Machine Design Databook Episode 1 part 8 docx

432 (62.7) 451 (65.4) 310 (45.0) 414 (60.0) 414 (60.0) 539 (78.2) 461 (66.9) 510 (74.0) 481 (69.8) 510 (74.0) 618 (89.6) 363 (52.6) 412 (59.8) 432 (62.7) 461 (66.9) 491 (71.2) 432 (62.7) 490 (71.1) Forgings 20 Mo 15 Cr Mo 10 Cr Mo 10 Tubes and pipes 1% Cr 1% Mo 20 Mo Fe 170 Fe 240 Fe 290 Castings Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Sections, plates, and bars Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade A-N Grade B-N Plates, bars, forgings, seamless tubes X04 Cr 19 Ni 540 (78) X04 Cr 19 Ni Ti 20 540 (78) X04 Cr 19 Ni No 40 540 (78) X05 Cr 18 Ni 11 Mo 540 (78) X05 Cr 19 Ni Mo 540 (78) Ti 20 Castings Grades 7, 461 (66.9) 471 (68.3) 275 (39.9) 490 (71.1) 294 (42.6) 490 (71.1) 314 (45.5) Plates 2A 2B 20 Mo 20 C 15 15 Cr Mo 15 C 28 28 28 28 28 26 25 23 22 21 23 20 17 17 15 17 17 15 950R20 950R20 20 20 20 26 25 20 20 20 20 25 21 235 (34) 235 (34) 235 (34) 235 (34) 235 (34) 0.55 R20 0.55 R20 0.55 R20 0.55 R20 0.55 R20 235 (34.0) 280 (40.6) 343 (49.8) 245 (35.5) 304 (44.1) 275 (39.9) 304 (44.1) 422 (61.2) 235 (34.1) 245 (35.5) 173 (25.1) 241 (35.0) 290 (42.1) 0.55 R20 a 0.50 R20 0.50 R20 275 (39.9) 294 (42.6) 294 (42.6) 226 (32.8) 363 (52.6) 412 (59.8) 510 (74.0) 471 (68.3) 510 (74.0) 490 (71.1) 412 (59.8) Materials with grade or designation and product Yield stress, sy min, E20 MPa (kpsi) Tensile strength, st , R20 , MPa (kpsi) Mechanical properties 205 (30) Allowable stress, sa at design temperature, K (8C) 8.40 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 137 (19.9) 157 (22.8) 157 (22.8) 157 (22.8) 157 (22.8) 157 (22.8) 121 (17.5) 137 (19.9) 143 (20.7) 153 (22.2) 163 (23.6) 143 (20.7) 163 (13.6) 134 (19.4) 115 (16.7) 127 (18.4) 120 (17.4) 127 (18.4) 154 (22.3) 143 (20.7) 150 (21.8) 103 (15.0) 137 (19.9) 137 (19.9) 157 (22.8) 163 (23.6) 163 (23.6) 121 (17.5) 137 (19.8) 170 (24.7) 157 (22.8) 170 (24.7) 163 (23.6) 137 (19.9) 111 (16.1) 126 (18.3) 131 (19.0) 141 (20.5) 150 (21.8) 143 (20.7) 163 (23.6) 134 (19.4) 114 (16.5) 127 (18.4) 120 (17.4) 127 (18.4) 154 (22.3) 143 (20.7) 150 (21.8) 103 (15.0) 137 (19.9) 137 (19.9) 157 (22.8) 163 (23.6) 163 (23.6) 121 (17.5) 126 (18.3) 156 (22.6) 157 (22.8) 170 (24.7) 163 (23.6) 137 (19.9) 127 (18.4) 139 (20.2) 140 (20.3) 140 (20.3) 142 (20.6) 142 (20.6) 102 (14.8) 117 (17.0) 122 (17.7) 130 (18.9) 138 (20.0) 133 (19.2) 158 (23.0) 134 (19.4) 108 (15.7) 127 (18.4) 120 (17.4) 127 (18.4) 154 (22.3) 139 (20.2) 143 (20.7) 97 (14.0) 136 (19.7) 137 (19.9) 157 (22.8) 163 (23.6) 163 (23.6) 113 (16.4) 117 (17.0) 144 (20.8) 157 (22.8) 167 (24.2) 163 (23.6) 127 (18.4) 93 (13.5) 106 (15.4) 111 (16.1) 119 (17.3) 126 (18.3) 121 (17.5) 143 (20.7) 132 (19.1) 100 (14.5) 125 (18.1) 117 (17.0) 127 (18.4) 154 (22.3) 133 (19.3) 133 (19.3) 88 (12.8) 124 (18.0) 137 (19.9) 150 (21.8) 163 (23.6) 163 (23.6) 102 (14.8) 106 (15.4) 130 (18.8) 150 (21.8) 150 (21.9) 163 (23.6) 116 (16.8) 76 (11.0) 88 (12.8) 91 (13.2) 105 (15.2) 109 (15.8) 88 (12.8) 105 (15.2) 110 (16.0) 86 (12.5) 108 (15.7) 104 (15.1) 127 (18.4) 160 (23.2) 119 (17.3) 115 (16.7) 74 (10.7) 103 (15.0) 124 (18.0) 130 (18.9) 149 (21.6) 170 (24.6) 85 (12.3) 88 (12.8) 109 (15.8) 129 (18.7) 126 (18.3) 149 (21.6) 96 (13.9) 70 (10.2) 79 (11.5) 83 (12.0) 94 (13.6) 98 (14.2) 79 (11.5) 94 (13.6) 99 (14.4) 80 (11.6) 100 (14.5) 99 (14.4) 117 (17.0) 152 (22.0) 113 (16.4) 108 (15.7) 66 (9.6) 93 (13.5) 113 (16.4) 121 (17.6) 141 (20.5) 161 (23.4) 77 (11.2) 79 (11.5) 98 (14.2) 121 (17.6) 114 (16.5) 141 (20.5) 87 (17.6) 117 (18.4) 122 (17.7) 124 (18.0) 124 (18.0) 127 (18.4) 127 (18.4) 106 (15.4) 104 (15.0) 106 (15.4) 106 (15.4) 113 (16.4) 113 (16.4) High-Alloy Steels in Tension 84 (12.2) 96 (13.9) 100 (14.5) 115 (16.7) 119 (17.3) 96 (13.9) 115 (16.7) 120 (17.4) 94 (13.6) 117 (17.0) 110 (17.3) 128 (18.6) 169 (24.5) 127 (18.4) 127 (18.4) 80 (11.6) 113 (16.4) 135 (19.6) 140 (20.3) 157 (22.8) 176 (25.5) 93 (13.5) 96 (13.9) 119 (17.3) 140 (20.3) 137 (19.9) 157 (22.8) 105 (15.2) Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel in Tension 104 (15.1) 97 (14) 104 (15) 104 (15) 110 (16) 110 (16) 67 (9.7) 76 (11.0) 79 (11.5) 89 (12.9) 93 (13.5) 94 (13.6) 79 (11.5) 98 (14.2) 95 (13.8) 115 (16.7) 146 (21.2) 109 (15.8) 104 (15.1) 63 (9.1) 88 (12.8) 106 (15.4) 107 (15.5) 135 (19.6) 158 (22.9) 74 (10.7) 76 (11.0) 93 (13.5) 117 (17.0) 108 (15.7) 135 (19.6) 82 (11.9) 104 (15.1) 92 (13.3) 104 (15) 104 (15) 110 (16) 110 (16) 64 (9.3) 73 (10.6) 76 (11.0) 81 (11.8) 81 (11.8) 61 (8.8) 76 (11.0) 94 (13.6) 91 (13.2) 116 (16.9) 141 (20.5) 105 (15.2) 101 (14.7) 61 (8.8) 81 (11.8) 81 (11.8) 113 (16.4) 131 (19.0) 155 (22.5) 71 (10.3) 73 (10.6) 81 (11.8) 113 (16.4) 81 (11.8) 128 (18.6) 79 (11.5) 98 (14.2) 94 (13.6) 42 (6.1) 42 (6.1) 42 (6.1) 106 (15.4) 124 (18.0) 146 (21.2) 42 (6.1) 42 (6.1) 