Shackelford, James F. et al “Frontmatter” Materials Science andEngineeringHandbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001 CRC MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION ©2001 CRC Press LLC Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. CRC Press James F. Shackelford Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Division of Materials Science and Engineering and Associate Dean of the College of Engineering University of California, Davis William Alexander Research Engineer Division of Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Davis CRC MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION ©2001 CRC Press LLC This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2696-6 Library of Congress Card Number 00-048567 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CRC materials science and engineering handbook / [edited by] James F. Shackelford, William Alexander.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-2696-6 (alk. paper) 1. Materials—Handooks, manuals, etc. I. Shackelford, James F. II. Alexander, William, 1950 Feb. 13- TA403.4 .C74 2000 620.1 ′1 —dc21 00-048567 disclaimer Page 1 Wednesday, October 25, 2000 1:50 PM ©2001 CRC Press LLC TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Structure of Materials Electronic Structure of Selected Elements Available Stable Isotopes of the Elements Periodic Table of the Elements Periodic Table of Elements in Metallic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Ceramic Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Polymeric Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Semiconducting Materials Periodic Table of Elements in Superconducting Metals Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements Bond Length Values Between Elements Periodic Table of Carbon Bond Lengths (Å) Carbon Bond Lengths Carbon Bond Lengths in Polymers Bond Angle Values Between Elements Key to Tables of Crystal Structure of the Elements The Seven Crystal Systems The Fourteen Bravais Lattices Periodic Table of the Body Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Face Centered Cubic Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Close Packed Elements Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Elements ©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering Table of Contents Structure of Ceramics Atomic Mass of Selected Elements Solid Density of Selected Elements Density of Iron and Iron Alloys Density of Wrought Stainless Steels Density of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys Density of Aluminum Alloys Density of Copper and Copper Alloys Density of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Density of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Density of Lead and Lead Alloys Density of Tin and Tin Alloys Density of Wrought Titanium Alloys Density of Titanium and Titanium alloys Density of Zinc and Zinc Alloys Density of Permanent Magnet Materials Density of Precious Metals Density of Superalloys Density of Selected Ceramics Density of Glasses Specific Gravity of Polymers Density of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites Density of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Density of Si 3 N 4 Composites CHAPTER 2 Composition of Materials Composition Limits of Tool Steels Composition Limits of Gray Cast Irons Composition Limits of Ductile Irons Composition Ranges for Malleable Irons Composition Ranges for Carbon Steels Composition Ranges for Resulfurized Carbon Steels Composition Ranges for Alloy Steels ©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander Table of Contents Composition of Stainless Steels Composition of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Classification of Copper and Copper Alloys Composition Ranges for Cast Aluminum Alloys Composition Ranges for Wrought Aluminum Alloys Composition of Tin and Tin Alloys Compositions of ACI Heat-Resistant Casting Alloys Composition of Zinc Die Casting Alloys Compositions of Wrought Superalloys Typical Composition of Glass-Ceramics CHAPTER 3 Phase Diagram Sources Phase Diagram Sources CHAPTER 4 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data Bond Strengths in Diatomic Molecules Bond Strengths of Polyatomic Molecules Solubility of Copper and Copper Alloys Heat of Formation of Inorganic Oxides Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties for The Elements Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties of Oxides Melting Points of the Elements Melting Points of Elements and Inorganic Compounds Melting Points Of Ceramics Heat of Fusion For Elements and Inorganic Compounds Heats of Sublimation of Metals and Their Oxides Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients Thermodynamic Coefficients for Selected Elements Thermodynamic Coefficients for Oxides Entropy of the