IADC Drilling Manual Part 3 pdf

B-95 International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter B: Drill String 1. Before unloading, make sure that the thread protectors are tightly in place. Use slings to load pipe. See Figure B3-45. Figure B3-45 Use of Slings to Load Drill Pipe Figure B3-45. Use proper handling procedures when loading drill pipe utilizing hooks, slings, etc. 2. Do not unload pipe by dropping. Avoid rough handling which might ding or dent the body of the pipe. Out-of- roundness will reduce collapse strength greatly. 3. When roiling down skids, pull pipe parallel to the stack and do not allow pipe to gather momentum or to strike ends because, even with protectors in place, there is danger of damaging the threads. 4. Stop each length before it reaches preceding length; then push together by hand. XI. Storage The following precautions are recommended for pipe storage: A. Do not pile pipe directly on ground, rails, steel or concrete floors. The first tier of pipe should be no less than 12 inches from the ground to keep moisture and dirt away from pipe. B. Pipe should rest on supports properly spaced to prevent bending of the pipe or damage to the threads. The stringers should lie in the same plane and be reasonably level, and should be supported by piers adequate to carry the full stack without settling. C. Provide wooden strips as separators between successive layers of pipe so that no weight rests on the tool joint. Use at least three spacing strips. D. Place spacing strips at right angles to pipe and directly above the lower strips and supports to prevent bending of the pipe. B-96 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition E. Stagger adjoining lengths of pipe in the tiers, an amount approximately the length of the tool joint or collars. F. Block pipe by nailing 1" by 2" by 2" wooden blocks at both ends of the spacing strips. Plastic chocks are now available which will do a better job of blocking. G. When pipe is to be stored, the bore should be washed out with clean fresh water and the bore coated with oil or rust preventive material. Tool joint pins and boxes must be cleaned and coated with a rust preventive material. Clean thread protectors should be installed in every pin and box. H. In cleaning for storage, crooked joints and damaged tool joint should be identified, marked, and set aside for repair. I. Rubber protectors should be removed during the storage period. A circumferential groove can be caused by corrosion when rubber protectors are left on during storage. This situation occurs quite frequently on all drill pipe grades, B3-46. Figure B3-46 Corrosion Ring caused by Protectors left on in Storage Figure B3-46. A groove can be caused by corrosion of protectors left on pipe in storage. J. Pipe in storage should be visually examined periodically protective coatings applied inside and out when neces- sary to control corrosion. XII. Floor Handling Procedures A. Slips and Bushing Requirements The successful handling of drill pipe with rotary slips and master bushings for all depths and drilling conditions is directly dependent on the following factors: 1. Compatibility in design and manufacture of master bushings and drill pipe slips. B-97 International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter B: Drill String 2. Proper application, based on hook load, of square drive and pin drive type rotating equipment. 3. Wear conditions existing in rotary table equipment. Square drive master bushings and/or matching bowls with the appropriate shorter slips can be used successfully when hook load does not exceed 250,000 lbs. For greater hook loads, it is advisable to use a master bushing designed to accept a 4 pin drive kelly bushing. The reason is that this type of bushing has an extended API taper, thus increasing the back-up support for the slips. The use of the extra long slips, which are designed to be compat- ible, will more effectively distribute the forces that try to crush or "bottleneck" the drill pipe. A comparison of conventional and extra long slips and standard and extended bowl master bushing combinations can be seen in Figure B3-47. Figure B3-47 Extended Bowl, Extra Long Slips Support Heavy Strings Figure B3-47. Extended bowl, extra long rotary slips and pin drive allow for more effective support for heavy strings. Much can be done to prevent cutting, gouging and bottlenecking of drill pipe by proper maintenance of master bushings and rotary slips. This will prevent unnecessary downgrading and discarding of pipe as well as minimizing washouts and other types of downhole failures. The damaging effects of worn rotary tables, master bushings and rotary slips can be seen in Figure B3-48. B-99 International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter B: Drill String C. Proper Slip Handling Techniques 1. The right size slips should always be used on the size pipe being handled. Figure B3-49 shows the effects of using the wrong size slip in tubular goods. Figure B3-49A Drill Pipe Damaged by Using Wrong Sized Slips Figure B3-49B Drill Pipe Damaged by Using Wrong Sized Slips Slips that are smaller than the pipe will damage the pipe and the comers of the slips as well as risk dropping a string of pipe. Slips that are too large will not contact the pipe all the way around. This risks dropping the pipe and destroys the center part of the slips's gripping surface. 