42 (6.1) 106 (15.4) 42 (6.1) 124 (18.0) 42 (6.1) 104 (15.1) 85 (12.3) 104 (15.1) 10.4 (15.1) 110 (16.0) 110 (16.0) 58 (8.4) 58 (8.4) 58 (8.4) 58 (8.4) 58 (8.4) 104 (15.1) 79 (11.5) 101 (14.6) 104 (15.1) 109 (15.8) 109 (15.8) 42 (6.1) 42 (6.1) 42 (6.1) 42 (6.1) 42 (6.1) 43 (6.2) 31 (4.5) 74 (10.7) 71 (10.3) 91 (13.2) 82 (11.9) 89 (12.9) 86 (12.5) 109 115.8) 106 (15.4) 137 (19.9) 132 (19.1) 102 (14.8) 98 (14.2) 58 (8.4) 58 (8.4) 58 (8.4) 110 (16.0) 128 (18.6) 150 (21.8) 58 (8.4) 58 (8.4) 58 (8.4) 110 (16.0) 58 (8.4) 128 (18.6) 58 (8.4) 35 (5.0) 35 (5.0) 35 (5.0) 35 (5.0) 35 (5.0) 26 (3.8) 57 (8.8) 57 (8.3) 83 (12.0) 94 (13.6) 66 (9.6) 95 (13.8) 76 (11.0) 35 (5.1) 35 (5.1) 35 (5.1) 76 (11.0) 114 (16.5) 125 (18.1) 35 (5.1) 35 (5.1) 35 (5.1) 76 (11.0) 35 (5.1) 114 (16.5) 35 (5.1) 36 (5.2) 41 (5.9) 41 (5.9) 64 (9.3) 71 (10.3) 48 (7.0) 84 (12.2) 55 (8.0) 27 (3.9) 27 (3.9) 43 (6.2) 51 (7.5) 34 (4.9) 57 (8.3) 36 (5.2) 56 (8.1) 57 (8.3) 69 (10.0) 84 (12.2) 55 (8.0) 84 (12.2) 94 (13.6) 57 (8.3) 55 (8.0) 25 (3,6) 36 (5.2) 25 (3.6) 34 (5.0) 34 (5.0) 48 (7.0) 34 (5.0) 33 (4.8) 16 (2.3) 31 (4.5) 323 K 373 K 423 K 473 K 523 K 573 K 623 K 648 K 673 K 698 K 723 K 748 K 773 K 798 K 823 K 848 K (508C), (1008C), (1508C), (2008C) (2508C), (3008C), (3508C), (3758C), (4008C), (4258C), (4508C), (4758C), (5008C), (5258C), (5508C), (5758C) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) TABLE 8-8 Allowable stresses sa for various ferrous and nonferrous materials DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS 216 (31.3) 265 (38.4) 265 (38.4) 186 (27.0) 108 (15.7) 294 (42.6) 245 (35.5) 216 (31.3) 108 (15.7) 309 (44.8) 245 (35.5) 275 (40.0) 275 (40.0) Sheet, strip S1B—1H NS4—1H Bars, rods, and sections NE5—M NE6—M NE8—0 HE30—W HE30—WP Drawn tubes HT30—W HT30—WP Plate sheet and strips Cu Zn 30 Cu Zn 40 284 (41.2) 284 (41.2) 22 45 30 16 88+ 18+ 16 18 10 8 30 12 69 (10.0) 86 (12.5) 69 (10.0) 69 (10.0) 86 (12.5) 51 (7.4) 72 (10.4) 54 (7.8) 66 (9.6) 69 (10.0) 51 (7.4) 71 (10.3) 21 (3.0) 54 (7.8) 12 (1.7) 43 (6.2) 69 (10.0) 85 (12.3) 69 (10.0) 69 (10.0) 85 (12.3) 50 (7.3) 70 (10.2) 49 (7.1) 70 (10.2) 20 (2.9) 53 (7.7) 13 (1,9) 42 (6.1) 69 (10.0) 81 (11.7) 69 (10.0) 69 (10.0) 81 (11.7) 48 (7.0) 67 (9.7) 47 (6.8) 67 (9.7) 19 (2.8) 52 (7.5) 11 (1.6) 42 (6.1) 69 (10.0) 77 (11.2) 69 (10.0) 69 (10.0) 77 (11.2) 46 (6.7) 65 (9.4) 46 (6.7) 65 (9.4) 18 (2.6) 49 (7.1) 10 (1.5) 41 (5.9) 39 (5.7) 43 (6.2) 39 (6.7) 43 (6.2) 14 (2.0) 37 (5.4) (1.2) 32 (4.6) 28 (4.1) 30 (4.4) 28 (4.1) 30 (4.4) 11 (1.6) 24 (3.5) (1.1) 24 (3.5) 68 (9.9) 71 (10.3) 68 (9.9) 68 (9.9) 71 (10.3) 56 (8.1) 53 (7.7) 56 (8.1) 56 (8.1) 53 (7.7) 38 (5.5) 19 (2.8) 38 (5.5) 38 (5.5) 19 (2.8) Copper and Copper Alloys 44 (6.38) 55 (8.0) 44 (6.4) 54 (7.8) 16 (2.3) 44 (6.4) (1.3) 37 (5.4) Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys in Tensions 323 K 373 K 423 K 473 K 523 K 573 K 623 K 648 K 673 K 698 K 723 K 748 K 773 K 798 K 823 K 848 K (508C), (1008C), (1508C), (2008C) (2508C), (3008C), (3508C), (3758C), (4008C), (4258C), (4508C), (4758C), (5008C), (5258C), (5508C), (5758C) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) Allowable stress, sa at design temperature, K (8C) b These values have been used on a quality factor of 0.75 0:55R20 ¼ 0:55  363 ¼ 199:7 MPa (29.0 kpsi) Notes: + The elongation values are based on 50.8-mm test piece; aà area of cross-section; † tube normalized and tempered Sources: K Lingaiah and B R Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Engineering College Cooperative Society, Bangalore, India, 1962; K Lingaiah and B R Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol I (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers Bangalore India 1983; and K Lingaiah, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986 a Tubes Alloy Alloy 392 (56.9) 98 (14.2) 196 (28.4) Plates PIB—M NP4—M Bars and rods 64 (9.3) 186 (27.0) Materials with grade or designation and product Yield stress, sy min, E20 MPa (kpsi) Tensile strength, st , R20 , MPa (kpsi) Mechanical properties TABLE 8-8 Allowable stresses sa for various ferrous and nonferrous materials (Cont.) DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 8.41 165 276/290 290 220 262 241 262 345 8.42 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website SA 225 SA 302 SA 204 SA 203 Plate SA 202 h g A C C C F B A 20 80 36 C-,Mn C-Mn-SiCb-V 24 40/42 42 32 38 35 38 50 kpsi 37 43 70 50 55 47 45 207 276 207 248 155 190 207 0.5 Cr-1.25 310 Mn-Si 0.5 Cr-1.25 324 Mn-Si 3.5 Ni, 379 50 mm (2 in.) C-0.5 Mo 255 C-0.5 Mo 296 Mn-0.5 Ni-V 483 Mn-0.5 Mo- 345 0.5 Ni 30 40 30 36 22.5 27.5 30.0 248 138 552 C C-Mn-Si C-Mn C-Si C-Si C-Mn-Si C-Mn-Si C-Mn-Si Carbon steel forgings, castings, and bars SA 36b;c bars C-Mn-Si and shapes c SA 216 cast WCA C-Si WCC C-Mn-Si c SA 350 