Pesticide Residues in Coastal Tropical Ecosystems: Distribution, fate and effects - Chapter 17 (end) doc

Summary 511Chapter 17 Summary Milton D. Taylor and Stephen J. Klaine GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES Existing environmental legislation, regulations, and standards concerning the coastal and marine environments must be enforced. However, there is a need in some countries to strengthen and broaden environmental protection either through creation of enforcement agencies where absent or by developing and expanding the legal framework for protecting coastal and marine environments. The legal framework for protecting the marine environment must be further developed on both the international level and within the legal context of individual countries. Comprehensive, enforceable laws dealing with pollution of surface and ground waters by pesticides and other pollutants are needed. Many of the less developed countries of the tropics have modeled their environmental institutions and laws after those of more industrialized and developed nations; however, those countries still in the process of establishing or revising their environmental protections should learn from the mistakes of others and seek to improve the basic model to fit local conditions, environmental, cultural, and political. As authorities responsible for regulatory control of pesticides become adequately conversant with control systems already in effect in other countries, they will be able to more effectively streamline the guidelines and standards currently in effect in various countries to ensure the future safe use of pesticides. In those countries where pesticide regulatory or control systems have not yet been implemented, a request for registration of a pesticide product by a manu- facturer should be accompanied by a comprehensive data set collected by the manufacturer’s research group, which would include a wide range of toxicity data, persistence data, environmental fate and effects data (all of which should be collected under local conditions if economically feasible, or under suitable surrogate conditions, i.e. a similar tropical climate) and details of the nature and sensitivity of analytical techniques used to collect the data. Pesticides should also be re- registered periodically with a review of current data on the pesticide and a requirement that the registering company submit residue data collected under local conditions. Currently, in most countries once registration is given, a pesticide can be marketed forever until restricted or banned by a government agency because © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts 512 Milton D. Taylor and Stephen J. Klaine of an awakening recognition of its hazards. No pesticide product, or active ingre- dient, should be registered or reregistered without limits placed on its use. Pesticide products should be registered for a specific purpose on a particular crop with guidelines to describe the proper manner of application. Failure to do this can become a recipe for disaster in countries with poorly educated farmers if they use a product indiscriminately. Choosing a pesticide for a particular purpose is a highly skilled task and should not be performed by the uninformed. Thus, all stages of a pesticide’s life cycle, e.g. import licenses, registration, storage, packing, labeling, transport, retailing, aerial spraying, and applicator training, must be addressed and regulated. Many tropical countries need to develop programs to exercise control over residue levels present in food at the time it is offered for sale. Awareness among the general public about pesticide residues and their potential for contaminating the environment is also lacking. Because it is impossible to test all farm produce, a monitoring approach requires the establishment of regulations concerning maximum permissible residue limits that must not be exceeded in marketed food. Exceeding these limits must lead to legal action against the offending farmer or trader and destruction of the condemned produce. There is neither the political will nor sufficient money in most national budgets to police all local markets and imported products. Further, this approach would be meaningless unless the govern- ments concerned establish well-equipped laboratories of international caliber and reputation and staff them with teams of trustworthy analysts and inspectors. The capability of many tropical countries’ governmental agencies to generate and analyze data on pesticide contamination in food, feedstuffs, and the environment is limited by a lack of sophisticated instrumentation, the requisite equipment main- tenance funding and staff, and adequate manpower with the expertise needed to run such nationwide programs. Funding for such programs, initiatives, and infra- structure is not available locally; if it is to be done, then the international community, through the United