Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Part 9 ppt

Rhenium and Its Alloys Rhenium is a strong, ductile, refractory metal with an hcp crystal structure. It has a very high density (21.0 g/cm 3 , or 0.760 lb/in. 3 ) and melting point (3180 °C, or 5755 °F). It has good mechanical stability at elevated temperatures, offering good resistance to thermal shock and wear, and higher creep resistance and strength than the other refractory elements. The annealed condition, showing a room-temperature tensile strength of 1170 MPa (170 ksi), still has a tensile strength of about 48 MPa (7 ksi) at a temperature as high as 2710 °C (4910 °F). Rhenium is used for electrical contacts, thermocouples, filaments for electrical devices, including large-diameter lamp filaments. Because it is in short supply, it is costly and used mostly as an alloying addition to the other refractory alloys. Rhenium is primarily made using P/M techniques with some also made by arc melting in an inert atmosphere. It has high cold ductility, but because of its very high work-hardening rate it requires the use of light deformation passes with frequent intermediate anneals, either stress relieving or recrystallizing at 1225 to 1625 °C (2237 to 2960 °F) in vacuum or dry H 2 or H 2 -N 2 mixtures. Hot deformation must be carried out in vacuum or hydrogen to prevent hot cracking caused by formation of the low-melting-point oxide that penetrates grain boundaries during hot working in air. This is one case where the metal has a higher temperature stability than its oxide: the metal catastrophically oxidizes in air at moderately elevated temperatures, forming Re 2 O 7 , which melts at 297 °C (567 °F) and boils at 363 °C (685 °F), billowing off as a white cloud. Thus, the metal must be protected from oxidation during processing or while in service. A coating of iridium has been used. Because rhenium does not form a carbide, it is resistant to carbonaceous environments and is suitable for use in contact with graphite. The high work-hardening rate of rhenium at room temperature translates into rapid increases in strength with cold work. For an annealed condition starting with a tensile strength of 1050 MPa (152 ksi), for example, cold working only 10% increases the tensile strength to 1900 MPa (276 ksi), and 20% to 2000 MPa (291 ksi), and with 40% cold work still further to 2670 MPa (388 ksi). The metal can be processed, but it must frequently be given interpass anneals. Crystallographic texturing of the hcp crystal structure and the high work-hardening rate lead to mechanical property anisotropy in processed sheet. Rhenium is an important alloying element for tungsten and molybdenum, forming useful solid-solution alloys, W-(10- 26)Re and Mo-(11-50)Re, with good combinations of strength and ductility over those of the unalloyed metals, reportedly by adding a twinning mode of crystal plastic deformation to the basic dislocation slip mechanism. The rhenium addition also lowers the DBTT and reduces the susceptibility to impurity embrittlement at recrystallized grain boundaries. This enhanced ductility with rhenium in solid solution has been called the "rhenium effect." References cited in this section 18. Properties of Pure Metals, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 1099-1201 47. J.B. Lambert, Refractory Metals and Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special- Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 557-585 Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Nonferrous Alloys Ronald N. Caron, Olin Corporation; James T. Staley, Alcoa Technical Center References 1. Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook (formerly 10th ed., Metals Handbook), ASM International, 1990 2. H. Baker, Ed., Alloy Phase Diagrams, Vol 3, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1992 3. J.R. Davis, Ed., ASM Specialty Handbook: Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys, ASM International, 1993 4. D. Altenpohl, Aluminum Viewed from Within, an Introduction to the Metallurgy of Aluminum Fabrication, Aluminium-Verlag, Dusseldorf, 1982 5. Aluminum Standards and Data, The Aluminum Association, 1993 6. C. Brooks, Heat Treatment, Structure and Properties of Nonferrous Alloys, American Society for Metals, 