Analyzing the Grammar of English Third Edition phần 1 pps

[...]... Introduction grammar, ” they must learn and conform to the standards that were said to typify the language of the most prestigious speakers of their wider speech community (The standards have many names, including the judgmental “good grammar ; we call them standard written English. ) In contrast to prescriptive grammar is the form of language analysis known as descriptive grammar; this is the type of analysis... Example of how to proceed: X marvelous: I had a marvelous time at the Honors’ Convocation Y boy: (This word cannot be used as an adjective.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 01- 030.Teschner. 01. indd 11 4/2/07 6:05:24 PM 12 Chapter 1 ADVERB Adverbs describe, modify, limit, distinguish, or otherwise talk about verbs So, adverbs are to verbs as adjectives are to nouns Adverbs characterize or otherwise... which of the activity’s words can be used in the following blank space: I saw ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ Ø a some the ⎫ ⎪ ⎬ ⎪ ⎭ Example of how to proceed: X baby “You can use baby in the environments ‘I saw the baby’ or ‘I saw a baby’.” 1 never 2 horse 0 01- 030.Teschner. 01. indd 5 3 sand 4 children 4/2/07 6:05:20 PM 6 Chapter 1 5 from 15 shrink 6 gave 16 shrank 7 grave 17 cheese 8 any 18 Suzie 9 brick 19 bombing 10 next... conjugate them by putting them in other tenses, persons, or numbers.) Example of how to proceed: X They waved at the wave in the ocean Waved is a verb because it comes second in its clause and thus obeys the SVO Rule It is also a verb because its tense can change: They were waving at the wave in the ocean Wave’s tense cannot be changed: *They waved at the were waving in the ocean 1 He tried out the new... adjective): [17 ] [18 ] The boy wants to impress everyone A typical dog just cannot refrain from running all around A pronoun alone: [19 ] [20] 0 01- 030.Teschner. 01. indd 2 He jumped up and down again and again Someone punished him repeatedly 4/2/07 6:05 :17 PM Chapter 1 3 A predicate is defined quite simply: it is the “rest of the clause,” whatever is not a part of the subject At the heart of every predicate... another, from one person and number to another .1 We know that the following italicized words are verbs because we can conjugate them (change their forms from one tense to another tense and from one person/ number to another person/number): [ 21] [22] [23] [24] Mary watches the monster from the black lagoon Mary watched the monster from the black lagoon Mary and her sister Nancy watch the monster from the. .. Mexico), a friend of the textbook since 19 90; and Julian Tarango (El Paso, Texas), a real-world lodestar in language and living alike xi 00i-xiv.Teschner.FM.indd xi 4/2/07 6:02: 41 PM Introduction Analyzing the Grammar of English (which we abbreviate AGE) is an analysis of the grammar of a particular language (English) and not an introduction to linguistics whose examples end up coming from English A textbook...Acknowledgments The authors heartily wish to thank the many anonymous users and reviewers for their critiques and evaluations of the second edition, evaluations that have aided us greatly in the revisions that gave rise to the present work And our very special thanks go out to Prof Rebecca Babcock of the University of Texas of the Permian Basin, who on several occasions has generously sent us dozens of helpful... saw 0 01- 030.Teschner. 01. indd 9 4/2/07 6:05:23 PM 10 Chapter 1 ADJECTIVE A semantic trait of adjectives is that they describe, modify, limit, distinguish, or otherwise characterize the noun they refer to Adjectives take a larger category the noun—and limit it to a percentage of things within what the noun covers An example is the phrase green apples: The larger category—apples—is made smaller by the adjective... prescriptive grammarian would simply condemn them out of hand, whereas a descriptive grammarian seeks to describe the conditions under which they are produced and the phonetic processes by which Did you eat yet? gets changed into Jeet jet? AGE, then, is a frankly descriptive grammar that, nonetheless, is fully aware of prescriptivist norms Above all AGE seeks to analyze the grammar of English so that . index. ISBN -13 : 978 -1- 589 01- 166-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN -10 : 1- 589 01- 166-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. English language Grammar. I. Evans, Eston Earl, 19 40– II. Title. PE 111 2.T48 2007 425–dc22 20060 311 86 . 11 3 Person and Number 11 3 Gender 11 3 Case 11 4 Expressing Possession: Genitives and Partitives 11 6 Partitive-Genitive Constructions 11 7 Determiners, Common/Proper Nouns, and Mass/Count Nouns 12 1 Determiners. Phrases 1 The Most Important Parts of Speech 5 Noun 5 Verb 7 Adjective 10 Adverb 12 Pronoun 13 Determiner 14 Quantifier 14 Preposition 14 Case 16 Subject Case 17 Genitive/Possessive Case 17 Object