Nations, will have to step forward and provide both leadership and resources. Environmental impact assessments of proposed large-scale projects must be given due consideration. Government funds for environmental impact studies of pesticides and other toxicants are limited, with many government’s highest priority geared toward increasing production in the agriculture and fisheries sectors. Unfortunately, support from international sources is often limited or non-continuing in nature and, therefore, pesticide residue data are few and far between. Often, a lack of coordination and integration of government effort and the funding required for implementation is lacking, especially in the area of environmental management. Some countries, e.g. Vietnam and some parts of the Commonwealth Carribean, are in the initial stages of tourism development. For them, the challenge is to maintain the pristine condition of the ecosystems that attracted the development. They have a unique opportunity, in the planning, design, and construction phases, to develop chemical management and land use strategies to prevent or minimize ecosystem deterioration. Pristine coastal ecosystems can be quickly spoiled by © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts Summary 513 untreated or inadequately treated sewage and wastewater discharges from the rapid expansion of tourism infrastructure, e.g. airports, hotels, marinas, and restaurants, encouraged by increased tourist interest in previously undiscovered areas. If legislation, policies, and regulations are already in place, regions can profit from becoming the ‘new’ and ‘in’ destination without harming the very asset that had attracted visitors initially. The success of pest and pesticide management in tropical countries is directly related to the state of environmental awakening in the general public and a general appreciation for environmental problems developed among policy and decision makers in government and industry and the public. Many countries have established education and training programs to promote industry and public awareness of environmental problems and concerns and sound environmental practices. Citizen education and outreach to pesticide users may also reduce mismanagement and misuse of these chemicals. Other programs are designed to educate tropical countries’ farmers and agricultural workers about IPM techniques and management practices that minimize excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Similar programs should be adopted by other tropical countries with an effort to learn from others’ successes and mistakes. The use of the farmer field school concept for teaching IPM to rice farmers in several of the countries has achieved notable success in most locations where it has been implemented. Its adoption for other crops could significantly reduce pollution from chemical pesticides and fertilizers. In the tropics lindane, endosulfan, chlordane, and BHC are the remaining OCs in limited to widespread agricultural use. However, they are of primary concern with respect to the aquatic environment. Lindane and endosulfan are in the most widespread use and have proven highly toxic to aquatic life forms. While these compounds may be restricted or banned by more countries in the near future, the implementation of buffer zones in sensitive areas may help to minimize their entry into waterways. In areas where such an approach may not be practical, alternative pesticides with minimal toxic effects to aquatic organisms, while still maintaining field efficacy, should replace those currently being used. There seems to be a general consensus that the pesticide industry must energetically develop new pesticide classes and pesticide varieties with high performance, novel modes of action, low toxicity, and low residues to replace the older pesticide varieties that can cause serious pollution of agricultural ecosystems and leave high residue levels on farm produce. Concurrently, pesticide manufacturing countries must also pursue research, development, and production of biological pesticides, alternative pest control measures including biocontrol, natural predators and pathogens, pest resistant cultivars, and genetic engineering of crops and pursue subsidized use of biological and ‘safe’ chemical pesticides. This policy would force product structures to tend toward becoming more ecologically friendly. Finally, it is essential that laboratories that produce data on pesticide interactions with environmental compartments and residues be required to have quality assurance (QA) and control (QC) procedures that meet the standard criteria of ISO-25. Good laboratory practices (GLP) and laboratory standard operating © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts 514 Milton D. Taylor and Stephen J. Klaine procedures (SOPs) are necessary for reliable and dependable analytical systems and include standardization of facilities for analysis. The