1982 7. J. Hatch, Ed., Aluminum: Properties and Physical Metallurgy, American Society for Metals, 1984 8. W.E. Haupin and J.T. Staley, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 1992 9. Heat Treating of Aluminum Alloys, Heat Treating, Vol 4, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1991, p 841-879 10. W. Petzow and G. Effenberg, Ed., Ternary Alloys: A Comprehensive Compendium of Evaluated Constitutional Data and Phase Diagrams, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany, 1990 11. H.W.L. Phillips, Equilibrium Diagrams of Aluminium Alloy Systems, Aluminum Development Association, 1961 12. I.J. Polmear, Light Alloys, Metallurgy of the Light Metals, 3rd ed., Arnold, 1995 13. R.E. Sanders, Jr., S.F. Baumann, and H. Stumpf, Non-Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloys, Aluminum Alloys, Their Physical and Mechanical Properties, Engineering Materials Advisory Services Ltd, 1986, p 1441- 1484 14. T.H. Sanders, Jr., and J.T. Staley, Review of Fatigue and Fracture Research on High- Strength Aluminum Alloys, Fatigue and Microstructure, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 467-522 15. J.T. Staley, Metallurgical Factors Affecting Strength of High Strength Alloy Products, Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Aluminum Alloys, Norwegian Institute of Technology, Department of Metallurgy and SINTEF Metallurgy, 1994 16. E.A. Starke, Jr., and J.T. Staley, Application of Modern Aluminum Alloys to Aircraft, Progr. Aerosp. Sci., Vol 32 (No. 2-3), 1996, p 131-172 17. K.R. Van Horn, Ed., Aluminum, Vol I, Properties, Physical Metallurgy and Phase Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1967 18. Properties of Pure Metals, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 1099-1201 19. D.E. Tyler and W.T. Black, Introduction to Copper and Copper Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 216-240 20. D.E. Tyler, Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Products, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 241-264 21. P. Robinson, Properties of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 265-345 22. R.F. Schmidt and D.G. Schmidt, Selection and Application of Copper Alloy Castings, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 346-355 23. A. Cohen, Properties of Cast Copper Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special- Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 356-391 24. E. Klar and D.F. Berry, Copper P/M Products, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special- Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 392-402 25. J.C. Harkness, W.D. Speigelberg, and W.R. Cribb, Beryllium-Copper and Other Beryllium- Containing Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 403-427 26. W.L. Mankins and S. Lamb, Nickel and Nickel Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 428-445 27. J.J. deBarbadillo and J.J. Fischer, Dispersion-Strengthened Nickel-Base and Iron-Base Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 943-949 28. R.A. Watson et al., Electrical Resistance Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special- Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 822-839 29. D.W. Dietrich, Magnetically Soft Materials, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special- Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 761-781 30. E.L. Frantz, Low-Expansion Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special- Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 889-896 31. D.E Hodgson, M.H. Wu, and R.J. Biermann, Shape Memory Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 897-902 32. C.T. Liu, J.O. Stiegler, and F.H. Froes, Ordered Intermetallics, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 913-942 33. P. Crook, Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special- Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, 446-454 34. K.C. Antony, Wear Resistant Cobalt-Base Alloys, J. Met., Vol 35, 1983, p 52-60 35. J.D. Destefani, Introduction to Titanium and Titanium Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 586-591 36. S. Lampman, Wrought Titanium and Titanium Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 592-633 37. D. Eylon, J.R. Newman, and J.K. Thorne, Titanium and Titanium Alloy Castings, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 634-646 38. D. Eylon and F.H. Froes, Titanium P/M Products, Properties and Selection: N onferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 647-660 39. R Boyer, G. Welsch, and E.W. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994 40. R.J. Barnhurst, Zinc and Zinc Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special- Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 527-542 41. Engineering Properties of Zinc Alloys, 2nd ed., International Lead Zinc Research Organization, 1981 42. S. Housh, B. Mikucki, and A. Stevenson, Selection and Application of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 455-479 43. S. Housh, B. Mikucki, and A. Stevenson, Properties of Magnesium Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 480-516 44. A.J. Stonehouse and J.M. Marder, Beryllium, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special- Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 683-687 45. A.J. Stonehouse, Physics and Chemistry of Beryllium, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A, Vol 4 (No. 3), 1986, p 1163-1170 46. D.H. Carter et al., Age Hardening in Beryllium-Aluminum-Silver Alloys, Acta Mater., Vol 44, 1996, p 4311-4315 47. J.B. Lambert, Refractory Metals and Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special- Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 557-585 Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Nonferrous Alloys Ronald N. Caron, Olin Corporation; James T. Staley, Alcoa Technical Center Selected References • J.R. Davis, Guide to Materials Selection: Nonferrous Alloys, En gineered Materials Handbook Desk Edition, ASM International, 1995, p 119-127 • Metallography and Microstructures, Vol 9, ASM Handbook (formerly 9th ed. Metals Handbook ), ASM International, 1985 Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Ceramics and Glasses Victor A. Greenhut, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Introduction CERAMICS are most commonly defined as man-made, nonmetallic, inorganic materials. Common inorganic glasses should be considered a subcategory of ceramics. (Amorphous plastics and metals are technically also classed as glasses, but in this article the common understanding of "glass" is used; silicate glasses receive major emphasis because they represent the "ceramic" glasses most commonly used in consumer and engineering applications.) Ceramics are composed of crystals that have a long-range periodic atomic arrangement. Glasses have short-range order, but possess no long-range periodic crystal structure. Many ceramics can exist in both states, as for example silicon dioxide, which can be crystalline quartz or glassy, fused silica. Glass ceramics and vitrified bodies may be thought of as intermediate combinations of crystalline and glassy constituents (they are discussed later in this article). Ceramics and glasses are usually composed of oxides, carbides, borides, or nitrides and show a number of common features attributable to their covalent/ionic bonding. Some ceramics are relatively more covalent in nature; these include silicon nitride and silicon carbide used for various high-temperature mechanical structures and wear parts. Other materials are almost purely ionic in bonding, including halides such as magnesium fluoride used for infrared transmitting windows and optical glass fibers. Most ceramics show some mix of covalent and ionic bonding, yielding a wide range of performance, but with common trends. At all but extremely high temperatures, ceramics and glasses are mechanically hard and brittle with a potentially high strength limited chiefly by flaws and microstructure (see the article "Design with Brittle Materials" in this Volume). Most ceramics are quite refractory and allow application at quite high temperatures in many oxidizing and reducing environments. Ceramics are usually thermal and electrical insulators, but unlike metals these properties can often be varied independently with composition and microstructure control. Materials such as aluminum nitride and beryllia can show metallike thermal conductivity while functioning as good electrical insulators. Capacitive properties can be designed with appropriate additives and