Building systems for_interior designers phần 3 doc

A single toilet facility is usually required to be accessi- ble or at least adaptable to use by a person with dis- abilities. A door is not allowed to impinge on the fix- ture clearance space, but can swing into a turn circle. The ADA also regulates accessories such as mirrors, med- icine cabinets, controls, dispensers, receptacles, disposal units, air hand dryers, and vending machines. The heights of light switches and electrical receptacles are also specified. Where nonaccessible toilets already exist, it may be possible to add a single accessible unisex toi- let rather than one per sex. The ADA requires a minimum of one lavatory per floor to be accessible, but it is not usually difficult to make them all usable by everyone. An accessible lava- tory has specific amounts of clear floor space leading to it, space underneath for knees and toes, covered hot water and drain pipes, and lever or automatic faucets. The ADA lists requirements for clearance and height. The number of required plumbing fixtures must be 78 WATER AND WASTES Minim um 122 0 m m M inim u m 16 7 5 mm Cle a r Fl oo r S p ac e L a v . 5 ' – 6 " 1' – 6" 1' – 6" 3' Minim um 9 1 5 m m 4' Figure 14-1 Accessible toilet stall: front approach. 3' Minim um 122 0 m m Minim um 915 m m 455 mm 1' – 6" Cle a r Fl oo r S p ac e M inim u m 16 7 5 mm L a v . 1' – 6" 4' 4 ' – 8 " Minim um 1 5 2 5 mm C le a r Fl oo r S p ac e 4 ' – 8 " M inim u m 16 7 5 mm 5' Figure 14-3 Accessible toilet stall: shorter stall with wider front. Figure 14-2 Accessible toilet stall: side approach. calculated in new construction, in building additions, and when an occupancy classification changes. The number of required fixtures is based on the total num- ber of occupants within the building or space. Typically, each floor requires a minimum of one toilet or rest- room. Some tenant facilities may require their own toi- let facilities, which can then be deducted from the to- tal building requirements. The fixtures that may be required include water closets and lavatories, urinals, drinking fountains, bathtubs, showers, and washing ma- chines. The NPC and UPC base the number of occu- pants on the occupant load used by the building code. The SPC requires a separate calculation. Code require- ments are minimal, and buildings where many people may want to use the restrooms at the same time may want to install additional facilities. Urinals may be required in some male restrooms depending upon the occupancy. Schools, restaurants, lounges, transportation terminals, auditoriums, the- aters, and churches may have specific requirements. Fa- cilities that tend to have heavy male restroom use, such as bars, often install additional urinals beyond the fix- tures required by code. Some occupancies with limited square footage and minimal numbers of occupants, such as small offices, retail stores, restaurants, laundries, and beauty shops, are permitted to have one facility with a single water closet and lavatory for both men and women. These fa- cilities must be unisex and fully accessible. Adjustments may be made for facilities used predominantly by one sex if the owner can provide satisfactory data to the code officials. In larger buildings, fixtures may be grouped to- gether on a floor if maximum travel distances are within the limits established by code. Employee facilities can be either separate or included in the public customer fa- cilities. It is common to share employee and public facilities in nightclubs, places of public assembly, and mercantile buildings. Wherever there are water closets, there must be lava- tories. However, lavatories are not required at the same ratio as toilets. Large restrooms usually have more water closets than lavatories. DRINKING FOUNTAINS Drinking fountains are not permitted in toilet rooms or in the vestibules to toilet rooms, but are often located in the corridor outside. One drinking fountain (water cooler) is typically required for each 75 occupants. In multistory buildings, each floor must have its own foun- tain. The ADA requires that one drinking fountain per floor be accessible. If there is only one fountain on a floor, it must have water spigots at wheelchair and standard heights. Where there are multiple drinking fountains on a floor, typically half must be accessible. Accessible foun- tains have controls on the front or side for easy opera- tion, and require clear floor space for maneuvering a wheelchair. Cantilevered models require space for a front approach and minimum knee space. Freestanding mod- els require floor space for a parallel approach. Drinking fountains are available with filter systems that remove lead, chlorine, and sediment from the water, and remove cysts, such as cryptosporidium and Giardia as well. They use a quick-disconnect cartridge, and may have an optional audible filter monitor to indicate when the filter needs to be changed. Safety bubblers flex on impact to prevent mouth injury. Designing Bath and Toilet Rooms 79 III Part THERMAL COMFORT [...]