reliability of data gene- rated by these laboratories must be assured and internationally accepted. RESEARCH NEEDS More extensive studies are needed in many tropical countries on the extent and effect of pesticide pollution with particular emphasis on residues in marine, coastal, and estuarine environments. Although attempts have been made to determine residues in the marine environment and a large amount of data is available, a planned, systematic survey is lacking. Such a study would help in arriving at residue distribution among different compartments of marine ecosystems and elucidating the interactions between compartments. Sufficient data is still needed in many countries to properly develop and manage the marine environment. These studies would measure the level of contaminants, study contaminant accumulation that might lead to biological impacts, and record baseline data on the distribution of flora and fauna on beaches, in coastal lagoons and estuaries, and in other near- shore ecosystems. Additionally, documentation and evaluation of pesticide use in aquaculture and fishing activities is necessary to provide baseline information for managing this agricultural sector. Research is needed to determine the environ- mental consequences of chemical use in inland and coastal aquaculture and this research should examine pesticide impacts on non-target organisms, chemical fate and movement, effects, accumulation, degradation, and pest resistance development. There is also a need for studies to assess the impact of inland drainage and land-based pollution sources on coastal lands and waters. Such studies would provide a scientific basis for legislative provisions to establish appropriate abatement and control measures. Additional studies are needed to characterize industrial effluents and to identify the most hazardous pollutants that might require imple- mentation of immediate control measures. Also an estimate of the input rate of pollutants into estuaries and coastal zones from land-based sources, the distribution pathways of pollutants into estuarine and coastal waters, and long-term studies on the biological impact of pollution discharges into the coastal zone would be very useful. Although much can be learned from studies conducted in temperate countries, there is clearly a need to conduct similar studies to elucidate the movement and fate, distribution, behavior, and bioavailability of pesticides in tropical ecosystems to assess the potential impacts of these chemicals in the tropics. Supervised field trials must be arranged to supplement a manufacturer’s data and to ensure that local climatic and environmental factors are accounted for in registration delibera- tions. Safety in the use of pesticides is a dynamic challenge and locally generated data must cover the formulations in use, use patterns, and cropping systems from the tropics. Ecotoxicological aspects of pesticide use under a given ecological © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts Summary 515 scenario are an essential requirement for safe use of pesticides. Knowledge about the environmental movement and fate, distribution, and bioavailability of pesticides and the development of pest resistance under tropical conditions is essential for understanding the consequences of pesticide use and misuse on tropical aquatic ecosystems, developing environmental impact statements and risk assessments, making prudent pest management decisions, and improving aquatic, estuarine, and coastal management policies. Also, special emphasis should be given to studies examining the potential impact on tropical aquatic ecosystems of repeated and continual low-level exposures to mixtures of pesticides. Contemporary pesticides, e.g. ametryn, cadusafos, chlorothalonil, cypermethrin, propiconazole, quinclorac, and carbofuran among others, which have been found in aquatic ecosystems should be regarded as priority substances for future studies. A major need will be the development of sensitive methods to monitor pesticide effects on ecosystems. Criteria related to general water quality and specific criteria for tropical aquatic ecosystems must be developed. The concept of acceptable risk levels should be assessed relative to protection of valuable tropical aquatic ecosystems. It will be necessary to develop a ‘tropical’ definition of water quality, acceptable risk, and methods for environmental evaluation. Studies to develop pesticide reduction strategies especially for the more toxic pesticides are greatly needed. The toxicity and effects of many of the currently used pesticides and their metabolites to aquatic organisms, especially invertebrates, need to be studied. A database developed from such a study would greatly assist efforts to conduct risk assessments of pesticides. A systematic study with well-defined short and long- range objectives would be of great value in evaluating and sustaining the health of