in the Current Directory 6-36 Moving Files to Another Directory 6-36 Renaming Directories .6-37 Moving a Directory and Its Contents 6-37 Renaming in a Non-Current Directory 6-38 Removing Files 6-39 Command Format 6-39 Removing Directories 6-41 Command Format 6-41 Removing Directories 6-42 Redirection 6-43 Overview 6-43 Angle Brackets ( >, ) 6-45 Angle Brackets ( >> ) .6-46 Piping 6-47 Displaying Command Output One Screen at a Time 6-48 Using the tee Command in a Pipeline 6-48 vii Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Exercise: Using Directory and File Commands 6-49 Tasks 6-49 Workshop Labs 6-51 Exercise Summary 6-52 Exercise Solutions 6-53 Check Your Progress 6-56 Think Beyond 6-57 Managing Files With File Manager 7-1 Relevance 7-2 The File Manager 7-3 File and Folder Icons 7-5 Moving and Copying Files Using Drag-and-Drop 7-7 Select + Drag + Drop 7-8 Control + Select + Drag + Drop 7-8 File Menu Options 7-9 Creating a New Folder 7-10 Creating a New File 7-12 Folder or File Name Conflicts 7-13 Changing Folders 7-14 Finding Folders and Files 7-15 Selected Menu Options 7-17 View Menu Options 7-21 Tree Display for Folders .7-23 Exercise: Managing Files With File Manager 7-25 Tasks 7-25 Exercise Summary 7-26 Check Your Progress 7-27 Think Beyond 7-28 File Security .8-1 Relevance 8-2 Security Overview 8-3 Permissions 8-4 Superuser 8-4 The ls -l Command 8-5 Permission Categories 8-7 How File and Directory Access Is Determined 8-9 Process For Determining Permissions 8-10 Default Permissions 8-11 Types of Permissions 8-12 Changing Permissions 8-15 Overview 8-15 Symbolic Mode 8-16 Octal (Absolute) Mode 8-18 viii Fundamentals of Solaris Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Default Permissions 8-22 The umask Filter 8-22 Changing the umask Value 8-26 Exercise: Changing File Permissions 8-27 Tasks 8-27 Workshop Labs 8-29 Exercise Summary 8-30 Exercise Solutions 8-31 Check Your Progress 8-34 Think Beyond 8-35 Using the vi Editor 9-1 Relevance 9-2 Introduction to vi 9-3 vi Modes 9-4 Invoking vi 9-6 Command Format 9-6 Input Commands 9-7 Positioning Commands 9-8 Editing Commands 9-9 Deleting Text 9-9 Undoing, Repeating, and Changing Text Commands 9-10 Copying and Pasting Text .9-11 Saving and Quitting Files 9-12 Advanced Editing Options 9-13 Creating and Saving a File 9-15 Exercise: Using the vi Editor 9-16 Tasks 9-16 Exercise Summary 9-17 Check Your Progress 9-18 Think Beyond 9-19 Bourne and Korn Shell Variables .10-1 Relevance 10-2 Introduction 10-3 Shell Variables 10-4 Overview 10-4 Local Shell Variables .10-6 Displaying Shell Variables 10-8 Environment Variables 10-9 Exporting Variables 10-10 Displaying Environment Variables 10-12 The PATH Variable 10-13 The which Command 10-14 The whereis Command .10-14 Exercise: Using Bourne and Korn Shell Variables 10-16 Tasks .10-16 ix Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Workshop Labs 10-17 Exercise Summary .10-18 Exercise Solutions 10-19 Check Your Progress 10-21 Think Beyond 10-22 Initialization Files 11-1 Relevance 11-2 Features of Initialization Files 11-3 Overview 11-3 The /etc/profile Script 11-5 Login Sequence 11-6 The dtprofile 11-10 Shells .11-11 The ENV Environment Variable 11-14 Command Format .11-14 Setting the kshrc Variable 11-14 Exercise: Setting Initialization Files 11-16 Tasks .11-16 Exercise Summary .11-17 Exercise Solutions 11-18 Check Your Progress 11-19 Think Beyond 11-20 Basic Features of the Korn Shell 12-1 Relevance 12-2 Korn Shell Overview 12-3 Quoting in Shells 12-4 Korn Shell Features 12-5 Custom Prompts .12-5 Aliases .12-7 History in the Korn Shell 12-10 Overview 12-10 The history Command .12-12 Re-Executing Commands 12-14 Editing the Command Line 12-16 Additional Features of the Korn Shell 12-18 Exercise: Using the Basic Features of the Korn Shell 12-19 Tasks .12-19 Workshop Labs 12-20 Exercise Summary .12-21 Exercise Solutions 12-22 Check Your Progress 12-24 Think Beyond 12-25 Printing 13-1 Relevance 13-2 x Fundamentals of Solaris Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D The Solaris Distributed Computing Solution Shell Note – Examples given in this course are primarily based on the Korn shell Hardware CPU Kernel Shell Figure 1-3 Solaris Environment Shells Solaris Computing Environment 1-13 Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D The Solaris Distributed Computing Solution The File System The Solaris computing environment file structure is a hierarchy of directories, subdirectories, and files that are grouped together for a specific purpose q q 1-14 Directory – A location for other files and directories The Solaris file system, or directory structure, enables you to create files and directories accessed through a hierarchy of directories Subdirectory – Any directory below another directory For example, some of the subdirectories under the root (/) directory are/usr, /etc, and /kernel Fundamentals of Solaris Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D The Solaris Distributed Computing Solution The File System root (/) opt dev etc export kernel var home usr genunix bin sbin lib user1 Figure 1-4 user2 user3 Common Solaris Subdirectories The file system is integrated with the kernel to provide an organizational structure to store your data The topmost directory is called the root directory It is the starting point of the file-system hierarchy The root directory (/) is required for the operating system to function and contains critical systems files (such as the kernel, called /kernel/genunix) The /usr directory contains executable commands, system administration utilities, and library routines The /opt directory contains Sun’s unbundled software applications The /etc directory contains system administration files The /export/home directory contains the user’s home directory Depending on how the system has been set up by the administrator, the home directories may instead be found in /home The /dev directory contains files which are pointers to device names Solaris Computing Environment 1-15 Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D The Solaris Distributed Computing Solution The File System The file system organizes data in a hierarchical structure of directories, similar to the way a filing cabinet stores information Directory Folder File Figure 1-5 File System Organization Example Directories are like file drawers Subdirectories are similar to folders Files are like the individual pages of information contained in the folder The Solaris operating system contains many different kinds of files: q q Plain ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) documents q Applications (databases, word processing programs, and spreadsheets) q 1-16 Directories Executable programs Fundamentals of Solaris Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Main Capabilities of the Operating System The Solaris computing environment was designed for: q  Multitasking – Enables the kernel to keep track of several processes simultaneously, which allows more than one tool or application to be used at a time A user can run a program (like a spreadsheet) and edit a document using a word processor at the same time q Multiuser capability – Enables more than one user to access the same system resources q Distributed processing – Enables the use of resources across the network Figure 1-6 Solaris Computing Environment Solaris Computing Environment 1-17 Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Main Capabilities of the Common Desktop Environment (CDE) Sun Microsystems was the first company to use a windowing environment in conjunction with the UNIX operating system In 1993, a consortium of UNIX platform vendors was formed to develop an integrated, standard, and consistent graphical user interface desktop environment The contributors included Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Novell, and Sun Microsystems, along with many other companies and members of the OSF (Open Software Foundation), X/Open, and the X Consortium CDE is Motif-based and users of other UNIX and personal computer (PC) desktops should be comfortable using CDE; many of the features are common to other desktop environments 1-18 Fundamentals of Solaris Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Main Capabilities of the Common Desktop Environment (CDE) The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) q q  Is a graphical user interface (GUI) between the user and the operating system Provides built-in menus for users to select and run utilities and programs without using Solaris environment commands The Solaris computing environment provides over 300 utility programs and tools q q  Enables users to control multiple documents or applications on the screen at the same time Controls activities in windows using both the mouse and the keyboard The icons pictured above represent some of the major programs and tools available with CDE CDE is discussed in greater detail in subsequent modules Solaris Computing Environment 1-19 Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Exercise: Using the Solaris Computing Environment Exercise objective – This exercise helps you review the basics of the computing environment Tasks Answer the following questions: Identify the four main components of a computer _ _ _ _ Describe the three main functions of the kernel In the blank spaces, write one of these three terms: kernel, shell, or file system w w The _ manages and allocates resources among users w The _ provides command interpretation w The _ organizes and stores data in a hierarchical structure w The _ performs memory management w The _ components are files and directories w 1-20 The _ represents the user interface, which translates requests into actions The _ controls disks, tapes, printers, terminals, communication lines, and other devices Fundamentals of Solaris Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Exercise: Using the Solaris Computing Environment Tasks In the blank spaces, write one of these three capabilities: multitasking, multiuser, or distributed