CS CS CS CS CS a à a , area of cross section Source: IS 2644, 1979 640 700 840 1030 1230 Designation Grade 640 700 840 1030 1230 MPa 92.8 101.5 121.8 149.4 178.3 kpsi Tensile strength, min, st TABLE 1-20 Mechanical properties of high tensile cast steel 390 560 700 850 1000 MPa 56.7 81.2 101.5 123.3 145.1 kpsi Yield strength (or 0.5% proof stress), min, sy 35 30 28 20 12 Reduction in area, min, % 15 14 12 Elongation, min, % (gauge ffiffiffiffiffi p length 5.65 aà ) a 190 207 248 305 355 Brinell hardness, min, HB 30 30 29 20 J 22.1 21.1 20.6 14.5 ft-lbf Izod impact strength, PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 1.41 %C T 140 W Cr 50 T 133 T 118 T 70 T 85 T 75 T 65 T 215 Cr 12 T 160 Cr 12 T 110 W Cr T 105 W Cr 60 V 25 T 90 Mn W 50 Cr 45 T 105 Cr T 105 Cr Mn 60 T 55 Cr 70 T 55 Si Mn 90 Mo 33 T 50 Cr V 23 T 60 Ni T 30 Ni Cr T 55 Ni Cr 65 Mo 30 T 33 W Cr V 38 T 35 Cr Mo V T 35 Cr Mo W V 30 T 75 W 18 Co Cr V Mo 75 T 83 Mo W Cr V T 55 W 14 Cr V 45 T 16 Ni 85 Cr 60 T 10 Cr Mo 75 V 23 Optional Source: IS 1871, 1965 a 1.30–1.50 1.25–1.40 1.10–1.25 0.65–0.75 0.80–0.90 0.70–0.80 0.60–0.70 2.00–2.30 150–1.70 1.00–1.20 0.90–1.20 0.85–0.95 0.90–1.20 0.90–1.20 0.50–0.60 0.50–0.60 0.45–0.55 0.55–0.65 0.26–0.34 0.50–0.60 0.25–0.40 0.30–0.40 0.30–0.40 0.70–0.80 0.75–0.90 0.50–0.60 0.12–0.20 0.15 max Steel designation TABLE 1-21 Chemical composition of tool steels 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.30 0.10–0.30 0.10–0.30 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 1.50–2.00 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.65 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.80–1.20 0.80–1.20 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.20–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 % Si 0.25–0.50 0.20–0.35 0.20–0.35 0.20–0.35 0.50–0.80 0.50–0.80 0.50–0.80 0.25–0.50 0.25–0.50 0.90–1.30 0.25–0.50 1.25–1.75 0.20–0.40 0.40–0.80 0.60–0.80 0.80–1.00 0.50–0.80 0.50–0.80 0.40–0.70 0.50–0.80 0.20–0.40 0.25–0.50 0.25–0.50 0.20–0.40 0.20–0.40 0.20–0.40 0.60–1.00 0.25–0.50 % Mn 0.90–1.20 0.30 max 1.10–1.40 0.50–0.80 2.80–3.30 4.75–5.25 4.75–5.25 4.00–4.50 3.75–4.50 2.80–3.30 0.40–0.80 4.75–5.25 11.0–13.0 11.0–13.0 0.90–1.30 0.40–0.80 0.30–0.60 1.00–1.60 1.00–1.60 0.60–0.80 0.30–0.70 % Cr 0.80 maxa 0.80 maxa %V 0.12–0.20a 0.15–0.30 0.25 maxa 0.25–0.40 0.25–0.50 1.00–1.20 0.20–0.40 1.50–1.50 1.75–2.00 0.30–0.60 0.25–0.35 0.20–0.30 0.25 max 0.80 maxa 0.80 maxa %Mo 0.15–0.30 1.20–1.60 1.20–1.60 0.50–1.00 5.50–6.50 0.50–1.00 1.20–1.60 17.50–19.00 5.50–6.50 13.00–15.00 8.0–10.0 1.25–1.75 1.25–1.75 0.40–0.60 3.50–4.20 %W 0.60–1.00 1.00–1.50 3.90–4.30 1.25–1.75 % Ni 5.00–6.00 % Co PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.42 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 640 2170 710 1827 Annealed 7758C (14258F) Tempered 2058C (4008F) Annealed 8008C (14758F) Tempered 2058C (4008F) Annealed 7908C (14508F) Tempered 2058C (4008F) Annealed 8308C (15258F) Tempered 2058C (4008F) Annealed 8458C (15508F)b