the tropical marine environment. While agricultural activity is the greatest contributor to pesticide pollution of the environment, there is a significant environmental contribution from the waste discharges of pesticide manufacturers. Characterization of these waste products is important for understanding their effects on ecosystems. Considering the limitations of acute toxicity data, information on pesticide residue effects on ecosystems is essential to properly assess impacts. To achieve this, micro- and mesocosm studies may serve as a bridge between simple LC 50 data and comprehensive ecosystem assessments. Ultimately field validation will be necessary to match predictions derived from laboratory, micro-, and mesocosm tests to observations of the responses of complex tropical ecosystems. There is clearly an increasing need to develop and adopt IPM strategies for other tropical crops besides rice and the few major crops for which the information is available. This would require extensive research in various approaches to pest control in the specific tropical agroecosystems, including the introduction of multi- pest resistant cultivars, biological control methods, natural predators and pathogens, and effective training of farmers in the implementation of IPM strategies and techniques. © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts 516 Milton D. Taylor and Stephen J. Klaine EDUCATION NEEDS AND INITIATIVES Education and training programs, including workshops, seminars, pilot demon- stration parcels with farmers, extension training projects, and public service announcement campaigns, should be established to educate the general public about the environment in general, environmental problems, chemical and non- chemical pollutants and contaminants, and sound environmental practices. These nationwide campaigns are imperative and must include school children to provide continuity for the program. Furthermore, agricultural management practices that minimize excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers should be developed and instituted throughout the tropics. There is a widespread need for developing and implementing training programs for pesticide handlers and applicators and their families. A major concern for the continued success and expansion of IPM in the tropics is the belief by farmers that pesticides are the only viable solution to their farming problems. For historical reasons, many tropical farmers’ understanding of the scientific basis for the use of pesticides is incomplete and their concept of environmental protection is minimal. Because farmers directly use pesticides, it is very important to increase their knowledge of the reasons behind protecting the environment and minimizing pesticide use. Moreover, it is also essential to conduct technical and environmental awareness training for policy- makers at different political levels in addition to training the technicians and workers involved in pesticide production and application. Application of pesticides in the field is the predominant cause for their conta- mination of the environment. Thus, an extensive program of public education to fuel public awareness on the proper uses of pesticides needs to be instituted where lacking and continued, improved, and reinforced where in place to minimize the indiscriminate and irresponsible use of pesticides. While countries readily accept the responsibility of promulgating relevant pesticide regulations, they must also assume the task of educating their people on safe pesticide use and establish an efficient means of supervising pesticide use to safeguard people’s health. The side effects of pesticides caused by poor production and poor application techniques may include serious pollution and other environmental problems in addition to their toxic effects on wildlife and human beings. Continuous use of single pesticides leads to rapid resistance development in pests and, ultimately, to failure of the pesticide from pest resistance. Manufacturers and farmers seldom investigate the causes of such failures. Farmers often blindly increase the concentration of the pesticide or its frequency of use, further inducing resistance by pests and polluting the environment. A nationwide information dissemination and training program, especially for farmers and aquaculturists, on the development of resistance and the effects of pesticides in the environment can go a long way toward alleviating this problem. Finally, the training of more environmental scientists, engineers, and managers, both locally and overseas, should be instituted throughout the tropics with adequate long-term funding and support from the international community. © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts Summary 517 MONITORING NEEDS While the widespread use of pesticides continues, there is a need for extensive monitoring of their residues in the environment. Thus, where absent, effective