forge LFI C-Mn-Si LF2 C-Mn-Si SA 675b;c bar 45 C 60 C 70 C Plates and sheets A SA 285b;c;d SA 299c b;c SA 414 F SA 515c 60 70 c 65 SA 516 70 c SA 537 Cl-1 up to 62.5 mm (2.5 in) incl SA 620 and SA 812 80 composition MPa no Grade Nominal Specification Specified minimum yield strength, sy 448 517 724 552 552 586 517 413 483 413 483 310 379 483 400 276 689 310 517 483 413 483 448 483 483 65 75 105 80 80 85 75 60 70 60 70 45 55 70 58 40 100 45 75 70 60 70 65 70 70 MPa kpsi Specified minimum tensile strength st 112 130 181 138 138 147 130 103 121 103 121 78 95 121 100 69 147 78 130 121 103 121 115 121 MPa 16.3 18.8 26.3 20.0 20.0 21.3 18.8 15.0 17.5 15.0 17.5 11.3 13.8 17.5 14.5 10.0 21.3 11.3 18.8 17.5 15.0 17.5 16.3 17.5 kpsi À19 to 345 (À30 to 650) 11.0 17.7 16.6 14.4 16.6 15.5 16.6 112 130 181 138 136 122 99 115 99 115 76 92 115 56 16.3 18.8 26.3 20.0 19.8 17.7 14.4 16.6 14.4 16.6 11.0 13.3 16.6 13.9 (Fig 8-5) 76 121 114 99 114 107 114 MPa kpsi 370 (700) 135 112 130 122 108 90 102 90 102 71 83 102 87 71 108 101 90 102 96 102 19.6 16.3 18.8 17.7 15.7 13.0 14.8 13.0 14.8 10.3 12.1 14.8 12.6 10.3 15.7 14.7 13.0 14.8 13.9 14.8 MPa kpsi 400 (750) 10.8 12.0 10.8 12.0 9.0 10.2 12.0 10.5 9.0 12.6 12.0 10.8 12.0 11.4 12.0 60 64 54 54 54 60 64 57 54 66 63 60 64 62 64 130 109 130 83 83 18.8 15.8 18.8 12.0 12.0 123 106 126 54 54 Low-Alloy Steel 75 83 75 83 62 70 83 72 62 87 83 75 83 79 83 455 (850) 17.9 15.3 18.3 7.8 7.8 8.7 9.3 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.4 9.3 8.5 7.8 9.6 9.2 8.7 9.3 9.0 9.3 MPa kpsi Carbon Steel MPa kpsi 427 (800) 94 94 94 35 35 45 45 35 35 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 13.7 13.7 13.7 5.0 5.0 6.5 6.5 5.0 5.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 45 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 MPa kpsi 482 (900) 17.0 4.5 4.5 3.0 3.0 56 56 56 21 8.2 8.2 8.2 3.0 3.0 31 21 4.5 31 31 21 21 6.5 33.0 33.0 33.0 10.0 10.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 10.0 10.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 31 31 31 31 4.8 4.8 4.8 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 MPa kpsi 538 (1000) (Fig 8-5) 31 4.5 MPa kpsi 510 (950) (Fig 8-5) (Fig 8-5) MPa kpsi 566 (1050) Maximum allowable stress, sa for metal temperature, 8C (8F), not exceeding TABLE 8-9 Maximum allowable stress values, sa , in tension for carbon and low-alloy steel MPa kpsi 593 (1100) MPa kpsi 620 (1150) MPa kpsi 650 (1200) SA 302 SA 203 SA 204gb SA 204g SA 225h SA 225h SA 202 SA 675b;c bar SA 350c forge SA 36b;c bars and shapes SA 216c cast SA 620 SA 812 SA 537c SA 516c SA 285b;c;d SA 299c SA 414b;c SA 515c no Specification DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS Nominal SA 387 4N B11 SA 487 cast SA 541 forge SA 739 bar Cr-0.5 Mo 1.25 Cr-0.5 Mo-Si C-0.5 Mo Ni-0.5 Cr0.5 MO Cr-1 Mo 1.25 Cr-0.5 Mo-Si 0.5 Ni-0.5 Cr-0.25 Mo V 0.5 Ni-0.5 Mo V 1.25 Cr-0.5 Mo 2.25 Cr- Mo 310 310 345 413 413 276 241 276 276 276 45 45 50 60 60 40 35 40 40 40 30 45 kpsi 517 483 552 620 620 483 448 483 483 483 413 517 75 70 80 90 90 70 65 70 70 70 60 75 MPa kpsi Specified minimum tensile strength st 121 138 121 112 121 121 121 130 MPa 17.5 20.0 17.5 16.3 17.5 17.5 17.5 18.8 kpsi À19 to 345 (À30 to 650) 121 121 138 141 121 112 121 121 121 95 130 17.5 17.5 20.0 20.5 17.5 16.3 17.5 17.5 17.5 13.7 18.8 MPa kpsi 370 (700) 119 121 138 136 121 112 121 121 121 91 130 17.2 17.5 20.0 19.8 17.5 16.2 17.5 17.5 17.5 13.2 18.8 MPa kpsi 400 (750) 116 121 132 132 121 109 121 121 121 88 130 16.9 17.5 19.1 19.1 17.5 15.8 17.5 17.5 17.5 12.8 18.8 MPa kpsi 427 (800) 113 118 125 118 105 118 118 118 83 126 16.4 17.1 18.2 17.1 15.3 17.1 17.1 17.1 12.1 18.3 MPa kpsi 455 (850) 109 110 114 110 90 103 110 110 75 110 15.8 15.9 10.5 15.9 13.7 15.0 15.9 15.9 10.9 15.9 MPa kpsi 482 (900) 76 76 76 76 56 63 76 76 55 76 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 8.2 9.2 11.0 11.0 8.0 11.0 MPa kpsi 510 (950) 52.0 48.0 51.0 48.0 33.0 40.0 45.0 48.0 40.0 48.0 7.6 6.9 7.4 6.9 4.8 5.9 6.6 6.9 5.8 6.9 MPa kpsi 538 (1000) 40 32 35 32 30 32 29 32 5.8 4.6 5.0 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.2 4.6 MPa kpsi 566 (1050) Maximum allowable stress, sa for metal temperature, 8C (8F), not exceeding 30 19 23 19 18 19 20 19 4.4 2.8 3.3 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.8 MPa kpsi 593 (1100) 17 15 15 10 15 14 15 2.5 2.1 2.2 1.4 2.1 2.0 2.1 MPa kpsi 620 (1150) 10 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 MPa kpsi 650 (1200) SA 541 forge SA 739 bar SA 487 cast SA 336 forge SA 217 cast SA 182 forge SA 387 no Specification Notes: a These stress values are one-fourth the specified minimum strength multiplied by a quality factor of 0.92, except for SA 283, grade D and SA-36 b For service temperature above 4558C (8508), it is