Elements Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Very Low Pressures Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Moderate Pressures Vapor Pressure of the Elements at High Pressures Vapor Pressure of Elements and Inorganic Compounds ©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering Table of Contents Values of The Error Function Diffusion in Metallic Systems Diffusion of Metals into Metals Diffusion in Semiconductors CHAPTER 5 Thermal Properties of Materials Specific Heat of the Elements at 25 ˚C Heat Capacity of Ceramics Specific Heat of Polymers Specific Heat of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 1) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 2) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 3) Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 4) Thermal Conductivity of Alloy Cast Irons Thermal Conductivity of Iron and Iron Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum and aluminum alloys Thermal Conductivity of Copper and Copper Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Lead and Lead Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Tin, Titanium, Zinc and their Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Pure Metals Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics Thermal Conductivity of Glasses Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Insulation Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Supports Thermal Conductivity of Special Concretes Thermal Conductivity of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics Thermal Conductivity of Polymers Thermal Conductivity of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Thermal Expansion of Wrought Stainless Steels Thermal Expansion of Wrought Titanium Alloys ©2001 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander Table of Contents Thermal Expansion of Graphite Magnesium Castings Linear Thermal Expansion of Metals and Alloys Thermal Expansion of Ceramics Thermal Expansion of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics Thermal Expansion of Glasses Thermal Expansion of Polymers Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Materials for Integrated Circuits Thermal Expansion of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al ASTM B 601 Temper Designation Codes for Copper and Copper Alloys Temper Designation System for Aluminum Alloys Tool Steel Softening After 100 Hours Thermoplastic Polyester Softening with Temperature Heat-Deflection Temperature of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics CHAPTER 6 Mechanical Properties of Materials Tensile Strength of Tool Steels Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Irons Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars Tensile Strength of Ductile Irons Tensile Strength of Malleable Iron Castings Tensile Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels Tensile Strength of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Tensile Strength of Aluminum Casting Alloys Tensile Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Tensile Strength of Cobalt-Base Superalloys Tensile Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys ©2001 CRC Press LLC CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering Table of Contents Tensile Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Tensile Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Tensile Strength of Refractory Metal Alloys Tensile Strength of Ceramics Tensile Strength of Glass Tensile Strength of Polymers Tensile Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Tensile Strength of Carbon- and Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Strength of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals Tensile Strength of Graphite/Magnesium Castings Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Strength of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Ultimate Tensile Strength of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Ultimate Tensile Strength of Silicon Carbide–Aluminum Alloy Composites Tensile Strength of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Ultimate Tensile Strength of Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with SiC Whiskers vs. Temperature Ultimate Tensile Strength of Reinforced Aluminum Alloy vs. Temperature Tensile Strength of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Tensile Strength of Boron/Aluminum Composites Compressive Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars Compressive Strength of Ceramics Compressive Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Ultimate Compressive Strength of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Yield Strength of Tool Steels Yield Strength of Ductile Irons Yield Strength of Malleable Iron Castings Yield Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels ©2001 CRC Press LLC [...]... (SHEET 9 OF 11 ) Natural Mass No Abundance (%) 15 6i 15 8 16 0 16 1 16 2 16 3 16 4 0.052 Holmium 16 5 18 6 10 0.0 28. 41 Erbium 16 2 16 4 16 6 16 7 16 8 17 0 18 6 0 .13 6 1. 56 33. 41 22.94 27.07 14 .88 1. 59 Thulium 16 9 18 9 10 0.0 16 .1 Ytterbium 16 8 17 0 17 1 17 2 17 3 17 4 17 6 0 .13 5 3.03 14 . 31 21. 82 16 .13 31. 84 12 .73 Lutetium 17 5 17 6j 97.40 Element Dysprosium 0.090 2.29 18 .88 25.53 24.97 28 .18 2.60 Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook. .. (SHEET 7 OF 11 ) Natural Mass No Abundance (%) Tellurium 12 0 12 2 12 3 12 4 12 5 12 6 12 8 13 0 0.09 2.46 0.87 4. 61 6.99 18 . 71 31. 79 34.48 Iodine 12 7 10 0.0 Xenon 12 4 12 6 12 8 12 9 13 0 13 1 13 2 13 4 13 6 0.096 0.090 1. 92 26.44 4.08 21. 18 26.89 10 .44 8.87 Cesium 13 3 10 0.0 Barium 13 0 13 2 13 4 13 5 13 6 13 7 13 8 0 .10 1 0.097 2.42 6.59 7. 81 11. 30 71. 66 Lanthanum 13 8 13 9 0.09 99. 91 Element Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of... Cleveland, 19 69, 25 ©20 01 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander 9 3 .1 Structure Page 10 Wednesday, December 31, 19 69 17 :00 Structural Properties Table 2 AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 6 OF 11 ) Natural Mass No Abundance (%) Palladium 10 2 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 8 11 0 0.96 10 .97 22.23 27.33 26. 71 11. 81 Silver 10 7 10 9 51. 82 48 .18 Cadmium 10 6 10 8 11 0 11 1 11 2 11 3 11 4 11 6 1. 22 0.88 12 .39 12 .75 24.07 12 .26... 10 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 5p 5d 5f 6p 6d 7s 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 6s 2 3 4 6 7 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. .. 7.58 Indium 11 3 11 5 4.28 95.72 Tin 11 2 11 4 11 5 11 6 11 7 11 8 11 9 12 0 12 2 12 4 0.96 0.66 0.35 14 .30 7. 61 24.03 8.58 32.85 4.72 5.94 Antimony 12 1 12 3 57.25 42.75 Element Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 19 69, 25 ©20 01 CRC Press LLC 10 CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering 3 .1 Structure Page 11 Wednesday, December 31, 19 69 17 :00 Structural... Cleveland, 19 69, 25 ©20 01 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander 11 3 .1 Structure Page 12 Wednesday, December 31, 19 69 17 :00 Structural Properties Table 2 AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 8 OF 11 ) Natural Mass No Abundance (%) 13 6 13 8 14 0 14 2d 0 .19 3 0.250 88.48 11 .07 14 1 10 0.0 Neodymium 14 2 14 3 14 4 14 6 14 8 15 0 27 .11 12 .17 23.85 17 .22 5.73 5.62 Samarium 14 4 14 7e 14 8f 14 9g 15 0 15 2 15 4 Element... half-life = 1. 3 x 10 9 y half-life > 10 15 y half-life = 5 x 10 14 y half-life = 5 x 10 14 y half-life = 1. 06 x 10 11 y half-life = 1. 2 x 10 13 y half-life = 1. 2 x 10 14 y half-life = 1. 1 x 10 14 y half-life = 2 x 10 14 y j half-life = 2.2 x 10 10 y k half-life = 4.3 x 10 15 y l half-life = 4 x 10 10 y m half-life = 6 x 10 11 y n half-life = 1. 4 x 10 10 y o half-life = 2.5 x 10 5 y p half-life = 7 .1 x 10 8 y q half-life... Praseodymium 3.09 14 .97 11 .24 13 .83 7.44 26.72 22. 71 Europium 15 1 15 3 47.82 52 .18 Gadolinium 15 2h 15 4 15 5 15 6 15 7 15 8 16 0 0.20 2 .15 14 .73 20.47 15 .68 24.87 21. 90 15 9 10 0.0 Terbium Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 19 69, 25 ©20 01 CRC Press LLC 12 CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering 3 .1 Structure Page 13 Wednesday, December 31, 19 69 17 :00 Structural... Osmium 18 4 18 7 18 8 19 0 19 2 0. 018 1. 64 13 .3 26.4 41. 0 Iridium 19 1 19 3 37.3 62.7 Platinum 19 0m 19 2 19 4 19 5 19 6 19 8 0. 013 19 7 10 0.0 Element Haffiium Gold 0.78 32.9 33.8 25.3 7.2 Source: Wang, Y., Ed., Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 19 69, 25 ©20 01 CRC Press LLC 14 CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering 3 .1 Structure Page 15 Wednesday, December 31, 19 69 17 :00... Co., Cleveland, 19 69, 25 ©20 01 CRC Press LLC Shackelford & Alexander 13 3 .1 Structure Page 14 Wednesday, December 31, 19 69 17 :00 Structural Properties Table 2 AVAILABLE STABLE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENTS (SHEET 10 OF 11 ) Natural Mass No Abundance (%) 17 4k 17 6 17 7 17 8 17 9 18 0 0 .18 5.20 18 .50 27 .14 13 .75 35.24 Tantalum 18 0 18 1 0. 012 99.988 Tungsten 18 0 18 2 18 3 18 4 0 .14 26. 41 14.40 30.64 Rhenium 18 5 18 7 37.07 . Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Ed. James F. Shackelford & W. Alexander Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 20 01 CRC MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION ©20 01. Shackelford Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Division of Materials Science and Engineering and Associate Dean of the College of Engineering University of California, Davis William Alexander Research. Alexander Research Engineer Division of Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Davis CRC MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION ©20 01 CRC Press LLC This book contains