Tempered 5658C (10508F) P-20 S-1 S-5 S-7 A-8 724 2344 690 2068 103 265 93 315 105 340 100 300 100 270 95 290 103 290 100 295 kpsi 448 1550 380 1448 440 1930 414 1896 517 1413 380 1793 510 1793 365 1724 MPa 65 225 55 210 64 280 60 275 75 205 55 260 74 260 53 250 kpsi Yield strength, sy 25 25 25 24 17 10 25 25 25 97 RB 52 RC 95 RR 58 RC 96 RB 59 RC 96 RB 57.5 RC 97 RB 52 RC 93 RB 54 RC 96 RB 54 RC 96 RB 55 RC Elongation, % Hardness 1850 8F 1010 940 1850 1725 1600 1700 925 870 1575 855 1550 855 845 1575 1010 8C Hardening temperature air air oil oil oil oil oil air 244 206 250 20 12 28 14 Quenched media J Medium to high 152c Medium Medium Medium 184c 180 Medium to high Medium High Medium to high Machinability 15 21 10 ft-lbf Impact strength Charpy V-notch b Single temper, oil-quenched unless otherwise indicated Double temper, air-quenched c Charpy impact unnotched tests made on longitudinal specimens of small cross-sectional bar stock The heat treatments listed were to develop nominal mechanical properties for hardened and tempered materials for test purposes only and may not be suitable for some applications Source: Machine Design, 1981 Materials Reference Issue, Penton/IPC, Cleveland, Ohio, Vol 53, No (March 19, 1981) a 665 2000 Annealed 7758C (14258F)a Tempered 3158C (6008F) L-6 690 1860 710 2000 Annealed 7758C (14258F) Tempered 2058C (4008F) L-2 690 2034 Annealed 8708C (16008F) Tempered 5408C (10008F) b MPa H-11 AISI steel designation Conditiona Tensile strength, st TABLE 1-22 Mechanical properties of some tool steels PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 1.43 90.7–91.5 94.5–95.2 Fine Coarse Medium 84WC-16Co 72WC-8TiC11.5TaC-8.5Co Medium 64TiC-28WC2TaC-2Cr3 C2 -4.0Co 6.6 12.6 13.9 13.9 14.6 14.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 0.24 0.45 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.52 0.54 0.54 0.54 Mg/m3 lb/in3 Density 690 1720 3380 2900 3100 2760 1790 2000 2210 MPa 100 250 490 420 450 400 260 290 320 kpsi 4340 5170 4070 3860 5170 4000 5930 5450 5170 MPa 630 750 590 560 750 580 860 790 750 kpsi Compressive strength, sc 1720 970 700 1590 1170 2550 1930 1450 MPa 250 140 100 230 170 370 280 210 kpsi Proportional limit compressive strength, sp 558 524 524 620 552 614 648 641 GPa 81 76 76 90 80 89 94 93 Mpsi Modulus of elasticity, E 1860 1340 1450 1520 MPa 270 195 210 220 kpsi Tensile strength, st 0.90 3.05 2.83 1.69 2.03 1.02 1.36 1.36 J 27 25 15 18 12 12 in-lbf Impact strength – 50 88 – 112 – 100 121 W/m K Thermal conductivity – 5.8 – 5.8 – 5.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 2008C – 7.0 – 7.0 – – 5.9 5.4 5.6 3.2 – 3.2 – 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.4 10008C 4008F – 3.8 – 3.8 – – 3.3 3.0 3.0 18008F Coefficient of linear expansion, lm/m8C at lin/in8F at Source: Metals Handbook Desk Edition, ASM International 1985, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 (formerly the American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH 44073, 1985) 89 86.0–87.5 90.7–91.3 87.4–88.2 Fine Coarse 90WC-10Co 92.5–93.1 91.7–92.2 90.5–91.5 Fine Medium Coarse Grain size 94WC-6Co Nominal composition Brinell Hardness HB Transverse strength, sb TABLE 1-23 Properties of representative cobalt-bonded cemented carbides PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.44 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.45 TABLE 1-24 Typical uses of tool steel Steel designation Type T 140 W Cr 50 T 133 T 118 T 70 Cold-Work Water-Hardening Steels Fast finishing tool steel Finishing tools with light feeds, marking tools, etc Carbon tool steels Engraving tools, files, razors, shaping and wood-working tools, heading and press tools, drills, punches, chisels,shear blades, vice jaws, etc T 215 Cr 12 T 160 Cr 12 T 110 W Cr T 105 W Cr 60 V 25 T 90 Mn W 50 Cr 45 T 105 Cr T 105 Cr M 60 T 85 T 75 T 65 T 55 Cr 70 T 55 Si Mn 90 Mo 33 T 50 Cr V 23 T 60 Ni T 30 Ni Cr T 55 Ni Cr 65 Mo T 33, W Cr V 38 T 35 Cr Mo V T 35 Cr Mo W V 30 T 75 W 18 Co Cr V Mo 75 T 83 Mo W Cr V T 55 W 14 Cr V 45a T 16 Ni 80 Cr 60 T 10 Cr bee 75 V 23 Typical uses Cold-Work Oil and Air-Hardening Steels High-carbon highPress tools, drawing and cutter dies, shear blade thread chromium tool steels rollers etc Nondeforming tool steels Engraving tools, press tools, gauge, tape, dies, drills, hard reamers, milling cutters, broaches, cold punches, knives etc Carbon-chromium tool steels Lathe centers, knurling tools, press tools Die blocks, garden and agricultural tools, etc Carbon tool steels Shock-resisting tool steels Pneumatic chisels, rivet shape, shear blades, heavy-duty punches, scarfing tools, and other tools under high shock Nickel-chromemolybdenum tool steels Cold and heavy duty punches, trimming dies, scarfing tools, pneumatic chisels, etc Hot-Work and High-Speed Steel Hot-work tool steels Castings dies for light alloys, dies for extrusion, stamping, and forging High-speed tool steels Drills, reamers, broaches, form cutters, milling cutters, deep-hole drills, slitting saws, high-speed and heavy-cut tools Low-Carbon Mold Steel Carburizing steels After case hardening for molds for plastic materials a May also be used as hot-work steel Source: IS 1871, 1965 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.46 CHAPTER ONE TABLE 1-25 Mechanical properties of carbon and alloy steel bars for the production of machine parts Ultimate tensile strength, sut Steel designation MPa## kpsi MPa‡ kpsi 14 C (C 14)Ãà 20 C (C 20) 30 C (C 30) 40 C (C 40) 45 C (C 45) 55 C (C 55 Mn 75) 65 C (C 65) 14 C 14 S 14 (14 Mn S 14) 11 C 10 S 25 (13 S 25) 363 432 490 569 618 706 736 432 363 52.6 62.6 71.1 82.5 89.6 102.4 106.7 62.6 52.6 441 510 588 667 696 64.0 74.0 85.3 96.7 101.0 530 481 76.8 69.7 Notes: aà , area of cross section; Source: IS 2073, 1970 ## Minimumffiffiffiffiffi p elongation (gauge length = 5.65 aà ), % 26 24 21 18 15 13 10 22 23 minimum; ‡ maximum; Ãà steel designations in parentheses are old designations Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1473–1123 1373–1123 1373–1123 30 C (C 30) 35 C (C 25 Mn 74) 40 C (C 40) 50 C (C 50) 55 C (C 55 Ma 75) 40 C 10 Si (40 S 18) 40 C 15 Si (40 Mn S 12) 220 C 15 (20 Mn 2) 27 C 15 (27 Mn 2) 37 C 15 (37 Mn 2) 40 Cr (40 Cr 1) 35 Mn Mo (35 Mn Mo 28) 35 Mn Mo (35 Mn Mo 45) 40 Cr Mo (40 Cr Mo 28) 40 Ni 14 (40 Ni 3) 35 Ni Cr Mo (35 Ni Cr Mo 60) 40 Ni Cr Mo (40 Ni Cr Mo 15) 40 Ni Cr Mo (40 Ni Cr Mo 28) 15 Ni Cr Mo 12 (31 Ni Cr 65 Mo 55) 30 Ni 13 Cr (30 Ni Cr 1) 15 Cr 13 Mo (15 Cr Mo 55) 25 Cr 13 Mo (25 Cr Mo 55) 40 Cr 13 Mo 10 V (40 Cr Mo V 20) 40 Cr Al 10 Mo (40 Cr Al Mo 18) 55 Cr 70) 105 Cr (105 Cr 1) 105 Cr Mn 60 a Stabilization 823 K (5508C) Source: IS 1871, 1965 K Designation 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1100–850 1100–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 1200–850 8C Hot-working temperature 800–850 850–880 830–860 1123–1153 1103–1133 1073–1123 860–890 850–880 830–860 810–840 810–840 830–860 840–870 860–900 840–880 850–870 850–880 8C 1133–1163 1123–1153 1103–1133 1083–1113 1083–1113 1103–1113 1113–1143 1133–1173 1133–1153 1123–1143 1123–1153 K Normalizing TABLE 1-26 Recommended hardening and tempering treatment for carbon and alloy steels 1103–1123 1083–1103 1163–1183 1163–1183 1173–1213 1123–1173 1073–1123 1093–1133 1073–1113 1133–1163 1113–1153 1103–1133 1083–1113 1083–1113 1103–1133 1113–1143 1133–1173 1133–1153 1123–1143 1123–1153 1113–1133 1113–1133 1123–1153 1103–1133 1093–1123 1103–1123 1103–1123 K 830–850 810–820 890–910 890–910 900–940 850–900 800–850 820–860 800–840 860–890 840–880 830–860 810–840 810–840 830–860 840–870 860–900 840–880 850–870 850–880 840–860 840–860 850–880 830–860 820–850 820–850 830–850 8C Hardening 8C Oil Air or oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Water or oil Water or oil Water or oil Water or oil Water or oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Water or oil Water or oil Water or oil Oil Water or oil Oil Oil Oil Water or oil Oil Oil K Quenching 823–923 803–1033 823–933 823–933 823–933 823–933 823–933 823–933 823–933 823–933 823–933 823–933 823–933 823–933 823–933 823–933 823–933 823–933 or 423–473 (depending on hardness required) 933 !523 823–973a 823–973a 843–923 823–973 773–973 >423 403–453 K Tempering 660 !250 550–700a 550–700a 570–650 550–700 500–700 >150 in oil 130–180 550–660 530–760 550–660 550–660 550–660 550–660 550–660 550–660 550–660 550–660 550–660 550–660 550–660 550–660 550–660 550–660 550–660 550–660 or 150–200 8C PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.47 11.2 12.7 12.5 11.6 13.6 13.6 12.6 14.3 14.1 14.1 13.0 5.8 6.3 0.85 1.11 1.28 0.83 1.16 0.93 0.98 0.52 0.75 1.24 0.75 0.90 0.89 0.37 0.6 0.95 1.47 0.99 0.64 0.38 0.60 0.67 0.6 0.57 0.54 0.94 Si Mo Mo Mo Mo 1.46 Mo 1.20 Mo 3.65 Ni 2.4 Mo 2.0 Mo 3.0 Mo 0.96 1.10 0.96 0.87 Other Mill liner Plate Round Round Round Round Round Round Plate Plate Round Round Keel block Form 100 100 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 25 25 100 mm 4 1 1 1 1 in Section 340 330a 655 600 745 600 695 560 510 435a 440 450 330a MPa 49 48a 181 150 3.5 Ni manganese steel 295 43 95 Mn-1 Mo alloys 325 47 – 220 183 235 Mo manganese steels 370 54 365 53 440 64 87 108 87 163 185 188 – Mo manganese steels 101 345 50 81 400 58 74 365 53 63a – – kpsi Brinell hardness, HB – – 245 MPa Yield strength, sy (0.2% offset) Plain manganese steels 64 – – 65 360 52 48a – – kpsi Tensile strength, st 1a 36 15.5 34.5 7.5 30 13 11 4a 14.5 1a Elongation in 50 mm, % – – 26 13 27 10 29 15 16 – – – – Reduction in area, % b a Properties converted from transverse bend tests on  13 mm (1  in) bars cut from castings and broken by center loading across 25 mm (1 in) span Charpy V-notch Source: Metals Handbook Desk Edition, ASM International, 1985, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 (formerly the American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH 44073, 1985) Mn C Composition, % TABLE 1-27 Mechanical properties of some as-cast austenitic manganese steels ft-lbf – – – – – – – 72 – – – – – – – – 53 – – – – – 3.4 2.5 J Impact strength Charpy b PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1.48 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 179 278 331 250 290 303 283 186 -T 43 -T 240.0 -F 295.0 -T -T 319.0 -F -T C 355.0 -T6 356.0 -T A 390.0 -F -T 520.0 -T4 A 535.0 -F -T C 355.0 -T61 A 356.0 -T 61 -F -O -H 14 -H 18 -T -T -O -T 451 -T 651 -O -T 451 -O -T 351 -T -T 86 355.0 513.0 1100 2014 -T -T 2017 -T 2024 -T 2011 414 448 235 221 250 186 250 269 228 201.0 90 125 165 380 395 185 425 482 180 425 185 470 485 515 MPa Alloy no 13 18 24 55 57 27 62 70 26 62 27 68 70 75 27 44 41 42 26 40 48 36 60 65 34 32 36 27 26 39 33 kpsi Ultimate tensile strength, sut 35 115 150 295 270 95 290 415 70 275 75 325 345 490 110 234 207 185 179 278 179 124 255 379 200 110 165 124 164 200 164 MPa 17 22 43 39 14 42 60 10 40 11 47 50 71 16 34 30 27 26 40 26 18 37 55 29 16 24 18 24 29 24 kpsi Tensile yield strengthd , syt 56 30 17 25 19 25 kpsi 117 248 221 185 17 36 32 27 27 172 186 25 386 207 117 172 131 172 MPa Compressive yield strength,d syc 42 kpsi 60 75 90 220 235 125 260 290 125 260 125 285 280 310 152 221 193 235 234 11 13 32 34 18 38 42 18 38 18 41 40 45 22 32 28 34 34 26 179 217 152 200 179 26 31 22 29 290 MPa Shear strength, s 35 50 60 125 125 90 140 125 90 125 90 140 140 125 69 97 90 69 90 55 59 48 52 69 76 MPa 18 18 13 20 18 13 18 13 20 20 18 10 14 13 10 13 8.5 7.5 10 11 kpsi Endurance limit in reversed bending, sfb 23 32 44 95 97 45 105 135 45 105 47 120 120 135 60 90 90 90 100 140 75 65 130 90 60 75 70 80 85 70 9.5 11.9 10.5 10.0 10.0 10.7 10.7 10.5 Wrought alloys 72 Permanent mold casting 65 82 72 69 69 74 74 Sand casting alloys Brinell hardness Modulus of 4.9 kN e (500 kgf) load elasticity, E on 10-mm ball, HB GPa Mpsi 4 3 3 3 Corrosion resistance 35 15 17 18 20 13 22 22 20 20 18 7.0 3.0 10.0 D B B D B B B – C D D E D D A 3 4 1 1 2 3 3 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website D C C D D D D A A A D Machiability Gas C C A A A D 3