recommended that killed steels containing not less than 10% residual silicon be used c Upon prolonged exposure to temperature above 4268C (8008F) the carbide phase of carbon steel may be converted to graphite d The material shall not be used in thickness above 50 mm (2 in) e The material shall not be used in thickness above 62 mm (2.5 in) f Only killed steel shall be used above 4558C (8508F) g Upon prolonged exposure to temperature above 4688C (8758F), the carbide phase of carbon molybdenum steel may be converted to graphite h The maximum nominal plate thickness shall not exceed 14.75 mm (0.58 in) i These stress values apply to normalized and drawn materials only j For other conditions and specifications, the reader is referred to the general notes given for Table UCS-23 of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, July 1, 1986 Source: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, July 1, 1986 B22 C12 F11 WC1 WC4 SA 336 forge SA 217 cast Forgings, castings, and bars SA 182 forge F12 F11b Cl.1 11 Cl.2 no 1.25 Cr-0.5 310 Mn-Si Cr-0.5 Mo 207 composition MPa Grade Specification Specified minimum yield strength, sy TABLE 8-9 Maximum allowable stress values, sa , in tension for carbon and low-alloy steel (Cont.) DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 8.43 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS 8.44 CHAPTER EIGHT TABLE 8-10 Maximum allowable stress values, sa in tension for nonferrous metals Alloy Specification no designation Temper condition Sheet and plate SB 209 Nominal composition -H 12 UNS no Size or thickness mm (in) Specified minimum tensile strength, st Maximum allowable stress, sa , for metal temperature 8C (8F), not exceeding Specified minimum yield strength, sy 38 (100) 65 (150) kpsi 93 (200) MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa MPa kpsi 96 14 76 11 24 3.5 24 3.5 24 3.5 110 16 96 14 26 4.0 26 4.0 26 4.0 138 20 117 17 35 5.0 35 5.0 35 5.0 117 17 69 10 30 4.3 30 4.3 30 4.3 193 28 145 21 48 7.0 48 7.0 48 7.0 234 34 179 26 58 8.5 58 8.5 58 8.5 214 31 83 12 54 7.8 54 7.8 54 7.8 248 36 179 26 62 9.0 62 9.0 62 9.0 207 30 110 16 52 7.5 52 7.5 52 7.5 165 24 41 6.0 41 6.0 41 6.0 427 62 290 42 107 15.5 107 15.5 107 15.5 400 58 262 38 100 14.5 100 14.5 100 14.5 241 96 282 290 262 165 35 14 41 42 38 24 96 35 131 179 241 14 8.8 3.4 10.3 10.5 9.5 6.0 61 23 71 72 63 40 8.8 3.4 10.3 10.5 9.2 5.9 23 3.4 19 26 35 61 23 71 72 65 41 62 39 9.0 5.7 379 441 434 55.0 64.0 63.0 207 379 372 30 55 54 95 110 13.8 16.0 15.8 95 110 13.8 16.0 15.8 92 109 13.3 15.9 15.8 262 255 241 38.0 37.0 35.0 241 228 220 35 33 32 65 64 61 9.5 9.3 8.8 65 64 61 9.5 9.3 8.8 65 64 61 9.5 9.3 8.8 207 172 331 30.0 25.0 48.0 138 124 200 20 18 29 52 43 65 7.5 6.3 9.5 52 43 52 7.5 6.3 7.5 52 43 7.5 6.3 50.0 (2.000) 50 mm (2 in) 50 mm (2 in) 12 mm (1 in) 50 mm (2 in) 345 345 496 345 50.0 50.0 72.0 50.0 124 138 220 138 18 20 32 20 83 86 124 86 12.0 12.5 18.0 12.5 83 86 124 86 12.0 12.5 18.0 12.5 82 11.9 124 86 18.0 12.5 310 45.0 103 15 69 10.0 69 10.0 69 10.0 310 345 345 345 310 45.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 45.0 103 138 124 138 124 15 20 18 20 I8 69 86 83 86 78 10.0 12.5 12.0 12.5 11.3 69 86 83 78 70 10.0 12.5 12.0 11.3 10.1 69 86 83 72 65 10.0 12.5 12.0 10.5 9.4 276 40.0 103 15 70 10.1 67 9.7 66 9.5 345 317 482 469 50.0 46.0 70.0 68.0 124 103 172 159 18 15 25 23 83 69 115 105 12.0 10.0 16.7 15.3 78 66 100 93 11.3 9.5 14.5 13.5 75 63 97 90 10.9 9.1 14.0 13.0 358 482 276 379 52 70 40 55 103 262 83 138 15 38 12 20 69 121 55 92 10.0 17.5 8.0 13.3 69 121 55 92 10.0 17.5 8.0 13.3 69 121 55 92 10.0 17.5 8.0 13.3 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 1100d 1.275–50.0 (0.051–2.000) 0.225–25.0 (0.009–1.000) 0.15–25.00 (0.006–1.000) 6.25–12.475 (0.250–0.499) 1.275–50.00 (0.051–2.000) 1.275–25.00 (0.051–1.000) 1.275–75.00 (0.051–3.000) 1.275–50.00 (0.051–2.000) 1.275–6.225 (0.051–0.249) 1.275–6.225 (0.051–0.249) -H 14 SB 209 3003d -H 14 -H 112 SB 209 3004d -H 32 SB 209 5052d -H 34 SB 209 5454d -O -H 32 SB 209 6061e;f T4 T Wld Rods, bars, and shapes SB 221 2024e SB 221 SB 221 SB 221 5086e 3003d 5456d SB 308 6061e ’ Die and hand forgings SB 247 2014 Diee SB 247 SB 247 Castings SB 26 SB 108 -T 3.125–12.475 (0.125–0.499) 162.54–200.00 (6.501–8.000) 125.00 (5.000) All 125.00 (5.00) 125.00 (5.00) -H 112 -H 112 -O -H 111 -T -T Wld -T -T 6061 Diee 6061 Hande -T -T SG 70 A(356)e 100.0 (4.000) 50.0 (2.00) 50.0–100.00 (2.001–4.000) 100.0 (4.00) 100.0 (4.000) 100.025–200.0 (4.001–8.000) -T -T 71 -T 204.0 Copper and Copper Alloys Sheet and plates SB 96 655 SB 169 610 614 SB 171 C 36500, C 36600 Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed C 36700, C 36800 Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Admiralty Naval brass SB 171 443, 444, 445 