Pesticide Residues in Coastal Tropical Ecosystems © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts Pesticide Residues in Coastal Tropical Ecosystems Distribution, fate and effects Edited by Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo, and Jan Everaarts © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts First published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts Typeset in Baskerville by HWA Text and Data Management, Tunbridge Wells Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books, Bodmin, Cornwall All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Every effort has been made to ensure that the advice and information in this book is true and accurate at the time of going to press. However, neither the publisher nor the authors can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. In the case of drug administration, any medical procedure or the use of technical equipment mentioned within this book, you are strongly advised to consult the manufacturer’s guidelines. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Pesticide residues in coastal tropical ecosystems : distribution, fate and effects / edited by Milton D. Taylor … [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Pesticides – Environmental aspects – Tropics. 2. Coastal ecology – Tropics. I. Taylor, Milton D. QH545.P4 P44796 2002 628.5´29´0913–dc21 202072711 ISBN 0–415–23917–6 © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts Contents v Contents List of figures vii List of tables x List of contributors xvii Foreword xxi List of abbreviations xxiv 1 Introduction 1 FERNANDO CARVALHO, STEPHEN J. KLAINE AND MILTON D. TAYLOR 2 Pesticides in the marine environment of Ghana 8 S. OSAFO ACQUAAH AND E. FREMPONG 3 Pesticide use in Zimbabwe: impact on Lake Kariba, a tropical freshwater ecosystem 21 MARK F. ZARANYIKA 4 Pesiticdes in Kenya 49 S.O. WANDIGA, J.O. LALAH AND P.N. KAIGWARA 5 Distribution, fate, and effects of pesticides in the tropical coastal zones of India 81 K. RAGHU, G.G. PANDIT, N.B.K. MURTHY, A.M. MOHAN RAO, P.K. MUKHERJEE, S.P. KALE AND J. MITRA 6 Pesticides in Bangladesh 137 M.A. MATIN 7 Pesticide use in Malaysia: trends and impacts 159 ABDUL RANI ABDULLAH © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts vi Contents 8 Distribution, fate, and impact of pesticides in the tropical marine environment of Vietnam 180 DANG DUC NHAN 9 Pesticides in the People’s Republic of China 220 ZHONG CHUANGGUANG, CHEN SHUNHUA, CAI FULONG, LIAO YUANQI, PEN YEFANG AND ZHAO XIAOKUI 10 Ecotoxicology of pesticides in Philippine aquatic ecosystems 271 CRISTINA M. BAJET 11 Pesticides in the coastal zone of Mexico 311 F. GONZÁLEZ–FARIAS 12 The use of pesticides in Costa Rica and their impact on coastal ecosystems 338 ELBA M. DE LA CRUZ AND LUISA E. CASTILLO 13 Pesticides in Colombia: their application, use and legislation 374 LUZ ANGELA CASTRO 14 Pesticide use in Cuban agriculture, present and prospects 400 GONZALO DIERKSMEIER, PURA MORENO, R. HERNÁNDEZ AND K. MARTINEZ 15 Use, fate, and ecotoxicity of pesticides in Jamaica and the Commonwealth Caribbean 425 AJAI MANSINGH, DWIGHT E. ROBINSON AND KATHY M. DALIP 16 Coastal watershed-based ecological risk assessment – Gulf of Mexico 464 STEPHEN J. KLAINE AND FOSTER L. MAYER 17 Summary 511 MILTON D. TAYLOR AND STEPHEN J. KLAINE Appendix: Listing of all presticides mentioned, identification numbers and activities 521 © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts vii Figures 2.1 Map of Ghana showing the ten administrative regions and the marine coastline on the Gulf of Guinea 9 3.1 Lake Kariba with inflows from Zimbabwean rivers 23 3.2 Agro-ecological regions of Zimbabwe 29 3.3 Zimbabwe with its major drainage systems 30 3.4 Distribution of G. morsitans and G. pallidipes in S.E. central Africa 30 3.5 Distribution of G. morsitans in Zimbabwe, southern Mozambique and South Africa in 1959 31 3.6 Areas sprayed with DDT in the Zambezi valley between 1982 and 1985, and in 1988 34 3.7 Annual use of DDT for tsetse control in Zimbabwe 1981–90 34 3.8 Areas sprayed for malaria control between 1981 and 1993 36 4.1 The agroecological zones of Kenya 50 4.2 Map of the Tana River basin showing irrigation schemes and other developments 63 4.3 Drainage