microstructure to vary greatly, either increasing or decreasing with temperature and applied voltage. Ceramics and glasses are generally transparent to light as individual crystals or particles, but can be made translucent or opaque by light scattering from interfaces of particle aggregates. These materials are also very resistant to reactive environments and thus are used for containment of chemicals and industrial reactants, including molten metals and glasses at elevated temperatures. This chemical resistance is called "durability"; the term is used, in particular, to describe resistance to water and relative inertness to aqueous solutions, both acid and basic. Because of the variety of properties that can be produced through appropriate processing of controlled chemistries and microstructures, the dollar value of ceramics used worldwide (based on total sales) is similar to that of metals. Ceramics are commonly used as a polycrystalline aggregate most often processed at elevated temperature to yield a solid. Properties in the individual ceramic crystals are usually quite directional, and the random or preferred crystal orientation can lead to major differences in properties as a function of processing. Increased strength due to resistance to flaw propagation and directional piezoelectric properties are just two examples of how anisotropy in microstructure and properties can be manipulated to obtain desired performance. Many ceramics are multicomponent systems and are affected by the specific scale, shape, and microstructural arrangement of the various phases. In addition, most ceramics contain some level of porosity and the pore structure, whether continuous or isolated, can have profound effects on properties and performance. A great deal is understood about how chemical composition and the structure of starting materials can be manipulated by processing to yield microstructures with particular properties and performance. However, a full understanding of these relationships is still elusive. This article presents general principles and trends, but the selected references at the end of this article and the experience of experts should be used to reliably extend what is presented. The various broad classes of ceramic materials are reviewed in this article, relating composition and structure to properties. General processing variables that can affect structure and compositional homogeneity are discussed and related to properties. Glasses are treated first because they play a role in other ceramic composition/structure-property relationships and are probably the most completely understood in terms of these relationships. This is followed by glass ceramics, which are usually derived from glass by thermal treatment. Traditional ceramics usually pertaining to clay- based systems follow. Technical ceramics, which include both oxide and nonoxide ceramics, conclude this article. Technical ceramics are often divided into engineering ceramics and advanced ceramics to distinguish more-developed materials from new, very high performance systems. It should be noted that the divisions and subdivisions used herein are those commonly followed by ceramists and that many materials may fall into two or several classifications depending on which compositional, microstructural, property, or performance features are being considered. The emphasis of this article is on mechanical and related properties; however, electrical, electronic, and magnetic properties are also very dependent on composition, processing, and structure. Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Ceramics and Glasses Victor A. Greenhut, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Glass Glasses are amorphous materials that exhibit a glass transition, that is, a temperature at which the amorphous solid exhibits a sudden rate of change in thermodynamic quantities (discontinuous slope) with temperature (e.g., heat capacity and thermal expansion) without a first-order phase change. Glasses are usually products of fusion (liquids) that cool to a rigid state without crystallizing, yielding a rigid elastic mechanical solid. Some glasses such as sol-gel and vapor-derived glasses are made without melting of starting materials. Such materials, as well as