C 46400, C 46500 C 46600, C 46700 715 SB402 706 Annealed Cu-Ni 90/10 SB 171 SB 171 Die forgings (hot pressed) SB 283h C 37700h Cu-Si alloy Al-bronze Al-bronze Lead-Muntz metal Cu-Ni 70130 Rods and bars SB 98g SB 98 As forged Forging brass C 64200 As forged Forgings, Al-Si bronze 655, 661g Softh Half hardi Soft Half hard 651 j Cu-Si Cu-Si >50 mm (2 in) À87.5 mm (3.5 in) 100 mm (4 in) >75(3)–125(5) 62.5 (2.5) 62.5 (2.5) À125(5) incl 62.5 (2.5) 37.5 (1.5) >37.5 (1.5) 37.5 (1.5) >37.5 (1.5) Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS 8.45 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS TABLE 8-10 Maximum allowable stress values, sa in tension for nonferrous metals (Cont.) Maximum allowable stress, sa , for metal temperature, 8C (8F), not exceeding 120 (250) MPa kpsi 150 (300) MPa kpsi 176 (350) MPa kpsi 205 (400) MPa kpsi 232 (450) MPa kpsi 260 (500) MPa kpsi 288 (550) MPa kpsi 315 (600) MPa kpsi 343 (650) MPa kpsi 370 (700) MPa kpsi Spec No Sheet and plate SB 209 22 25 34 28 48 58 51 52 51 41 3.2 3.7 4.9 4.0 7.0 8.5 7.4 7.5 7.4 5.9 19 19 30 25 40 43 38 38 48 38 2.8 2.8 4.3 3.6 5.8 6.2 5.5 5.5 6.9 5.5 14 14 21 21 26 32 28 28 43 32 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.1 6.3 4.6 8 16 16 16 16 21 21 31 24 1.2 1.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.0 3.0 4.5 3.5 95 88 13.7 12.8 72 69 10.4 9.7 49 42 6.5 6.1 31 29 4.5 4.2 21 3.0 16 2.4 12 1.8 10 1.4 SB 221 SB 221 SB 221 59 37 8.5 5.4 50 35 7.2 5.0 39 29 5.6 4.2 28 22 4.0 3.2 SB 308 86 102 102 63 61 58 12.5 14.8 14.8 9.1 8.8 8.4 79 79 79 54 53 51 11.5 11.5 11.5 7.9 7.7 7.4 47 47 47 43 43 42 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.3 6.3 6.1 27 27 27 31 31 31 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.5 4.5 4.5 43 42 6.3 6.1 37 5.4 28 4.1 16 2.4 (Fig 8-9) (Fig 8-8) SB 209 SB 209 SB 209 SB 209 SB 209 Rods, bars, and shapes SB 221 Die and hand forgings SB 247 SB 247 SB 247 Castings SB 26 SB 108 Sheet and plates SB 96g SB 169 81 11.7 69 10.0 38 5.0 124 86 69 69 18.0 12.5 10.0 10.0 124 85 69 69 18.0 12.3 10.0 10.0 124 75 69 68 18.0 10.8 10.0 9.8 121 36 36 24 17.5 5.3 5.3 3.5 86 83 72 64 64 12.5 12.0 10.4 9.3 9.3 86 83 72 64 62 12.5 12.0 10.4 9.3 9.0 43 43 72 64 60 6.3 6.3 10.4 9.3 8.7 17 17 72 64 59 2.5 2.5 10.4 9.3 8.5 117 17.0 14 2.0 72 64 57 10.4 9.3 8.2 114 16.5 SB 171 SB 171 SB 171 72 64 55 10.4 9.3 8.0 72 64 48 10.4 9.3 7.0 72 64 41 10.4 9.3 6.0 72 64 10.4 9.3 72 64 10.4 9.3 SB 171 SB 204 Die forgings (hot pressed) 93 96 13.5 12.5 93 86 13.5 12.5 90 83 13.0 12.0 69 121 55 88 10.0 17.5 8.0 12.8 69 121 48 69 10.0 17.5 7.0 10.0 35 69 35 55 76 76 11.0 11.0 52 52 7.5 7.5 36 36 5.2 5.2 5.0 10.0 5.0 8.0 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website SB 283h Rods and bars SB 98g SB 98 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS 8.46 CHAPTER EIGHT TABLE 8-10 Maximum allowable stress values, sa in tension for nonferrous metals (Cont.) Alloy Specification no designation Temper condition Castings SB 61 SB 148 SB 271 SB 584 Size or thickness mm (in) As Cast As Cast As Cast As Cast 922 954 952 976 Nominal composition UNS no Specified minimum tensile strength, st MPa Maximum allowable stress, sa , for metal temperature 8C (8F), not exceeding Specified minimum yield strength, sy kpsi MPa kpsi 234 517 448 276 34 75 65 40 110 207 172 117 241 35 345 448 38 (100) 65 (150) 93 (200) MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi 16 30 25 17 59 13 108 52 8.5 18.8 15.7 7.5 59 130 108 52 8.5 18.8 15.7 7.2 59 129 103 48 8.5 18.7 14.9 7.0 172 25 61 8.8 59 8.1 50 7.3 50 65 276 379 40 55 86 112 12.5 16.3 82 107 12.0 15.6 75 99 10.9 14.3 482 345 70 50 345 276 50 40 121 86 17.5 12.5 121 81 17.5 11.7 113 74 16.4 10.7 358 52 207 30 90 13.0 76 11.0 552 80 379 55 138 20.0 114 16.6 Titanium and Titanium Alloys Sheet, strip, plate, bar, billet, and casting SB 265 Grade (F1) SB 381 SB 348 (F2) (F3) SB 367h Annealed Annealed 12 (F12) Grade C-2 Sheets, strips, plate Forging (F stands for forging) Bar, billet Castingb Zirconium Flat-rolled products and bars SB 551 Grade R 60702 SB 550 Hot-rolled products Bars R 60705 Nickel and Nickel Alloys Plate, sheet, and strip SB 127j 400 Ni-Cu N04400 600 600j B2 825 X Annealedj Hot-rolled Annealed Hot-rolledj Sol ann k Annealed Annealedk SB 168 SB 168j SB 333k SB 424k SB 435k Ni-Cr-Fe Ni-Cr-Fe Ni-Mo Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe N06600 N06600 N10665 N08825 N06002 SB 435 X Annealed Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe N06002 SB 435k SB 443 SB 463 X 625 20Cb Annealed Annealed Annealed N06002 N06625 N08020 SB 575k SB 582 SB 582k SB 709 C22 G G 28 Sol ann k Sol ann Sol ann k Annealed Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe Ni-Cr-Mo-Cb Cr-Ni-Fe-MoCu-Cb