monitoring programs must be established to monitor estuarine and marine pesticide levels, oil pollution, industrial and sewage pollution, and to encourage research on pesticide residues and their effects on aquatic organisms. Additionally, pollution monitoring of beaches and coastal waters should be instituted and bacteriological quality control of bathing waters should begin. Such monitoring programs must be supported by the necessary regulatory capacities, coupled with effective enforcement mechanisms to prevent contamination levels from exceeding locally established limits as stipulated by the appropriate legislatures. Throughout these studies, the impact of pesticide residues contributed from agricultural activities could be discerned if river mouths of major rivers passing through the agricultural fields’ drainage areas were monitored. As the capability of monitoring contaminants is strengthened, the environmental and social costs of inland and coastal aquaculture, rice fish culture, agriculture, and manufacturing can be assessed. Then, pesticides and other contaminants can be evaluated not only for localized effects but in the context of nationwide risk assessments. This will provide data for new legislative initiatives to protect the marine environment from unnecessary risks from pesticide use. PROSPECTS Tropical agriculture, like that in other countries, faces certain common problems. There is a continuous reduction in the amount of useful agricultural land due to growing cities, recreational areas, industrialization, and park preserves. Further- more, every year valuable soils are lost to erosion from the deforestation that began more than 100 years ago but continues today. An increasing population, which demands higher quantities and better qualities of agroproducts, and a need for expanded agricultural exports to contribute to national economic development pose a tremendous challenge to tropical agriculture. It must produce more and better crops using less land and this necessarily implies an increase in productivity, achievable only through correct and timely application of science-based agricultural knowledge, including the prudent use of pesticides. Despite worldwide efforts to find substitutes for agrochemicals, world food production will depend on the use of these chemicals for the foreseeable future. To relieve projected food shortages, Africa and Latin America are expected to increase their use of agrochemicals. Therefore, increased monitoring of pesticide residues will be necessary to preserve the environment and contribute to sustainable agriculture. This will require both an investment in scientific, regulatory, and enforcement infrastructure and the periodic upgrading of the knowledge and skill levels of environmental and agricultural scientists. More support for basic and © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts 518 Milton D. Taylor and Stephen J. Klaine applied research will be needed if enforcement of environmental regulations is to become easier so as to achieve the end result of better protection for the tropic’s unique and diverse environment. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Measurements of OCs in marine waters from the Arabian Sea showed low residue levels. Aldrin, HCHs, and DDTs were the most abundant and most commonly found pesticides in the Arabian Sea. Concentrations of DDT in the zooplankton showed a decreasing gradient from the near-shore to offshore. However, sediments from the Bay of Bengal contained an order of magnitude higher residues than sediments from the Arabian Sea. This was attributed to residues carried by the major rivers, which primarily flow east through heavily agricultural lands located there. Green mussels collected from the East Coast of the Indian Subcontinent had high levels of HCH while West Coast samples had high levels of DDT. This pattern is indicative of the different pesticide usage patterns for agriculture (HCH) and public health purposes (DDT). It appears that, in general, pesticide residues are low in the Indian Subcontinent marine environment, possibly due to the impact of semi-diurnal tides coupled with the influence of the biannual reversal of the direction of monsoon winds that ensures widespread dispersion of pollutants throughout the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the northern arms of the Indian Ocean. Assessment of the fisheries sector in Asia has identified resource depletion, environmental damage, poverty among fisherfolk, low productivity, and limited utilization of offshore waters by commercial fishermen as major problems for the industry. Over-fishing and habitat degeneration has resulted in no substantial increase in fish capture in near-shore areas of some countries. However, many countries expect an increment of increased fish production to come from aqua- culture, but aquaculture’s use of chemicals may result in excessive environmental costs. Monoculture-type agriculture for producing banana, coffee, sugarcane, rice, ornamentals, and fruits is one reason for the intense and predominant use of pesticides in the Caribbean, Central, and South America. This method of farming depends heavily on agrochemical use, which has many negative consequences. These include pest resistance development, soil deterioration, aquatic ecosystem degradation, the emergence and proliferation of secondary pests, adverse health effects on the general and agricultural labor populations, and various other environ- mental effects from the exposure of wildlife to pesticides residues. 