2. The downward motion of the drill pipe must be stopped with the drawworks brakes, not with the slips. Figure B3-50 shows the effect of stopping the motion of the pipe with slips. B-101 International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter B: Drill String Figure B3-51 Do Not Use Resharpened Gripping Elements 5. Setting Slips on Tool Joint: Be careful not to catch the tool joint box in the slips when the driller slacks off. This often happens when coming out of the hole and the driller does not pick up high enough for the slips to fall around the pipe properly. (Figure B3-52.) This can ruin the slips, damage the tool joint box and body of the pipe. Figure B3-52 Do Not Catch the Tool Joint with the Slips Figure B3-52. Try to prevent catching the tool joint accidentally with the slips. B-102 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition D. Proper Use of Drill Pipe Tongs Tonging tool joints properly is the most important single factor in prevention of tool joint troubles. Tables B1-7 give the recommended makeup torques for the various sizes, types and classes of tool joints. Torque measuring equipment should always be used to prevent under makeup or over makeup of tool joints. Slicker than normal thread compounds can contribute to torsional problems. 1. Always use back-up tongs when making up or breaking out drill pipe stands. Without back-up tongs, the pipe may rotate and cause deep slip cuts. Such slip cuts are usually spiral because the pipe is dropping as it rotates. Also the use of one tong greatly increase the possibility of bending or "hooking" the pipe at the rotary. 2. Keep the tool joint as close to the rotary table as possible during makeup and breakout. There is a maximum height that a tool joint may be positioned above the rotary slips and the pipe still be able to resist bending, Figure B3-53. Figure B3-53 Determine the Height of Tool Joint above Slips Figure B3-53: The sketches and formulas show how to figure height of tool joint above the slips. This is while maximum torque is applied. Factors governing the height limitation are: a. Angle of separation between tongs. b. Minimum tensile yield strength of pipe. c. Length of the tong handles. d. Maximum recommended makeup torque. Although not recommended, if only one tong is used with a locked rotary table, height of the tool joint should not exceed that shown in Case I. Also line pull should not exceed recommended makeup torque with tongs at 90 degrees to the jerk line. 3. Height above the rotary table can be calculated by means of the following: In the formula, Figure B3-53: B-103 International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter B: Drill String Figure B3-53 Determine the Height of Tool Joint above Slips Hmax = Height of tool joint above slips, ft Ym = Minimum tensile yield of pipe, psi. Grade E-75 75,000 Grade X-95 95,000 Grade G-105 105,000 Grade S-135 135,000 LT = Tong arm length, ft (measured on rig) P = Line pull, lb. T = P x LT, makeup torque, Table B1-7 Table B1-7 Minimum OD and Make-up Torque of Weld-on Tool Joints I/C = Section Modulus of pipe, in, Table B3-1. Table B3-1 Section Modulus Values Sample Calculations Assume: 4-1/2 in, 16.60 lb/ft, Grade E75 drill pipe, with 4-1/2 in, XH 6 in OD, 3-1/4 in ID tool joints. Tong arm 3 1/2 ft. Tongs at 90 degrees. Ym = 75,000 psi (for Grade E75) I/C = 4.27 in LT = 3.5 ft T = 18,000 ft-lbs. B-104 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition B4. Drill String Operating Limits I. Fatigue and Lateral Forces caused by Dog Legs and Floating Vessels It is well known that metal is weaker under dynamic loading than under static conditions. Steel has the capability of absorbing dynamic loading, or cycles of stress, for an infinite number of reversals if the stress is kept under a certain limit. This is illustrated in Figure B41, which is a simple example of an S-N curve, stress versus number of cycles to produce failure. Figure B4-1. S-N curve of mild steel shows number of cycles under stress to produce failure The point at which the curve straightens out is called the endurance limits of steel. If the stress never goes above that point, any number of cycles will not cause failure. To illustrate simply, consider a nail bent back and forth until it breaks. With this mild steel if the stress is kept below 27,000 psi the nail will not break regardless of the cycles. At 30,000 psi the nail will break with 2,000,000 cycles and at a stress of 48,000 is the elastic limit, the nail will break immediately. Such failures with cyclic stresses are called fatigue failures, Figure B4-2. B-106 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition The portion of the string right above the drill collars is potentially most subject to bending. Drill collar mass will resist bending and deflection will occur above in the drill pipe. Also maximum stress on the drill pipe will occur from the runout point of the upset to approximately 20 inches from the tool joint. As above, the tool joint will not bend and the bending occurs in the relatively thin pipe wall. This change of cross section in the tool joint acts as a vise and becomes the fulcrum of the bending force. If the pipe could bend uniformly throughout its length, stress would be lower and cycles of stress to failure higher. A. Extent of Fatigue Damage The amount of fatigue damage depends upon: 1. The tensile load in the pipe at the dog-leg. 2. The severity of the dog-leg. 3. The number cycles in the dog-leg of each portion of the pipe. 4. The dimensions and properties of the pipe. Since tension in the pipe is critical, a shallow dog-leg in a deep hole often becomes the source of difficulty. Also rotating off bottom below a dog-leg is not a good practice because of the additional load of the drill collars. Figures B4-3, Fogure B4-4, and Figure B4-5 from Hansford and Lubinski show conditions necessary for fatigue to occur. B-109 International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter B: Drill String Figure B4-6 Fatigue Damage in gradual doglegs in Non-Corrosive Environment Figure B4-7 Fatigue Damage in gradual doglegs in a Corrosive Environment If the joint passes through this or a similar dogleg with the same rotary speed and penetration rate three times it will [...]