nonoxide (ceramic) glasses, have growing commercial significance. Traditional Glasses Oxide glasses have as their chief component glass formers such as SiO 2 , Pb 2 O 5 , and B 2 O 3 . Glass formers form the three- dimensional network of the glass structure. Glass modifiers enter the network structure at interstitial sites and modify the properties of formers. Alkaline oxides (Li 2 O, Na 2 O, K 2 O, etc.) as modifiers tend to increase glass fluidity and lower the forming temperature of the "molten" glass. With such additions, glass that results has increasing thermal expansion and solubility in aqueous environments. The smaller the ionic radius (Li), the more effective are these modifier effects. The alkaline earth oxides (MgO, CaO, etc.) are sometimes termed stabilizers because they tend to restore durability while raising the working temperature of glasses containing substantial amounts of alkaline modifiers. Alkaline earth oxides also tend to promote crystallization of the glass as it is held at elevated temperature. The most commonly used glasses today are soda-lime-silica glasses (Table 1) based on the composition 74% SiO 2 , 16% Na 2 O, 10% CaO (wt%). These provide workability and glass fluidity over an extended range of moderate temperatures, with reasonable environmental durability. These glasses are the most inexpensive and are used for windows, containers, drinking glasses, plates, light bulbs, and so forth. Other modifiers (BaO, ZnO, etc.) may increase durability, workability, or some other property of the resulting glass. Glass intermediates such as Al 2 O 3 and PbO can act as both glass formers and modifiers. Table 1 Normal compositions of commercial glass by application Content, % Oxide Optical (vitreous silica) High silica (Vycor) Plate Window Container Light bulb Tubing Lime tableware Low- expansion borosilicate Thermometer Borosilicate crown Lead tableware Halogen lamp Textile fiber (E- glass) S- glass Optic flint SiO 2 100.0 94.0 72.7 72.0 74.0 73.6 72.1 74.0 81.0 72.9 69.6 67.0 60.0 52.9 65.0 49.8 Al 2 O 3 . . . . . . 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.6 0.5 2.0 6.2 . . . 0.4 14.3 14.5 25.0 0.1 B 2 O 3 . . . 5.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 10.4 9.9 . . . . . . 9.2 . . . . . . SO 3 . . . . . . 0.5 0.7 Trace 5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 . . . . . . . . . CaO . . . . . . 13.0 10.0 5.4 3.6 5.6 7.5 . . . 0.4 . . . . . . 6.5 17.4 . . . . . . MgO . . . . . . . . . 2.5 3.7 . . . 3.4 . . . . . . 0.2 . . . . . . . . . 4.4 10.0 . . . BaO . . . . . . . . . . . . Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 . . . 18.3 . . . . . . 13.4 PbO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 . . . . . . . . . 18.7 Na 2 O . . . 1.0 13.2 14.2 15.3 16.0 16.3 18.0 4.5 9.8 8.4 6.0 0.01 . . . . . . 1.2 K 2 O . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.6 1.0 . . . . . . 0.1 8.4 9.6 Trace 1.0 . . . 8.2 ZnO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 As 2 O 3 . . . . . . Trace Trace Trace Trace . . . Trace . . . Trace 0.3 Trace . . . . . . . . . 0.4 Source: Ref 1 Trace additions are made to glass to provide color. Oxidized iron provides blue, green, amber or yellow depending on its oxidation state, while copper may yield green or blue and cadmium sulfide provides yellow, orange, or red. Other transition metal oxides yield such colors as blue (cobalt), green (chromium), and violet (nickel). Colloidal metals can also provide color; colloidal gold or copper can yield brilliant reds. Transparent colloidal silver halide particles incorporated in a glass decompose under ultraviolet light to yield opaque colloidal silver particles, which darken the glass. The effect is reversible (when the ultraviolet light is removed), producing photochromic glass. The ultraviolet absorption of glass is increased with additions of CeO 2 , TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , V 2 O 5 , or CrO 3 . Infrared absorption is increased by additions of FeO and CuO. Glass can be opacified with CaF 2 , NaF, ZnS, or Ca 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , which can give an opalescent appearance to the glass. Trace iron in the raw materials is often masked with decolorizers such as MnO, Se 2- , NiO, or Co 3 O 4 . The