Building systems for_interior designers phần 7 potx

VI Part LIGHTING [...]... DESIGN Until 1 973 , daylighting was considered part of architectural design, not part of lighting design Since an artificial lighting system had to be installed anyway, the practice was to ignore daylight, even to the extent of shutting it out completely However, when the energy crisis hit in the mid-1 970 s, the extensive use of electrical energy in nonresidential buildings for lighting drove designers to... complete scope of services Building codes increasingly require energy-efficient lighting Energy restrictions commonly apply to all buildings over three stories, and to all building types except low-rise housing These energy restrictions are relatively new code requirements, and continue to be modified and accepted in new jurisdictions Minimum code requirements must be met to acquire a building permit Codes... the rest ran off as waste Castles that used hundreds of candles each week kept a staff of snuff servants solely for this purpose Tallow candles could rot or be eaten by rats if not stored properly 277 278 LIGHTING An inexpensive alternative to the tallow candle was the rushlight, made by soaking a reed (rush) in melted fat Rushlights were held in the jaws of special holders, where they would burn,... the en- Lighting Design ergy used Lighting comprises 20 to 30 percent of a commercial building s electrical energy usage; percentages are higher for residences and lower for industrial buildings Good lighting design can save up to half of the electrical power used for lighting Lighting is a major contributor to the building heat load Each watt of lighting adds 1 W (3.4 Btu per hour) of heat gain to... at 25°C (77 °F), so removing heat is helpful even at low lighting energy levels The most efficient way to remove heat is to connect a duct to the fixture itself, but this is expensive and immobilizes the fixture An alternative is to use an exhaust plenum with air passing over the fixtures to pick up excess heat Lighting standards are set by a variety of authorities, depending upon the type of building, ... loop to respond to actual conditions that are indicated by sensors Dynamic control systems consist of a programmable controller and field sensors plus wiring Some systems use high-frequency signals impressed on the power wiring system to transmit control signals in a power line carrier (PLC) system Completely wireless systems use radio frequencies and wireless transmitters and receivers You can change... of Everyday Things (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 19 87, 135), British diarist Samuel Pepys wrote in 16 67 that with the use of wax candles at London’s Drury Lane Theater, the stage was “now a thousand times better and more glorious.” By the eighteenth century, luxury beeswax candles were used by the Roman Catholic Church and by the rich In 176 5, household records indicated that one of Britain’s great... usually allow trade-offs between energy-efficient building envelope components and energy use by HVAC or lighting Interior lighting energy use can usually be calculated by either a building area method, or on a space-by-space basis Code requirements typically apply to new construction and additions, and do not require alteration or removal of existing systems, although some efforts at relamping existing... last consideration when selecting a lighting fixture, and yet it is the one most likely to result in long-term negative feedback from building owners and facility managers Premature failures are expensive and annoying for building owners and tenants, tarnish lighting designers and contractors’ reputations, and may cause fire danger or other hazards Often the problem does not lie in the design, but... provides power for critical lighting systems in the event of a general power failure, the failure of the building electrical system, an in- Figure 34-3 Emergency lighting units terruption of current flow to the lighting unit, or even from the accidental operation of a switch control or circuit disconnect It is customary for the battery-powered units to be hard-wired into the building s electrical system, . lamp in the 178 0s. Unfortunately, Lavoisier was guillotined during the French Revolution. Before the invention of the electric lightbulb, gas- light supplied lighting for streets and buildings will retain their per- formance for eight to ten years. For energy efficiency, look for a high luminaire efficiency rating (LER). Low- maintenance fixtures remain clean for extended periods and. in the mid-1 970 s, the extensive use of electrical energy in nonresidential buildings for lighting drove designers to integrate the cheapest, most abundant, and in many ways most desirable form of