1 In general, few large-scale effects have been documented given the ubiquitous OC pesticide residues in these tropical ecosystems. One caveat to this is that endocrine effects have not been investigated. © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts Summary 519 2 Toxicological investigations in these countries focus on the individual organism level and little attention has been paid to other organization levels including molecular, biochemical, population, community, and ecosystem levels. 3 Pesticide residues in sediments can be hydrologically connected to upstream land management practices. 4 International aid efforts must have education and outreach as integral com- ponents of their efforts. 5 IPM, involving a combination of chemical, biological, and cultural methods of pest control, has proven a realistic and viable means of decreasing the negative impacts of the excessive use of pesticides throughout the tropics. 6 Farmer and farm worker education is critical to the successful implementation of IPM programs. 7 Education should not be confined to the agricultural community but should embrace all sectors of society including school children and political leaders. 8 It is obvious that additional multi-nation monitoring programs are needed to document changes from the present pesticide residue levels. New chemistries and co-operation between regional nations 9 Continued influx of resources for pesticide monitoring must come from both internal and international government agencies. 10 The concept of sustainable resource management must be in the forefront of decision-making. 11 Better cause and effect relationships between land use and the deterioration of near coastal resources must be developed. 12 It is important to consider the environmental problems associated with pesticide use in association with the related agricultural, economic, political, and public health issues. 13 Best management strategies currently used in temperate climates must be successfully implemented and evaluated – with modification as needed – in tropical land use and development. A FEW FINAL REMARKS Both governmental and non-governmental institutions must work together with farmers, farmers’ associations, and other players in the agricultural and food marketing and distribution sectors to conduct research and facilitate technology transfers with a goal of more rational and sustainable agricultural practices. The use of integrated pest management (IPM) programs and organic farming move- ments in a number of countries are excellent examples of positive movement toward sustainable agriculture. Effective schemes for minimizing some of the risks associated with the use of pesticides already exist in countries such as the USA and the European Community. Agencies of the United Nations are extending cooperation, collaboration, and © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts 520 Milton D. Taylor and Stephen J. Klaine expert guidance to developing countries around the world in devising practical steps for the control of pesticides. They are assisting in maximizing pesticides’ beneficial role while minimizing risks associated with undesirable levels of residues in abiotic compartments, biota, food chains, and foodstuffs and reducing untoward effects on non-target organisms in the environment. Perceived personal benefits should not be the overriding factor in the decision to apply pesticides because every time they are used, a certain risk is involved especially if the usage is not judicious. People from many countries should begin to reorient their concept of the environment so that it is not limited to the house, the yard, the place of work, and the immediate community but focuses on the national and global scale. The increased productivity of countries’ resources must proceed hand-in-hand with the conservation and preservation of those resources for future generations. The idea of sustainable development, natural capital, and the responsibility of the current generation to preserve its resources for the future should be ingrained in every citizen of the world. © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts [...]... 