map of Kenya 65 5.1 A map of India showing topographical details relevant for pesticide movement 84 5.2 The percentage distribution of accounted land area in India by use 85 5.3 Percentage consumption of pesticides by use category in India 89 5.4 Percentage of pesticide use in various crops in India 89 5.5 14 C-DDT distribution in different compartments of a model ecosystem 121 6.1 Pesticide consumption in Bangladesh from 1973–95 140 6.2 Distribution of pesticides classified by function and insecticides by chemical group 141 6.3 Removal of DDT by water washing of dried fish treated with 14 C-DDT 146 6.4 Distribution of DDT residues in a marine microcosm 152 7.1 The location of major agricultural areas by crop in Peninsular Malaysia 161 © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts viii Figures 7.2 Change in the area planted in oil palm, rubber, cocoa, and rice in Malyasia for the years 1980, 1990, and 1995 162 8.1 Major agricultural zones in Vietnam 190 9.1 Schematic drawing of a miniature model ecosystem 260 10.1 Geopolitical map of the Philippines showing island and region groupings and surrounding east Asian seas 272 10.2 Fish production in the Philippines, 1995 273 10.3 Pesticide importation statistics in the Philippines for the period 1985–92 276 10.4 Pesticide sales, usage, and trends in the Philippines for the period 1993–96. 277 10.5 Cross-section of a typical rice fish field 284 10.6 Aquaculture in the Philippines 292 11.1 Estimate of the quantity of pesticides used in Mexico from 1950–95 312 11.2 Classes of pesticides imported by Mexico (A) and their countries of origin (B) 313 11.3 Change in the number of authorized insecticides for the different chemical groups for 1988 and 1996 316 11.4 Percentage of total pesticides used in Mexico by activity (A) and by class (B) 320 11.5 Location of the coastal states of Mexico 321 11.6 Total agricultural area (ha × 10 3 ) and irrigated land (ha × 10 3 ) of each coastal state in Mexico 323 11.7 Frequency of occurrence of the most common pesticides per sample as reported in studies published from 1977–97 329 11.8 Number of different pesticide residues reported for each coastal state in Mexico 330 12.1 Costa Rica’s location and primary river systems 339 12.2 Tons of formulated pesticides imported by Costa Rica from 1970–96 343 12.3 Tons of pesticide a.i.(s) imported by Costa Rica from 1992–97 and the cost of pesticide a.i.(s) imported from 1992–97 346 12.4 Biocides by class imported by Costa Rica during: 1977–79, 1985–87, and 1995–97 348 12.5 Extension (ha × 1,000) and regional distribution of major crop production in Costa Rica 351 12.6 Pesticide residues (µg kg –1 fw) reported for coastal and natural freshwater biota of Costa Rica 362 12.7 Pesticide residues (µg L –1 ) in surface waters of Costa Rica from 1992–98 365 13.1 The geographic location of Colombia 375 13.2 The natural regions of Colombia 378 13.3 The hydrographic basins of Colombia 379 © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts Figures ix 14.1 Map of the Cuban Archipelago showing the major rice production areas 403 14.2 Degradation of carbofuran in a typical rice soil 411 14.3 Sampling sites at Dayamgua Beach, Cuba 414 14.4 Channel system for the study of adsorption behavior of pesticides in a water/sediment system 417 15.1 Map of the Caribbean Basin showing major islands and island groups 426 15.2 Topography of Jamaica 427 15.3 The watersheds of Jamaica and geographic distribution of the major agricultural crops of Jamaica 428 15.4 Integrated management of pests and pesticides in tropical island ecosystems: a prospectus 433 16.1 Relationship between land use and aquatic ecosystems in small, developed suburban watersheds 489 16.2 Relationship between rainfall, water runoff, and contaminant transport for different land uses 497 16.3 Incorporation of exposure scenarios into watershed model to facilitate hypothesis formulation and prioritization 498 © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts x Tables Tables 2.1 Trade names of agrochemicals, classified by use, used by farmers from the Ashanti, Brong Ahafo, eastern, and western regions of Ghana 15 2.2 Organochlorine pesticide residues in water, sediment, tomato, and human fluids in a vegetable farming