... also pollute the building s air Indoor air pollutants can be circulated from portions of the building used for specialized purposes, such as restaurants, print shops, and dry-cleaning stores, into offices in the same building Prior to 19 73, energy for buildings was relatively inexpensive, and large quantities of outdoor air were used to ventilate buildings During the oil embargo of 19 73, Americans became... office buildings are the presence of indoor air pollution sources; poorly designed, maintained, or operated ventilation systems; and uses of the building that were unanticipated or poorly planned for when the building was designed or renovated Interior designers play a significant role in specifying materials that may contribute to indoor air pollution We also are key players in the renovation of buildings... majority of the building s operating hours An estimate of the building s annual energy consumption may also be made at this time With all this detailed information in place, the engineer next selects the HVAC systems More than one system may be used to meet different conditions in a large building For example, one system may serve zones that are completely within the interior of the building, with a... losses to ground Figure 18-2 Heat gains and losses in buildings 104 THERMAL COMFORT Heat Loss and Heating Loads A heating load is created when a building loses heat through the building envelope Cold outside air entering a building through ventilation, such as an open window, or as a result of infiltration, as when air leaks through cracks in the building envelope, also add to the heating load Convection,... windows, can often be planned as part of other building renovations The payback period for in- 106 THERMAL COMFORT sulating oil- and gas-heated buildings is around five years, and much faster with electric heat New energyefficient construction typically reduces heating bills in cold climates by 75 percent Building a super-efficient house, with R -30 walls, R -38 ceilings, and R-19 foundations, adds about... the outdoor air below the warmer temperature of the building exterior, and the warm building surfaces are then cooled by convection and radiation The result is a building interior that is cooler than its surroundings by day, and warmer by night In a hot damp climate with high night temperatures, a building with low thermal capacity works best The building envelope reflects away solar heat and reacts... design with the climate Building form alternatives are considered and discussed with the architect Available systems are reviewed, including both passive (nonmechanical) and active alternatives Then the engineer figures out the size of one or more alternative systems using general design guidelines In smaller buildings, the architect may do the system design For larger, more complex buildings, the mechanical... permitted a lower ventilation rate than the current standards Contaminants in buildings are so widespread that virtually every building contains one or more recognized contaminants Asbestos and lead have been used in building products for many years in the past Heating systems can give off carbon monoxide Interior finishes and building materials often contain formaldehyde Benzene and chlordane are both... commercial building, the building s owner should select a company on the basis of its experience in identifying and solving IAQ problems in nonindustrial buildings, as the methodology and standards are different for industrial settings These investigations may start with written questionnaires and telephone consultations in which building investigators assess the history of occupant symptoms and building. .. most of the interior cooling loads are generated inside the building The perimeter areas of the building are much more weather sensitive HEATING AND COOLING LOADS Heating and cooling loads are the amounts of energy required to make up for heat loss and heat gain in the building (Fig 18-2) The rate of flow of hot or cold air coming into the building from ventilation and infiltration influences the amount . to 3. 43 Btu.) This same fellow will simultaneously give off 44 W (150 Btu) per hour of latent heat when he perspires and the water changes from a liquid to a gas, for a total of about 97 W (33 0. Al- lowing people to dress for comfort also helps. By de- signing interiors with a variety of conditions within one space, people can move to the area in which they are most comfortable. Sunny windows. diners. 84 THERMAL COMFORT The temperatures inside a building are affected by the outdoor air conditions on the exterior envelope of the building. The heat of the sun warms buildings both directly