Ni-Mo-Cr Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo-Cu Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo-Cu Ni-Fe-Cr-MoCu Low C N04400 N06600 N06600 N08825 N08020 N08330l N06625 N06455k N-12 WV CW-12MW Bars, rods, shapes, and forgings SB 164 400 600k SB 166k SB 166 600 k 825 SB 425 SB 462k 20Cb SB 511l SB 564 SB 574k Castings SA 494h SA 494 Annealed Annealedk Hot fin Annealedk Annealedk 330 625 C-4 Annealed Sol ann Ni-Cu Ni-Cr-Fe Ni-Cr-Fe Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu Cr-Ni-Fe-MoCu-Cb Ni-Fe-Cr-Si Ni-Cr-Mo-Cb Ni-Mo-Cr B C Annealedh Annealed Ni-Mo Ni-Mo-Cr N06022 N06007 N06007 N08028 All 0.063 (1/16) 0.188 (3/16) 0.063 (1/16) 0.188 (3/16)k >0.188 (3/16) >100 (4) 19.3 (3/4) >19.3 (3/4) k All sizes All sizes 482 517 552 586 758 586 689 70 75 80 85 110 85 100 193 276 241 241 352 241 276 28 40 35 35 51 35 40 388C (1008F) 128 18.6 129 18.7 138 20.0 146 21.2 190 27.5 148 21.5 161 23.3 938C (2008F) 113 16.4 129 18.7 138 20.0 146 21.2 190 27.5 148 21.5 144 20.9 1508C (3008F) 106 15.4 129 18.7 138 20.0 146 21.2 190 27.5 141 20.4 132 19.2 689 100 276 40 161 23.3 161 23.3 116 23.3 655 758 552 95 110 80 241 379 241 35 55 35 161 190 138 23.3 27.5 20.0 144 190 138 20.9 27.5 20.0 132 190 136 19.2 27.5 19.8 689 620 586 503 100 90 85 73 310 241 207 213 45 35 30 31 172 155 138 125 25.0 22.5 20.0 18.2 172 144 138 125 25.0 22.9 20.0 18.2 171 134 138 117 24.8 19.5 20.0 17.0 482 552 586 586 552 70 80 85 85 80 172 241 241 241 141 25 35 35 35 35 114 138 146 146 138 16.6 20.0 21.2 21.2 20.0 101 138 146 146 138 14.6 20.0 21.2 21.2 20.0 94 138 146 141 136 13.6 20.0 21.2 20.4 19.8 482 758 689 70 110 100 207 345 276 30 50 40 121 190 172 17.5 27.5 25.0 121 190 172 17.5 27.5 25.0 112 190 172 16.3 27.5 25.0 524 496 76 72 276 276 40 40 131 124 19.0 18.0 123 118 17.8 17.1 123 112 17.8 16.2 a The stress values in this table may be interpolated to determine values for intermediate temperatures Stress values in restricted shear shall be 0.8 times the values in this table c Stress values in bearing shall be 1.60 times the values in the table d For weld construction, stress values for this material shall be used e The stress values given for this material are not applicable when either welding or thermal cutting is employed f Allowable stress values shown are 90 percent those for the corresponding core material g Copper-silicon alloys are not always suitable when exposed to certain media and high temperature, particularly steam above 1008C (2128F) h No welding is permitted i If welded, the allowable stress values for annealed condition shall be used j For plates only b Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS 8.47 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS TABLE 8-10 Maximum allowable stress values, sa in tension for nonferrous metals (Cont.) Maximum allowable stress, sa , for metal temperature, 8C (8F), not exceeding 120 (250) MPa kpsi 150 (300) MPa kpsi 176 (350) MPa kpsi 205 (400) MPa kpsi 232 (450) MPa 260 (500) 288 (550) 315 (600) kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi 343 (650) MPa kpsi 370 (700) MPa kpsi Spec No Castings 59 129 100 48 8.5 18.7 14.5 6.9 59 129 98 46 8.5 18.7 14.2 6.7 59 125 98 8.5 18.1 14.2 57 120 98 8.3 17.4 14.2 53 110 98 7.7 16.0 14.2 50 96 98 7.2 13.9 14.2 34 76 81 5.0 11.0 11.7 59 51 8.5 7.4 45 6.5 40 5.8 36 5.2 33 4.8 31 4.5 28 4.1 25 3.6 21 3.1 68 90 105 68 9.9 13.0 15.2 9.8 62 81 98 61 9.0 11.7 14.2 8.9 58 72 92 55 8.4 10.4 13.3 8.0 53 64 86 50 7.7 9.3 12.5 7.2 50 57 82 7.2 8.3 11.9 46 52 79 6.6 7.5 11.4 43 46 77 6.2 6.7 11.1 39 41 75 5.7 6.0 10.8 64 9.3 48 7.0 42 6.1 41 14.2 86 12.5 78 11.3 72 Sheet, strip, plate, bar, billet, and casting SB 265 SB 381 SB 348 Flat-rolled products and bars SB 367h Plate, sheet, and strip 33 4.8 SB 551 6.0 98 SB 61 SB 148 SB 271 SB 584 10.4 2058C (4008F) 102 14.8 129 18.7 138 20.0 146 21.2 190 27.5 132 19.2 123 17.8 158 22.9 123 17.8 2608C (5008F) 101 14.7 129 18.7 138 20.0 146 21.2 190 27.5 126 18.3 114 16.5 154 22.3 114 16.5 3158C (6008F) 101 14.7 129 18.7 138 20.0 146 21.2 189 27.2 123 17.8 108 15.6 146 21.1 108 15.6 3708C (7008F) 101 14.7 124 8.0 135 19.6 145 21.1 187 27.1 119 17.3 103 15.6 140 20.3 103 15.0 4268C (8008F) 98 14.2 98 14.2 132 19.1 141 20.4 137 19.8 118 17.1 101 14.7 136 19.7 101 14.7 4828C (9008F) 55 8.0 28 4.0 110 16.0 135 19.6 5398C (11008F) 5938C (11008F) 48 100 7.0 14.5 21 50 3.0 7.2 116 100 135 100 16.8 14.5 19.6 14.5 115 99 131 99 16.6 14.3 19.3 14.3 98 121 98 185 129 26.8 18.7 180 125 26.1 18.2 175 121 25.4 17.5 172 119 25.0 17.3 170 116 24.6 16.8 165 24.0 163 23.7 166 165 125 138 109 23.9 18.2 20.0 15.8 160 120 138 100 23.2 17.4 20.0 14.5 157 116 134 92 22.7 16.8 19.4 13.3 154 113 131 22.4 16.4 19.0 153 111 128 22.2 16.1 18.6 110 127 16.0 18.4 109 126 13.2 20.0 21.2 19.2 18.7 15.3 98 138 146 126 125 101 13.1 20.0 21.2 18.3 18.2 14.6 98 138 146 123 122 94 13.1 20.0 21.2 17.8 17.7 13.7 98 138 146 119 119 92 13.1 20.0 21.1 17.3 17.3 13.4 88 138 141 118 116 89 12.7 20.0 20.4 17.1 16.8 12.9 55 110 134 116 8.0 16.0 19.5 16.8 48 100 114 7.0 14.5 16.6 21 50 3.0 7.2 85 12.3 82 11.9 54 7.8 185 172 26.8 25.0 180 170 26.1 24.7 175 168 25.4 24.4 172 165 25.0 24.0 170 158 24.6 23.0 165 24.0 163 23.7 166 23.4 123 112 17.8 16.2 123 112 17.9 16.2 123 112 17.8 16.2 122 111 17.7 16.1 119 105 17.3 15.2 114 99 16.6 14.4 108 95 6488C (12008F) 4.9 15.8 18.3 91 138 146 132 129 105 68 15.7 13.8 14 38 14.2 17.5 14.2 78 78 78 11.3 11.3 11.3 23.4 91 7048C (13008F) 2.0 5.5 13.2 53 53 53 7.7 7.7 7.7 SB 550 7608C (14008F) SB 127j SB 168 SB 168j SB 333k SB 424k 33 4.8 33 4.8 33 4.8 SB 443 SB 463 SB 575k SB 582 SB 582k SB 709 14 38 2.0 5.5 32 91 4.7 13.2 Bars, rods, shapes, and forgings SB 164 SB 166k SB 166 SB 425k 21 3.1 SD 462k 12 1.8 k SB 564 SB 574k Castings SA 494h SA 494 Nickel alloys have low yield strength The stress values of these alloys used are slightly on the high side These higher stress values exceed 2/3 but not exceed 90 percent of the yield strength at temperature These stress values are not recommended for the flanges of gasket joints where a slight amount of distortion can cause leakage Sol ann = Solution annealed l At temperature above 5388C (10008F), these stress values may be used only if the material is annealed at a minimum temperature of 10388C (19008F) and has a carbon content of 0.04% or higher m These stress values multiplied by a joint efficiency factor of 0.85 n A joint efficiency factor of 0.85 has been applied in arriving at the maximum allowable stress values in tension for this material o Alloy NO6225 in the annealed condition is subject to severe loss of impact strength at room temperature after exposure in the range of 5388 to 7608C (10008 to 14008F) p For other conditions and specifications, it is suggested to refer to the General Notes given for Table UNF-23.1 of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, July 1, 1986 Source: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, July 1, 1986 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS 8.48 CHAPTER EIGHT TABLE 8-11 Maximum allowable stress values (sa ) in tension for high-alloy steel Specified minimum yield strength, sy Spec no Grade UNS no SA-240, SA-479 SA-240 SA-240 SA-240 SA-240 SA-479 SA-182 SA-217 SA-479 SA-412 SA-182 SA-240, SA-479 SA-351 SA-351 SA-351 SA-336 SA-240, SA-479 SA-182 SA-479 SA-240 SA-351 SA-240 SA-336 SA-240 405 410 S TP 409 18 Cr-2 Mo 430 410 F6 ACI.1 CA 15 430, XM8 201 F 304 L 304 L CF CF CF M Cl-F 304 H 302 F 304 304 H 304 CF 3A 304 N F 304 N 316 L S 40500 S 41008 S 40900 S 44400 S 43000 S 41000 S 41000 J 91150 S 43000, S 43035 S 20100 S 30403 S 30403 J 92500 J 92600 J 92900 S 30409 S 30200 S 30400 S 30400 S 30400 J 92500 S 30451 S 30451 S 31603 SA-182 F 316 L S 31603 SA-479 316 L S 31603 SA-351 CF M J 92900 SA-182 F 316 S 31600 SA-336 CI-F 316 H S 31609 SA-240 316 Ti S 31635 SA- 82 F 316 H S 31609 SA-479 316 S 31600 SA-240 317 L S 31703 SA-240 SA-240 XM-15 316 M S 38100 S 31651 SA-479, SA-240 XM-29 S 24000 SA-182, SA-336 SA-240, SA-479 SA-182, SA-336 SA-351 SA-240, SA-182 SA-479 SA-351 SA-182, SA-240 F 321 H 321 F 347 CFBC 347,348 F 347, F 348 CG M F 44 S 32100 S 32100 S 34700 J 92710 S 34700 S 34800 S 31254 SA-182, SA-240 F 45 SA-479 SA-240, SA-479 S 30815 S 30815 S 32550 SA-351 SA-351 SA-240 SA-240, SA-182 CH CH 20 309 S, 309Cb 310 Cb J 93400 J 93402 S 30908, S 30940 S 31040, SA-479 SA-240 SA-182, SA-336 SA-240, SA-479 CI-F310 310 S TP 329 FXM-27 Cb XM-27 S 31000 S 310 S S 32900 S 44625 S 44627 SA-240 SA-240, SA-479 SA-564 SA-182, SA-336, SA-41Z XM-33 S 44626 844800 630 H 1100 S 17400 FMX-11, S-21904 NM-11 Specified minimum tensile strength, st Maximum allowable stress, sa , for metal temperature, 8C (8F), not exceeding À30 to 38 (À20 to 100) 93 (200) 150 (300) 205 (400) Nominal composition Product form MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi 12 Cr-1 Ald 13 Cr 11 Cr-Ti 18 Cr-2 Mod 17 Crd 13 Cr 13 Cr 13 Crd 17 Crd;e ; 18 Cr-Tid;e 17 Cr-4 Ni-6 Mn 18 Cr-8 Ni 18 Cr-8 Ni 18 Cr-S Ni 18 Cr-8 Ni 18 Cr-9 Ni-2 Mo 18 Cr-8 Ni 18 Cr-8 Ni 18 Cr-8 Ni 18 Cr-8 Ni 18 Cr-8 Ni 18 Cr-8 Ni 18 Cr-8 Ni-N 18 Cr-8 Ni-N 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Mo 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Mo 16 Cr- Ni-2 Mo 16 Cr- Ni-2 Mo 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Mo 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Mo 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Mo 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Mo 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Mo 18 Cr-13 Ni-3 Mo 18 Cr-18 Ni-2 Si 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Mo-N 