... drill pipe for 3 popular sizes The first three figures are for three pipe sizes, Range 2 Figure B4-11 is for 5", 19.5 lb per foot, Range 3 drill pipe B-110 International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter B: Drill String Figure B4-8 Lateral Forces on 3- 1/2", 13. 3 ppf R2 Drill Pipe with 4 -3/ 4" Tool Joints International Association of Drilling Contractors B-111 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh... 70% of yield International Association of Drilling Contractors B-1 23 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition VIII Fishing Operations A Pulling on Stuck Pipe It is normally not considered good practice to pull on stuck drill pipe beyond the limit derived from the API -IADC used Drill Pipe Classification System These limits are given in Tables B2-1 through B2 -3 Table B2-1 New DP - Torsion, Tension, Collapse,... solubility Dissolved salts also may serve as a source of carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide in drilling fluids Dissolved salts in drilling fluids may come from the makeup water, formation fluid inflow, drilled formation, or drilling fluid additives International Association of Drilling Contractors B-127 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition 5 Acids Acids corrode metals by lowering the pH (causing hydrogen... Control the drill fluid pH When practical to do so without upsetting other desired fluid properties, maintain a pH of 10 or higher International Association of Drilling Contractors B- 133 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition Note: In some drilling fluids, aluminum alloys show slowly increasing corrosion rates at pH values higher than 8.5; and the rate may become excessive at pH values higher than... corrective treatment can be instituted 3 Corrosion Test Rings Test rings placed in the drill stem bore are used to monitor the corrosion protection afforded by oil muds (See API RP 13B for details) A properly functioning oil mud should show little or no visual evidence of corrosion on the test ring International Association of Drilling Contractors B- 135 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition B6 Drill... Fig B1 -3 be stencilled at the base of the pin by the tool joint manufacturer for identification of drill string components Figure B1-3a Tool Joint Markings for Component Identification Figure B1-3b Pipe Mills & Pipe Processors Figure B1-3c Identification of Standard Weight High Strength Drill Pipe Figure B1-3d Identification of Heavy Weight Grade E-75 Drill Pipe Figure B1-3e Identification... International Association of Drilling Contractors B- 137 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition Notes on Table B6-1A 1 The premium classification is recommended for service where it is anticipated that torisional or tensile limits for Class 2 drill pipe and tubing work strings will be exceeded These limits for Premium Class and Class 2 drill pipe are specified in Tables B2-2 and B2 -3 respectively Premium... follows: Assume: 3- 1/2 inch O.D 13. 30 lb Grade E-75 drill pipe w/ 3- 1/2" IF tool joints Stuck point: 4000 feet; Tensile pull: 100,000 pounds New drill pipe Then: = 17,216 ft-lb For further information on allowable hookloads, torque application, and pump pressure use, refer to Stall and Blenkarn: "Allowable Hook Load and Torque Combinations for Stuck Drill Strings." VII Make up Torque versus Drilling Torque... rates, the following measures will extend corrosion fatigue by lowering the cyclic stress intensity or by increasing the fatigue strength of the material: International Association of Drilling Contractors B- 131 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition a Use thicker walled components b Reduces high stresses near connections by minimizing doglegs and by maintaining straight hole conditions, insofar as possible... Edition Figure B4-9 Lateral Forces on 4-1/2", 16.6 ppf R 2 Drill Pipe with 6-1/4" Tool Joints Figure B4-10 Lateral Forces on 5", 19.5 ppf R2 Drill Pipe with 6 -3/ 8" Tool Joints B-112 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition Tool joints which are rotated under high lateral force against the wall of the hole may be damaged as a result of friction heat checking . String Figure B4-8 Lateral Forces on 3- 1/2", 13. 3 ppf R2 Drill Pipe with 4 -3/ 4" Tool Joints B-112 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition Figure. slips and the pipe still be able to resist bending, Figure B3- 53. Figure B3- 53 Determine the Height of Tool Joint above Slips Figure B3- 53: The sketches and formulas show how to figure height of. = 75,000 psi (for Grade E75) I/C = 4.27 in LT = 3. 5 ft T = 18,000 ft-lbs. B-104 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition B4. Drill String Operating