general attributes of the various major glass ingredients are shown in Fig. 1. Each ingredient can produce multiple effects so that the arrows indicate the tendency for each additive. Thus, PbO is most effective in increasing density while improving workability by extending and reducing the forming temperature range of a more fluid glass. Lead glasses also have a high index of refraction, making them useful for optical applications such as lenses. Their extended working range and brilliant light reflection makes them useful for such aesthetic applications as hand-crafted "crystal" and glazes for fine china. However, a high PbO addition particularly in the presence of alkaline oxide decreases the glass durability. Silica glasses are very viscous at their high working temperatures (over 2000 °C), which makes them costly to produce. Very high silica glasses are among the most chemically durable and lowest-expansion glasses, making them desirable for high- temperature chemical processing, ultraviolet lamps, optical fiber, and solid-state electronic processing. Borosilicate glasses (sold under the tradename Pyrex) provide a compromise of these properties with much lower forming temperatures and associated fabrication costs. Aluminosilicate glasses have relatively low expansion, high-temperature resistance, and chemical durability, but are less difficult to produce than high-silica glasses. They are used in fiberglass, electronics, and high-temperature laboratory equipment. Table 1 gives nominal compositions of many common commercial glasses. Fig. 1 Effect of glass composition on properties A summary of properties for various commercial glasses is given in Table 2. The viscosity characteristics with temperature are defined in Fig. 2 (curve numbers refer to Table 2). The strain point is the temperature (viscosity) below which the glass acts like a perfectly elastic solid, for all practical purposes. That is, at any industrially practical strain rate the glass would not accumulate residual stresses, but would deform to accommodate the stress. Glass is held above the annealing point and slowly cooled below the strain point to remove any residual stresses introduced during production. As the temperature is raised, molecular mobility decreases the viscosity of the glass so that it flows more readily. The working temperature defines the approximate temperature at which glass is formed or shaped. In the case of blow-molded glass, this may be from a small piece of glass, a "gob," sheared from a larger mass at a higher temperature. Table 2 Properties of selected commercial glasses Viscosity data Volume resistivity (log scale), · cm Dielectric properties at 1 MHz and 20 °C Young's modulus No. (a) Designation Strain point, °C Annealing point, °C Softening point, °C Flow point, °C Coefficient of linear thermal expansion (0 to 300 °C), 10 -7 / °C Specific gravity Refractive index at Na D line 250 °C 350 °C Power factor Dielectric constant GPa 10 6 psi 1 Silica glass (fused silica) 1070 1140 1667 . . . 5.5 2.20 1.458 12.0 9.7 0.0002 3.78 69 10 2 96% silica glass 820 910 1500 . . . 8 2.18 1.458 9.7 8.1 0.0005 3.8 67 9.7 3 Soda-lime window sheet 505 548 730 920 85 2.46- 2.49 1.510- 1.520 6.5-7.0 5.2- 5.8 0.004- 0.011 7.0-7.6 69 10 4 Soda-lime plate glass 510 553 735 920 87 2.46- 2.49 1.510- 1.520 6.5-7.0 5.2- 5.8 0.004- 0.011 7.0-7.6 69 10 5 Soda-lime containers 505 548 730 920 85 2.46- 2.49 1.510- 1.520 6.5-7.0 5.2- 5.8 0.004- 0.011 7.0-7.6 69 10 6 Soda-lime electric lamp bulbs 470 510 696 880 92 2.47 1.512 6.4 5.1 0.009 7.2 68 9.8 7 Lead-alkali silicate electrical 395 435 626 850 91 2.85 1.539 8.9 7.0 0.0016 6.6 62 9.0 8 Lead-alkali silicate high- lead 395 430 580 720 91 4.28 1.639 11.8 9.7 0.0009 9.5 52 7.6 9 Aluminoborosilicate 540 580 795 . . . 49 2.36 1.49 6.9 5.6 0.010 5.6 . . . . . . [...]... low-expansion 520 565 820 1075 32 2.23 1.474 8.1 6.6 0.0046 4.6 68 9. 8 11 Borosilicate low-electrical loss 455 495 91 0 32 2.13 1.4 69 11.2 9. 1 0.0006 4.0 47 6.8 12 Borosilicate tungsten sealant 460 500 703 90 0 46 2.25 1.4 79 8.8 7.2 0.0033 4 .9 13 Aluminosilicate 670 715 91 5 1 090 42 2.53 1.534 11.4 9. 