community located in the Ashanti Region of Ghana 17 3.1 The physical dimensions of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe at the normal operating water level 22 3.2 Pesticides used in Zimbabwe: grouped according to chemical classes of the compounds 25 3.3 List of commonly used dipping chemicals in Zimbabwe 27 3.4 Spraying operations using 3.1 percent dieldrin emulsion in the south-east Zimbabwe–Mozambique border region 1962–67 33 3.5 Spraying operations in the south-east Zimbabwe– Mozambique border region 1968–71 33 3.6 Use of endosulfan in the Gokwe District of Zimbabwe 35 3.7 Pesticide residues (mg kg –1 dw) in animal tissue from different localities in Zimbabwe 37 3.8 Pesticide residues in biological samples from various localities in Zimbabwe (µg g –1 dw) 38 3.9 OC insecticide residues in 15 crocodile eggs (µg g –1 dw) from Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe 42 3.10 OC insecticide and PCB residues in crocodile eggs from Zimbabwe (µg g –1 dw) 43 3.11 Levels of residues of DDT and its metabolites in fat of crocodiles (pg –1 dw fat a ) from seven localities on the shoreline of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe 44 3.12 Average values (ng g –1 dw) of DDT, HCH, aldrin and DDT/ ∑ DDT for fish from Lake Kariba, Lake Chivero, and Mazvikadei Dam, Zimbabwe 45 © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts Tables xi 3.13 ∑ DDT, ∑ Drins, ∑ DDE, endosulfan, heptachlor, and ∑ DDE/∑ DDT ratios in sediments from the Charara (C), Nyaodza (N), Gachegache (G), Sanyati (S), Ume (UN), Sengwa (SN), and Ruzirukuru (Rz) River bays around Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe (in ng g –1 dw) 45 4.1 Pesticides banned or in restricted use in Kenya (from the Pest Control Products Board) 53 4.2 Importation of different groups of pesticides into Kenya (1986–95) (value) 54 4.3 Importation of different groups of pesticides into Kenya (1986–95) (weight) 55 4.4 Importation of different groups of pesticides into Kenya (1986–95) (percentage of total imports) 55 4.5 Importation of some pesticides into Kenya (1986–92) 55 4.6 Some pesticides used in Kenya 58 4.7 Important pests and control measures taken in Tana River district (1992 and 1993) 64 4.8 Pesticide residues found in fish tissues 67 4.9 Reported level of ∑ DDT residues in fish from Kenyan lakes 69 4.10 OC pesticide residues in fish from Masinga Dam on the Tana River 69 4.11 Dissipation of DDT, DDE, and lindane in Kenyan soils 71 5.1 Pesticide residues in marine, estuarine, and fresh waters of India 98 5.2 OC pesticide residues in plankton samples from Indian waters 100 5.3 Pesticide residues in marine, estuarine and freshwater sediments of India 104 5.4 OC pesticide and PCB residues in bivalves from Indian waters 107 5.5 OC pesticide residues in fish from Indian waters 110 5.6 DDT residues in ng g –1 ww from different types of fish from Indian waters 112 5.7 OC pesticide residues in marine, estuarine, and freshwater organisms of India 114 5.8 OC pesticide and PCB residues in resident and migratory birds of India 118 5.9 OC pesticide and PCB residues in foodstuffs collected from different locations in India 126 6.1 Principal pests of important crops in Bangladesh 143 6.2 List of registered pesticides (a.i.) in Bangladesh 144 6.3 Pesticides recommended (registered) for rice fields in Bangladesh with application rates 145 6.4 Region-wise crop area and pesticide (formulation) consumption in Bangladesh 147 6.5 Pesticide residues in food and the environment in Bangladesh 149 © 2003 Milton D. Taylor, Stephen J. Klaine, Fernando P. Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts [...]... 