2664 4-4 6-2 CAS Nr 112 9-4 1-5 vamidothion CAS Nr 00227 5-2 3-2 warfarin XMC, macbal CAS Nr 8 1-8 1-2 CAS Nr 265 5-1 4-3 Yanjian, nicotine Yinbieqin (diapropetryn) Yutenqin, rotenone zinc phosphide zineb ziram CAS Nr 5 4-1 1-5 not available CAS Nr 8 3-7 9-4 CAS Nr 131 4-8 4-7 CAS Nr 1212 2-6 7-7 CAS Nr 13 7-3 0-4 CAS Nr 6684 1-2 5-6 CAS Nr 4312 1-4 3-3 CAS Nr 5521 9-6 5-3 CAS Nr 2401 7-4 7-8 pyrethroid ester insecticide conazole... 191 8-1 6-7 CAS Nr 70 9-9 8-8 CAS Nr 231 2-3 5-8 CAS Nr 6020 7-9 0-1 CAS Nr 901 6-7 2-2 CAS Nr 11 4-2 6-1 pyrethrin, Chuchongjuzhu pyridiphenthion, Ofunack pyroquilon quinalphos, Ekalux Merek Index Nr 7978 CAS Nr 11 9-1 2-0 CAS Nr 5736 9-3 2-1 CAS Nr 1359 3-0 3-8 quinclorac quintiofos quizalofop-ethyl CAS Nr 8408 7-0 1-4 CAS Nr 177 6-8 3-6 CAS Nr 7657 8-1 2-6 rotenone, Yutenqin Samppi No 3 schradan secto CAS Nr 8 3-7 9-4 not... CAS Nr 692 3-2 2-4 CAS Nr 15 0-6 5-5 CAS Nr 216 3-8 0-6 CAS Nr 112 9-4 1-5 NAA, α-naphthaleneacetic acid n-decanol, n-decyl alcohol Nemagon, DBCP niclosamide nicotine, Yanjian nitrofen Ofunack, pyridiphenthion omethoate CAS Nr 8 6-8 7-3 CAS Nr 1 317 1-2 1-6 CAS Nr 9 6-1 2-8 CAS Nr 5 0-6 5-7 CAS Nr 5 4-1 1-5 CAS Nr 183 6-7 5-5 CAS Nr 11 9-1 2-0 CAS Nr 111 3-0 2-6 oxadiazon oxamyl CAS Nr 1966 6-3 0-9 CAS Nr 2313 5-2 2-0 oxydemeton... 11436 9-4 3-6 CAS Nr 1335 6-0 8-6 CAS Nr 12 2-1 4-5 CAS Nr 376 6-8 1-2 fenom C (Novartis) fenoprop, 2,4,5-TP, Silvex profenophos + cypermethrin CAS Nr 9 3-7 2-1 fenoxaprop CAS Nr 7351 9-5 5-8 fenpropathrin CAS Nr 3951 5-4 1-8 fentin chloride CAS Nr 63 9-5 8-7 fentin acetate CAS Nr 90 0-9 5-8 fenthion fenvalerate CAS Nr 5 5-3 8-9 CAS Nr 5163 0-5 8-1 ferbam flocoumafen fluazifop-butyl CAS Nr 1448 4-6 4-1 CAS Nr 9003 5-0 8-8 CAS... aluminum phosphide, gastoxin ametryn amitraz CAS Nr 30 9-0 0-2 CAS Nr 1584 5-6 6-6 CAS Nr 2085 9-7 3-8 CAS Nr 83 4-1 2-8 CAS Nr 3308 9-6 1-1 amobam anilofos aramite arsenous oxide, arsenic trioxide CAS Nr 356 6-1 0-7 CAS Nr 6424 9-0 1-0 CAS Nr 14 0-5 7-8 CAS Nr 132 7-5 3-3 atrazine azadirachtin CAS Nr 191 2-2 4-9 CAS Nr 1114 1-1 7-6 azamethiphos CAS Nr 3557 5-9 6-3 azinphos ethyl CAS Nr 264 2-7 1-9 Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt bellater... metalaxyl metaldehyde methacrifos CAS Nr 801 8-0 1-7 CAS Nr 1242 7-3 8-2 CAS Nr 13826 1-4 1-3 CAS Nr 9 4-7 4-6 CAS Nr 705 5-0 3-0 CAS Nr 7 8-5 7-9 CAS Nr 5783 7-1 9-1 CAS Nr 10 8-6 2-3 CAS Nr 6261 0-7 7-9 methamidophos CAS Nr 1026 5-9 2-6 methidathion methazole methomyl methoxychlor CAS Nr 95 0-3 7-8 CAS Nr 2035 4-2 6-1 CAS Nr 1675 2-7 7-5 CAS Nr 7 2-4 3-5 Activity imidazolinone herbicide pyridine insecticide not available OP fungicide;... 6980 6-5 0-4 flumethrin fluometuron fluoroacetamide, fussol fluroxypyr methyl heptyl ester flutolanil folpet, phaltan fonofos CAS Nr 6977 0-4 5-2 CAS Nr 216 4-1 7-2 CAS Nr 64 0-1 9-7 CAS Nr 6937 7-8 1-7 CAS Nr 6633 2-9 6-5 CAS Nr 13 3-0 7-3 CAS Nr 94 4-2 2-9 formothion CAS Nr 254 0-8 2-1 fosetyl, Aliette, fosetyl-aluminium (fosetyl-aluminium) foxim, phoxim CAS Nr 1584 5-6 6-6 (CAS Nr 3914 8-2 4-8 ) CAS Nr 1481 6-1 8-3 gastoxin,... 3536 7-3 8-5 Dimecron, phosphamidon dimelon dimethoate CAS Nr 1 317 1-2 1-6 not available CAS Nr 6 0-5 1-5 dinitrocresol, DNC, DNOC CAS Nr 53 4-5 2-1 dinocap CAS Nr 3930 0-4 5-3 dinoseb dioxathion CAS Nr 8 8-8 5-7 CAS Nr 7 8-3 4-2 diphacinone diquat diuron DMAH, dimethylaluminumhydride DSMA EDB, ethylene dibromide edifenphos, hinosan Ekalux, quinalphos CAS Nr 8 2-6 6-6 CAS Nr 276 4-7 2-9 CAS Nr 33 0-5 4-1 CAS Nr 86 5-3 7-2 ... Identification number CAS Nr 65 0-5 1-1 CAS Nr 800 1-5 0-1 CAS Nr 770 4-3 4-9 CAS Nr 368 9-2 4-5 CAS Nr 3540 0-4 3-2 CAS Nr 5163 0-5 8-1 CAS Nr 12 2-1 4-5 CAS Nr 191 8-1 8-9 CAS Nr 8044 3-4 1-0 CAS Nr 338 3-9 6-8 CAS Nr 10 7-4 9-3 Activity herbicide chloroterpene insecticide unclassified acaricide and fungicide thioOP acaricide and insecticide phenyl thioOP insecticide pyrethroid insecticide phenyl thioOP insecticide carbanilate... 30 1-1 2-2 demeton-methyl oxyfluorfen CAS Nr 4287 4-0 3-3 oxythioquinox, chinomethionat(e) CAS Nr 243 9-0 1-2 paraquat, gramaxone parathion CAS Nr 468 5-1 4-7 CAS Nr 5 6-3 8-2 parathion-methyl CAS Nr 29 8-0 0-0 pendimethalin pentachlorophenol, PCP CAS Nr 4048 7-4 2-1 CAS Nr 8 7-8 6-5 permethrin CAS Nr 5264 5-5 3-1 phaltan, folpet phenazine phenothrin, Sumithrin phenoxyacetic acid phenthoate phorate CAS Nr 13 3-0 7-3 CAS . 8133 4-3 4-1 imidazolinone herbicide imidacloprid, marathon CAS Nr 13826 1-4 1-3 pyridine insecticide inacide (indomethacin) CAS Nr 5 3-8 6-1 not available iprobenfos, IBP, Kitazin-p CAS Nr 2608 7-4 7-8 . acaricide; quinoxaline thioOP insecticide quinclorac CAS Nr 8408 7-0 1-4 quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicide quintiofos CAS Nr 177 6-8 3-6 organothiophosphate acaricide quizalofop-ethyl CAS Nr 7657 8-1 2-6 aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicide rotenone,. Nr 587 1-1 7-0 (K + salt) thioOP insecticide diflubenzuron CAS Nr 3536 7-3 8-5 chemosterilant; chitin synthesis inhibitor insecticide Dimecron, phosphamidon CAS Nr 1 317 1-2 1-6 OP insecticide and nematicide dimelon