processing w The _ capability enables users to share system resources w The _ capability is the ability to perform several processes simultaneously w The _ capability is the ability to use resources across a network Workshop Labs Use what you have learned so far in this course to work through the following: A new UNIX environment user calls the system administrator with a problem Yesterday, the user was working on a project when there was a power outage When the system recovered, the work the user had done was no longer available What happened? A user is working at a Sun workstation that has no hard disk What options might this user have for saving work that is done during the day? Solaris Computing Environment 1-21 Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Exercise: Using the Solaris Computing Environment Exercise Summary Discussion – Take a few minutes to discuss what experiences, issues, or discoveries you had during the lab exercises  Manage the discussion here based on the time allowed for this module, which was given in the “About This Course” module If you find you not have time to spend on discussion, then just highlight the key concepts students should have learned from the lab exercise q  Ask students what their overall experiences with this exercise have been You might want to go over any trouble spots or especially confusing areas at this time q  1-22 Conclusions Have students articulate any conclusions they reached as a result of this exercise experience q  Interpretations Ask students to interpret what they observed during any aspects of this exercise q  Experiences Applications Explore with students how they might apply what they learned in this exercise to situations at their workplace Fundamentals of Solaris Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Exercise: Using the Solaris Computing Environment Exercise Solutions Identify the four main components of a computer Memory, CPU, I/O, and hard disk Describe the three main functions of the kernel It manages all computer operations, controls the hardware, and converts requests coming from the mouse and keyboard into computer operations In the blank spaces, write one of these three terms: kernel, shell, or file system w The shell represents the user interface, which translates requests into actions w The kernel manages and allocates resources among users w The shell provides command interpretation w The file system organizes and stores data in a hierarchical structure w The kernel performs memory management w The file system components are files and directories w The kernel controls disks, tapes, printers, terminals, communication lines, and other devices Solaris Computing Environment 1-23 Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Exercise: Using the Solaris Computing Environment Exercise Solutions In the blank spaces, write one of these three capabilities: multitasking, multiuser, or distributed processing w w The multitasking capability is the ability to perform several processes simultaneously w 1-24 The multiuser capability enables users to share system resources The distributed processing capability is the ability to use resources across a network Fundamentals of Solaris Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Check Your Progress Before continuing on to the next module, check that you are able to accomplish or answer the following: u List the four main components of a computer u Describe the three main components of the Solaris operating system u Identify the three most common shells in the Solaris system u Distinguish between the multitasking, multiuser, and distributed processing capabilities of the Solaris system Solaris Computing Environment 1-25 Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Think Beyond What features of the Solaris UNIX environment set it apart from a typical standalone PC environment? What would some of the benefits of these features be to a company? 1-26 Fundamentals of Solaris Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D Accessing Your System Objectives Upon completion of this module, you should be able to q List the characteristics of an effective password q Change your password q Describe the function of a mouse button q Log in and log out of a system from the command line q Log in and out of a CDE session q Manipulate windows within the CDE q Invoke and use menus and menu bars 2-1 Copyright 1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc All Rights Reserved Enterprise Services August 1999, Revision D ... 11 -1 Relevance 11 -2 Features of Initialization Files 11 -3 Overview 11 -3 The /etc/profile Script 11 -5 Login Sequence 11 -6 The dtprofile 11 -10 ... .11 -11 The ENV Environment Variable 11 -14 Command Format .11 -14 Setting the kshrc Variable 11 -14 Exercise: Setting Initialization Files 11 -16 Tasks .11 -16 ... Network 17 - 16 The NIS+ Naming Service 17 - 18 Decentralized Administration 17 - 18 Centralized Administration . 17 - 19 The NFS System 17 - 20 NFS Server 17 - 21 NFS Client