349 350 350 352 355 357 3 81 382 383 384 385 386 387 389 389 393 403 404 408 408 Tables 14 .5 14 .6 14 .7 14 .8 14 .9 14 .10 14 .11 14 .12 14 .13 14 .14 15 .1 15.2 15 .3 15 .4 15 .5 15 .6 15 .7 15 .8 15 .9 15 .10 16 .1 16.2 Leaching of selected pesticides in two Cuban soil types Upward capillary movement of selected herbicides in a Cuban red ferralitic soil Dissipation of triazine herbicides in a Cuban red ferralitic soil... of the South and East China seas Residue levels of OCs (excluding the DDTs and BHCs) in water and sediment of some coastal regions of China © 2003 Milton D Taylor, Stephen J Klaine, Fernando P Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts 16 2 16 3 16 9 17 0 17 3 17 4 17 5 18 3 18 4 18 5 18 6 18 8 19 4 19 5 19 9 2 01 228 228 238 239 240 245 248 250 2 51 Tables 9 .10 Residue levels of DDT and BHC in marine fish and bivalve... Bohai Bay and Hangzhou Bay in the early 19 80s 9 .11 Concentration factors of DDT and fenvalerate in organs of some marine organisms after 24 h exposure to DDT and 12 h exposure to fenvalerate 9 .12 Half-life of DDT and fenvalerate in the organs of some marine organisms 9 .13 Fate of C14 labeled pesticides in miniature model ecosystems 9 .14 Studies conducted using 17 14 C-labeled pesticides in marine and freshwater... quantities and types of pesticides produced in China for the period 19 93 to mid -1 9 95 Some pyrethroid pesticides produced in China during 19 91 94 Listing of pesticides produced in China by year of commercial production The half-life of some herbicides in crops and soils Residue levels of DDT and BHC in sediment of some coastal regions of China Residue levels (ng L 1) of ∑ DDT and ∑ BHC in sea water of coastal. .. Bioconcentration of pesticides in fish from the Philippines 10 .8 Concentration of butyltins and OCs (ng g 1 ww) in green mussels from coastal waters of the Philippines 11 .1 Pesticides banned from importation, fabrication, formulation, commercialization, and use or restricted in Mexico 11 .2 Change in legal status of OC insecticides between 19 88 and 19 96 as listed in Mexico’s Official Catalog of Pesticides 11 .3 The... of China 9 .15 Quantity of pesticides used in two rice fields of Dasha township during the period 19 70–83 before and after introduction of IPM 9 .16 Comparison of pesticide residues in IPM area of Dasha township and a nearby chemical pest management (CPM) area based on a 19 78 study 10 .1 Nationwide monitoring for pesticide residues in markets of the Philippines 10 .2 Monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables... commercial landings from Gulf waters for 2000 listed in order of commercial value © 2003 Milton D Taylor, Stephen J Klaine, Fernando P Carvalho, Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts xv 409 410 410 411 412 413 415 415 416 4 21 429 430 435 445 447 449 4 51 453 457 458 4 71 473 xvi Tables 16 .3 16 .4 16 .5 16 .6 Species data for commercial and recreational mollusc, crustacean, and fish resources mentioned in the chapter. .. Rica 13 .1 Sales of pesticides in Colombia, according to type of product 19 75–95 13 .2 Total area under cultivation in Colombia, 19 95 13 .3 Market composition of pesticide groups by crop for 19 91 in Colombia 13 .4 Use of pesticides in Colombia and other Latin American countries based on use data for the period 19 82–84 13 .5 Pesticides: national sales, importation for domestic use and exports for 19 88–95 in. .. characterizing the cycling and fate of pesticides, evaluating the effects of their residues on marine biota, assessing the risk associated with pesticides in coastal tropical ecosystems, and advising on measures to protect the tropical marine environment With funding provided by the Swedish International Development Authority, a coordinated research program (CRP) was established and through joint activities including... various insecticides in different Jamaican soil types at 15 percent moisture level as determined by laboratory bioassay Residues of OC and OP insecticides detected in rivers of some Jamaican watersheds Residues of OC and OP insecticides detected in selected Jamaican rivers sampled during a rapid survey in 19 94 Residues of OC insecticides detected in water, flora and fauna in the Caroni Swamp in Trinidad and . from Indian waters 11 2 5.7 OC pesticide residues in marine, estuarine, and freshwater organisms of India 11 4 5.8 OC pesticide and PCB residues in resident and migratory birds of India 11 8 5.9 OC pesticide. of pesticides in water-sediment systems 413 14 .11 Total ∑ DDT and its metabolites found in sediment and biota 415 14 .12 OP residues in field samples 415 14 .13 Dynamic adsorption of pesticides under. freshwater sediments of India 10 4 5.4 OC pesticide and PCB residues in bivalves from Indian waters 10 7 5.5 OC pesticide residues in fish from Indian waters 11 0 5.6 DDT residues in ng g 1 ww from different