4 0.0037 6.3 88 12.7 (a) See Fig 2 Standard viscosity points Dynamic viscosity, P Melting point 102 Gob... clay and nonclay materials The composition and properties of selected basic refractories and high-duty refractories are given in Tables 8 and 9 The properties of selected refractory brick are given in Table 10, thermal conductivity with temperature in Fig 4, and thermal expansion with temperature in Fig 5 Table 9 Composition and selected properties of basic refractory materials Silica Composition 93 -96 %... Jennings, Ed., Materials Research Society, 199 1 4 L Stuble, E Garbrozi, and J Clifton, Durability of High-Performance Cement-Based Materials, Advanced Cementitious Systems: Mechanisms and Properties, Vol 245, MRS Symposium Proceedings, Materials Research Society, 199 2, p 324-340 5 M.R Sisbee, D.M Ray, and M Perez-Pena, Recent Developments in MDF Cement Materials: An Overview, Advances in Cementitious Materials, ... 7001000 102145 6-8 5.5-7.3 514574 7583 0. 090 .13 TiC Cubic 4 .92 2835 4.05.1 241276 3540 430 62 0. 19 TaC Cubic 14.4-14.5 1624 2.33.5 97 290 1442 285 41 0.24 Cr3C2 Orthorhombic 6.70 1018 1.52.6 49 7.1 373 54 Cemented carbides Variable 5.8-15.2 8-20 1.22 .9 7583275 110475 5-18 4.6-16.4 396 654 5 795 0.2-0. 29 , hexagonal 3.21 2030 2 .94 .4 (c) (c) (d) (d) 207483 3070 0. 19 , cubic 3.21 SiC (CVD)... 55-172 8-25 138310 2045 1033 59 15-52 0.70 .9 0.50.7 Steatite 55- 69 8-10 448- 896 65130 110165 1624 90 -103 13-15 0.40.5 0.30.4 Forsterite 55- 69 8-10 414- 690 60100 124138 1820 90 -103 13-15 0.40.5 0.30.4 Zirconia porcelain 691 03 10-15 5511034 80150 138241 2035 138207 20-30 0.50.7 0.40.5 Lithia porcelain 414 60 55 8 0.4 0.3 Titania, titanate ceramics 28- 69 4-10 276-827 40120 69- 152 1022 2.1-3.4 0.30.5... 197 kPa (28.5 psi) °C Type °F At 300 °C (570 °F) At 800 °C (1470 °F) At 1200 °C (2 190 °F) °C °F 1700 3 090 0.8-1.0 1.2-1.4 1.6-1.8 16501700 30003 090 Fireclay 15-45% Al2O3, 55-80% SiO2 13001450 23702640 0.8-0 .9 1.0-1.2 2.5-2.8 12501450 22802640 Magnesite 80 -95 % MgO, Fe2O3, Al2O3 1800 3270 3.8 -9. 7 2.8-4.7 2.5-2.8 15001700 27303 090 Chromite 30-45% Cr2O3, 14- 19% MgO, 10-17% Fe2O3, 15-33% Al2O3 1700 3 090 ... 315(i) 0.42(i) WC 15 1316 1 .92 .3 (k) (k) 600 87 (a) 8 -9 (7.3-8.2) at 293 K, 6-6.5 (5.5-5 .9) at 723 K, and 5 (4.6) at 1073 K, in units of MPa (ksi ) (b) 21 (3) at 1373 K, GPa (106 psi) (c) Sintered: 96 -520 (14-75) at 300 K, and 250 (36) at 1273 K Hot pressed: 230-825 (33-120) at 300 K, and 398 -743 (58-108) at 1273 K, MPa (ksi) (d) Sintered: 4.8 (4.4) at 300 K, and 2.6-5.0 (2.4-4.6) at 1273 K... added to assist in forming and firing and yield desired properties for the fired product Silica is the most common filler and may melt partially into the glassy phase during firing Alumina is used as a filler principally to impart strength to the final product The combination of clay, flux, and filler of controlled particle sizes together with added and/ or native organic matter and water provide a plastic... Transactions, American Ceramic Society, 190 , p 395 -411 Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Ceramics and Glasses Victor A Greenhut, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Engineering Ceramics Ceramics that exhibit superior properties for demanding engineering applications are called engineering ceramics If they are established materials, they are often referred to as... most demanding applications are containment refractories, which are nominally fully dense (near-zero porosity) and designed in terms of chemistry and phase structure to resist the particular environment and conditions of a manufacturing process Chrome magnesite materials are used to resist molten iron and steel and their slags Zirconia-base ceramics are employed for nonreactivity with cobalt- and nickel-base . En gineered Materials Handbook Desk Edition, ASM International, 199 5, p 1 19- 127 • Metallography and Microstructures, Vol 9, ASM Handbook (formerly 9th ed. Metals Handbook ), ASM International, 198 5. 199 0, p 356- 391 24. E. Klar and D.F. Berry, Copper P/M Products, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special- Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 199 0, p 392 -402. Handbook, ASM International, 199 0, p 94 3 -94 9 28. R.A. Watson et al., Electrical Resistance Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special- Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook,