IADC Drilling Manual Part 9 ppt

M-34 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition The most used practice is to use left-hand reeving and locate the deadline anchor to the left of the derrick vee. In selecting the best of the various possible methods for reeving casing or drilling lines, the following basic factors should be considered. 1. Minimum fleet angle from the drawworks drum to the first sheave of the crown bloc, and from the crown block sheaves to the traveling block sheaves. 2. Proper balancing of crown and traveling blocks. 3. Convenience in changing from smaller to larger number of lines, or from larger to smaller number of lines. 4. Locating of deadline on monkey board side for convenience and safety of derrickman. 5. Location of deadline anchor, and its influence upon the maximum rated static hook load of derrick. Figure M2-4 Reeving Diagram For 12-Line String-Up With 7-Sheave Crown Block And 6-Sheave Traveling Block; Left Hand Reeving. B. Function of Reeving System 1. General: A hoisting system is a way of listing heavy loads with lighter lead line pulling loads. As with a simple pulley system, the line strung through the blocks allows you a mechanical lifting advantage. This mechanical advantage is equal to the number of lines strung between the crown and the traveling block, taking into consideration accumulated friction. Thus for a 6-line system, without friction you could lift a weight by pulling with a force of only 1/6 of the weight. With an 8-line system, the pull will be only 1/8 of the weight; with 10 lines, 1/10, and so forth. The reason for this mechanical advantage is that the lines emerging from the traveling block divide the load equally among themselves by pulling down on the line as it leaves the traveling block. This is the load divided by the number of lines strung. 2. Work Encountered in Reeving System: M-35 International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter M: Wire Rope By utilizing mechanical advantage of the pulley, you are not decreasing the work done. Work done is the load multiplied by the distance moved. When the load is hoisted, each of the lines shortens by the distance of the hoist. However, the last line or fast line, coming onto the drum, must take up all the extra line. This is, of course, the distance the load moves times the number of lines strung. Inasmuch as the load on this line is the weight lit~ed divided by the number of lines, then the work done by the hoist is the same as the work required to raise the load. 3. Line Speed: Since the movement of the drilling line, being wound or unwound on the drum is greater than the movement of the traveling block, the speed with which it moves is also greater. Thus if the traveling block is being lowered at the rate of 10 ft per second, or 10 fps, in a 6-line system, the line is paying off the drum at 60 fps or 3600 fpm. The maximum recommended speed for movement of wire ropes through the sheaves is 4000 fpm. If the block of an 8- line system were moving at 10 fps, the line speed would exceed the recommended rate. 4. Determining Maximum Pull: The fast line during hoisting has a load greater than the total weight being lifted divided by the number of parts of line. The load is increased by the friction of the sheave bearings and the bending of the line around the sheaves. Starting at the deadline sheave, each successive line has, during hoisting, an extra load on it caused by the "sum" of the frictional loads from all previous rotating sheaves. Since the fast line experiences the accumulation of frictional forces from all rotating sheaves, its load is the greatest and it should be used when calculating design factors. The fast line load can be calculated by the following formula: L = W x Ks x (K-1)/(Kn -1) Where: L = fast line load, lbs. W = total weight lifted, lbs. K = friction coefficient Roller bearing Sheaves = 1.04 n = number of parts of line *s = number of rotating sheaves *NOTE: Deadline crown sheave does not rotate during hoisting so, for most rotary rigs, s = n. EXAMPLE: 500,000 lb load; 10 = line string up w/ 1-1/2" EIPS; Drilling line friction coefficient = 1.04 What is the lead line load and design factor? A. n = 10; s = 10; w = 500,000; K = 1.04 L = 500,000 x (1.0410) x (1.04 - 1)/{(1.04)10 - 1) = 500,000 x (1.48024) (0.04)/(1.8024 - 1) = 500,000 x 0.123 = 61,500 lbs. B. Nominal Strength of 1-1/2" EIPS = 114 Tons = 228,000 lbs. Design Factor = 228,000/61,500 = 3.7 WARNING: This ignores acceleration forces and shock loadings. These forces can greatly increase the load on the rope and lead to permanent deformation and increased rate of deterioration. 5. Fast Line Loads & Design Factors: M-36 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition Fast line loads and design factors for various hook loads with 6, 8, 10, and 12 parts of line are shown in Table M2- 6. Table M2-6 Fast Line Load and Design Factors for Various Hook Loads with 6, 8, 10 and 12 Parts of Line (AIl Calculations Based Upon New 6X19 IWRC Wire Rope). Table based on the Extra Improved Plow and Improved Plow with independent wire rope cores. M-37 International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter M: Wire Rope Table M2-6. Fast Line Load Design Factors M-38 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition M3. Factors Affecting Service Life Of Wire Rope Following are some of the factors that have a direct effect upon rotary drilling line service. Although they are elemental, they are critical. 1. Mast or Derrick Height The mast or derrick height will vary from approximately 65' to 185' or more. Governs the total amount of rotary line in the stringup, and determines whether "doubles," "triples" or "quadruples" of drill pipe will be handled during trips. 2. Crown Blocks Sheaves Sheave diameters should be large enough to minimize the bending fatigue which occurs on a rotary line. Worn grooves will not properly support the rotary line and worn bearings set up undue wear on both the sheaves and the line. 3. Traveling Block Sheaves The same conditions concerning the sheaves apply here as with the Crown Block. In addition, the traveling block must be of sufficient weight to give tight spooling on the drum as the block assembly is being raised or lowered, when going into and coming out of the hole. 4. Draw Works Drum The diameter and length of drum is important. A drum of small diameter and length requires more drum wraps to raise the blocks. This leads to more layers of rope on the drum, and therefore, more "cross-over" wear points. A grooved drum increases wire line service by supporting the rotary line and giving a tighter wrap. The condition of the drum clutch and brake greatly affects line life. If these are not properly adjusted, the resulting jerking and shock loads must be borne by the rotary line. 5. Type of String-Up - 6, 8, 10 or 12 Lines The type of String-Up will govern the load each part of line must carry, determines the total line in the String-Up, and also determines the length of time wear points must remain in the system. 6. Dead Line Anchor or Clamp The size, type and condition of the anchor has a direct effect on the rotary line. If it is too small, or otherwise distorts the line, it may form a "dog-leg" in the line which will set up a stress point. This stress point will result in undue wear and early fatigue, necessitating a long cut to remove it from the system. 7. Wire Line Stabilizer and Turn-Back Rollers The Wire Line Stabilizer and Turn-Back Rollers help extend the life of the wire line. The wire line stabilizer relieves vibration or "whip" on the "fast" line. The turn-back rollers help relieve shock at the "cross-over" points on the drum and prevent line piling up at the drum flanges. Weight box type stabilizers are considered far superior as far as drum spooling is concerned. Deadline stabilizers reduce vibration in the deadline adjacent to the deadline anchor and deadline sheave. 8. Experience of Crew The Experience of Crew will affect the wire line life in the manner in which they handle the rotary line. For example, how do they unspool the reel, how do they reeve the string-up, what steps are taken to keep the line out of mud and dirt, what method is used to spool new line on the drum, and how does the driller start and stop the drum when making a "round trip." NOTE: 6 inches of slack line jerked out on the load, will double the load on the line. M-39 International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter M: Wire Rope 9. Depth of Well The Depth of Well will govern the total weight of drill pipe and drill collars, the number of connections required, the number of bits required, and also the number of round trips needed. 10. Drilling Conditions Certain types of earth strata cause bit "chatter" or vibration which is passed through the drill pipe and traveling blocks to the rotary line. The intermittent shock loads must be absorbed by the drilling line, and are a source of undue wear, particularly at the dead line sheave. Also, certain strata cause crooked hole drilling, which results in considerable excess strain on the drilling line when coming out of the hole during a round trip. 11. Size of Drill Pipe Determines the total load when figuring the ton mile service per round trip, and in making connections. 12. Size and Number of Drill Collars The size and number of Drill Collars is one of the variable factors in determining the total excess weight when figuring ton-mile service per round trip. 13. Drill Stem Tests Drill Stem Tests mean extra round trips over and above those necessary to change bits. 14. Coring Coring also means extra round trips and more line wear. 15. Stuck Pipe Jarring and manipulation to unstick drill pipe causes extreme strain and wear on rotary line. No ton-mile method of service wear can determine the damage here! Careful visual inspection should be used, and damaged line removed from the system regardless of the length of cut required. 16. "Twist Offs" and "Fishing" Jobs "Twist Offs" and "Fishing" Jobs often mean several extra round trips to completely remove the "fish" or obstruction before normal drilling can be resumed. 17. Setting Casing While the length and size of casing will vary, but it still means additional trips, connections, and line wear. 18. Fleet Angle The Fleet Angle is taken into consideration with the proper wire line stabilizer can be the basis for solving many of the reasons for poor spooling on a rig. Therefore, the proper fleet angle should be of paramount importance when determining the excess laps. When we take these elemental factors into consideration it is then apparent why we must "tailor" a rotary line service program to each individual rig. Refer to Figure M2-1, and Figure M2-2. M-40 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition M4. Ton Mile Calculations A. Introduction In the early 1940's a drilling contractor would have purchased only enough rotary drilling line to string up his reeving system. Depending upon the height of his derrick and the number of parts of line to be used, lengths would vary from 650 to 1,750 feet. In working the line, heavy wear would occur in a few localized sections: where the rope makes contact with the traveling block sheaves, and where the rope makes contact with the crown block sheaves when the slips are pulled going in or coming out of the hole, and on the drum where each wrap of rope crosses over the rope on the layer below. Broken wires at these points of critical wear would result in the retire- ment of the entire string up, even though the remainder of the rope was in good condition. Today, purchasing longer lengths of drilling line, and periodically slipping new rope into the system while cutting off old line at the drum end, shifts the rope through these critical wear areas and distributes the wear more uniformly along the length of the rope. See Figure M4-1. Figure M4-1 Wire Line Wear Points If too much wire rope is cut off too frequently, there will be an obvious waste of usable drilling line, which will result in higher than necessary rig operating costs. However, if the rope is moved through the reeving system too slowly, sooner or later some section of the drilling line will become worn and damaged to such an extent that there will be a danger of failure, injury to personnel, damage to equipment and expensive downtime. At the very least, it will be necessary to make a "long cut" to eliminate some broken wires. For these reasons, it is important that the drilling line be cut off at the proper rate. The purpose of this Simplified Cut-Off Practice is to give the drilling contractor a method for keeping track of the amount of work done by the drilling line, and a systematic procedure for making cuts of the appropriate length at the appropriate time. The objective is to obtain maximum rope service without jeopardizing the safety of the rig operation. In conjunction with the record keeping required for the cut-off procedure, daily visual inspection of the drilling line should be made for broken wires and any other rope damage. It must be remembered that in all cases, visual inspection of the wire rope by the drilling contractor must take precedence over any predetermined calculations. M-41 International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter M: Wire Rope The only complicated part of a cut-off procedure is the determination of how much work has been done by the wire rope. Methods such as counting the number of wells drilled or keeping track of days between cuts are not accurate because the loads change with depth and with different drilling conditions. The various operations per- formed (drilling, coring, fishing, setting casing, etc.) subject the rope to different amounts of wear. For an accurate record of the amount of work done by a drilling line, it is necessary to calculate the weight being Lifted and the distance it is raised and lowered. In engineering terms, work is measured in foot-pounds. On a drilling rig the loads and distances are so great that we use "ton-miles." One ton-mile equals 10,560,000 foot- pounds, and is equivalent to lifting 2,000 pounds a distance of 5,280 feet. To simplify the calculation of ton-miles, a Ton-Mile Indicator has been developed. The following pages provide examples of how this Indicator is used to determine the number of ton-miles of work done by the drilling line for various operations on the rig. Please refer to Table M4-1 and Table M4-2 as you go through the examples. M-42 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition Table M4-1 E Indicator - Drill Collar Weight Factor M-43 International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter M: Wire Rope Table M4-2 Wire Rope Indicator - Ton-Mile per Round Trip - 4-1/2" 16.6 ppf in mud [...]... weight = 25.4 x 90 0' = 22,860 lbs Buoyed excess weight = 22,860 x 0.85 = 19, 431 lbs 1/2 Buoyed excess weight = 19, 431/2 = 9, 716 lbs So, the weight factor due to the heavy-weight drill pipe = 9, 716 lbs 3 Determine total weight factor: Traveling block assembly weight = 30,000 lbs Weight factor due to collars = 30,700 lbs International Association of Drilling Contractors M-47 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh... goal should not be made until one entire drilling line (requiring no long cuts) has been used following this particular program International Association of Drilling Contractors M-53 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition Cut-Off Program For 1" Rotary Drilling Line; Goal of 9. 0 T-M/Ft Cut Table - M5-p3b Wire Rope Cut-off Program, 1" Rotary Drill Line, Goal: 9. 0 T-M/ft cut 1 Do not accumulate more than... since last cut % 9. 0) 3 This program is based upon a goal of 9. 0 Any attempt to improve rope service by increasing the ton-mile goal should not be made until one entire drilling line (requiring no long cuts) has been used following this particular program International Association of Drilling Contractors M-55 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition Cut-Off Program For 1-1/8" Rotary Drilling Line; Goal... by increasing the ton-mile goal should not be made until one entire drilling line (requiring no long cuts) has been used following this particular program International Association of Drilling Contractors M- 59 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition Cut-Off Program For 1-1/4" Rotary Drilling Line Cut-Off Program For 1-1/4" Rotary Drilling Line; Goal of 12.0 T-M/Ft Cut Table - M5-p6b Wire Rope Cut-off... M)/(2000 x 5280) International Association of Drilling Contractors M- 49 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition M5 Cut-off Program A Cut-Off Program Assuming that 1-3/8" drilling line is used on a NATIONAL 130 (30" drum) rig with no past performance records, Table M4-3 gives a suggested ton-mile goal of 19. 0 Table M5-1 is the Union Wire Rope Cut-Off Program for a 19. 0 ton-mile goal Click Here for Table M5-1... M4-2Read under 50,000# column Round trip ton-miles at 9, 000 feet = 284 T-M 2 Determine ton-miles for a round trip at 9, 000 feet: On Table M4-2 Locate depth of 9, 000 feet, Read under 50,000 lb column Round trip ton-miles at 9, 000 feet = 483 T-M 3 Determine ton-miles for the short trip: From 483 T-M Subtract 284 T-M = 199 T-M So, Ton-miles for the short trip = 199 T-M 5) Example No 5: Ton-miles for round trip... by increasing the ton-mile goal should not be made until one entire drilling line (requiring no long cuts) has been used following this particular program International Association of Drilling Contractors M-65 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition Cut-Off Program For 1-1/4" Rotary Drilling Line; Goal of 18.0 T-M/Ft Cut Table - M5-p9b Wire Rope Cut-off Program, 1-1/4" Rotary Drill Line, Goal: 18.0... to improve rope service by increasing the ton-mile goal should not be made until one entire drilling line (requiring no long cuts) has been used following this particular program International Association of Drilling Contractors M-57 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition Cut-Off Program For 1-1/8" Rotary Drilling Line; Goal of 12.0 T-M/Ft Cut Table - M5-p5b Wire Rope Cut-off Program, 1-1/8" Rotary... % 9. 0) 3 This program is based upon a goal of 9. 0 Any attempt to improve rope service by increasing the ton-mile goal should not be made until one entire drilling line (requiring no long cuts) has been used following this particular program M-54 International Association of Drilling Contractors Chapter M: Wire Rope Cut-Off Program For 1-1/8" Rotary Drilling Line Cut-Off Program For 1-1/8" Rotary Drilling. .. to improve rope service by increasing the ton-mile goal should not be made until one entire drilling line (requiring no long cuts) has been used following this particular program International Association of Drilling Contractors M-63 IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition Cut-Off Program For 1-1/4" Rotary Drilling Line; Goal of 16.0 T-M/Ft Cut Table - M5-p8b Wire Rope Cut-off Program, 1-1/4" Rotary . Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition M4. Ton Mile Calculations A. Introduction In the early 194 0's a drilling contractor would have purchased only enough rotary drilling. until one entire drilling line (requiring no long cuts) has been used following this particular program. M-52 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh. Factors: M-36 International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC Drilling Manual - Eleventh Edition Fast line loads and design factors for various hook loads with 6, 8, 10, and 12 parts of line are shown in