18 Cr-3 Ni-12 Mn 18 Cr-10 Ni-Ti 18 Cr-10 Ni-Ti 18 Cr-10 Ni-Cb 18 Cr-10 Ni-Cb 18 Cr-10 Ni-Cb 18 Cr-10 Ni-Cb 19 Cr-11 Ni-Mo 20 Cr-18 Ni-6 Mo 21 Cr- 1 Ni-N 21 Cr-11 Ni-N 25.5 Cr-5.5 Ni3.5 Mo 25 Cr-12 Ni 25 Cr-12 Ni 23 Cr-12 Ni Plate bar Plate Plate Plate Plate Bar, forge Bar, forge Cast Bare;g Plate Forgeg Plateg , bare;g Castg Castg;h Castg;h Forgeg Plate, bare;g Forgee;g Barg;e Plate Castg Plateg;h Forge Plateg 172 207 207 276 207 276 276 448 276 310 172 172 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 241 241 241 172 25 30 30 40 30 40 40 65 40 45 25 25 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 35 35 35 25 414 414 379 414 448 483 483 620 483 655 448 483 483 483 483 483 517 517 517 517 534 552 552 483 60 60 55 60 65 70 70 90 70 95 65 70 70 70 70 70 75 75 75 75 77.5 80 80 70 103 103 95 103 112 111 111 155 121 158 108 108 121 121 121 121 130 130 130 130 134 138 138 108 15.0 15.0 13.8 15.0 16.3 16.2 16.2 22.5 17.5 23.0 15.6 15.7 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8 19.4 20.0 20.0 15.7 99 99 90 99 107 106 106 148 114 143 106 108 114 114 121 114 123 123 123 123 125 138 138 108 14.3 14.3 13.1 14.3 15.5 15.4 15.4 21.5 16.6 20.8 15.4 15.7 16.6 16.6 17.5 16.6 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 18.2 20.0 20.0 15.7 95 95 97 95 103 103 103 143 111 132 98 105 105 104 118 107 114 114 114 114 13.8 13.8 12.7 13.8 15.0 14.9 14.9 20.7 16.1 19.1 14.2 15.3 15.3 15.1 17.1 15.5 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 92 92 84 92 99 99 99 138 107 13.3 13.3 12.2 13.3 14.4 14.4 14.4 20.0 15.5 131 131 108 19.0 19.0 15.7 94 101 104 103 116 104 112 112 112 112 116 126 126 107 13.6 14.7 5.1 15.0 16.8 15.1 16.2 16.2 6.2 16.2 16.9 18.3 18.3 15.5 Forge g 172 25 448 65 108 15.7 108 15.7 108 15.7 107 15.5 Barg;f 172 25 483 70 108 15.7 108 15.7 108 15.7 107 15.5 Cast 207 30 483 70 121 17.5 121 17.5 118 17.1 116 16.8 25 Cr-20 Ni 25 Cr-20 Ni 26 Cr-4 Ni-Mo 27 Cr-Mo 27 Cr-Mo 27 Cr-Mo-Ti 29 Cr-4 Mo-2 Ni 17Cr-4 Ni-4 Cu 20 Cr-6 Ni-9 Mn Forgeg;h;j 207 30 483 70 121 17.5 121 17.5 118 17.1 116 16.8 Forge 207 30 483 70 121 17.5 111 16.2 100 14.6 92 13.4 Plateg;h;i 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 130 18.8 127 18.4 125 18.1 Forgeg 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 130 18.8 127 18.4 125 18.1 Bare;g;h 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 130 18.8 127 18.4 125 18.1 Plateg 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 112 16.2 98 14.2 92 13.4 Plateg Plateg;h 207 241 30 35 517 552 75 80 130 138 18.8 20.0 122 138 17.7 20.0 114 132 16.6 19.2 111 130 16.1 18.8 Plate, barf;g 379 55 689 100 172 25.0 169 24.5 156 22.6 149 21.6 Forgeg;i Plateg;h , barg;h;e Forgeg;h;i Castg;h Plategg;h , forgeg;h Barg;h;e Castg Forge, plate 207 207 207 207 207 207 241 303 30 30 30 30 30 30 35 44 483 517 483 483 517 517 517 648 70 75 70 70 75 75 75 94 121 130 121 121 130 130 121 162 17.5 18.8 17.5 17.5 18.8 18.8 17.5 23.5 118 127 115 114 123 123 121 162 17.1 18.4 16.7 16.6 17.9 17.9 17.5 23.5 111 119 105 105 113 113 118 147 16.1 17.3 15.3 15.3 16.4 16.4 17.1 21.4 110 118 99 96 107 107 116 137 16.0 17.1 14.4 13.9 15.5 15.5 16.8 19.9 Forge, plate, bar 310 Forge plate, bar 310 Plate, bar 552 45 45 80 600 600 758 87 87 110 150 150 190 21.8 21.8 27.5 149 149 189 21.6 21.6 27.4 141 141 177 20.4 20.4 25.7 135 135 170 19.6 19.6 24.7 Castg;h Casth Plateg;h;j 193 207 207 28 30 30 448 483 517 65 70 75 112 121 130 16.3 17.5 18.8 103 111 118 14.9 16.1 17.2 98 105 113 14.2 15.3 16.4 95 102 110 13.8 14.8 15.9 Plateg;k;h;j , forgeg;k;h 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 118 17.2 113 16.4 110 15.9 207 483 241 276 30 70 35 40 517 620 414 448 75 90 60 65 130 155 103 112 18.8 22.5 15.0 16.2 118 151 103 112 17.2 21.9 15.0 16.2 113 141 101 110 16.4 20.5 14.6 15.9 109 136 98 110 15.8 19.8 14.2 15.9 310 414 793 345 45 60 115 50 469 552 965 620 68 50 140 90 117 138 241 155 17.0 20.0 35.0 22.5 117 134 241 154 17.0 19.4 35.0 22.4 116 126 241 148 16.8 18.3 35.0 21.4 114 125 235 136 16.6 18.1 34.1 19.7 g;k;h;e Bar Plated Forged Plated , bar, shaped;e Plated Plated , bard;e Bard;l Forge, plate Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS 8.49 TABLE 8-11 Maximum allowable stress values (sa ) in tension for high-alloy steel (Cont.) Maximum allowable stress, sa , for metal temperature, 8C (8F), not exceeding 260 (500) 315 (600) 370 (700) 427 (800) 482 (900) 538 (1000) 593 (1100) MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa 89 12.9 85 12.4 83 12.1 76 11.1 69 9.7 27 4.0 12.9 11.8 12.8 13.9 13.9 13.9 19.3 15.0 85 79 85 93 92 92 129 100 12.4 11.4 12.4 13.5 13.4 13.4 18.7 14.5 83 76 12.1 11.1 76 70 11.1 10.2 69 9.7 (Fig 8-5) 44 6.4 20 90 90 90 125 97 13.1 13.1 13.1 18.1 14.1 82 82 82 115 89 12.0 12.0 12.0 16.7 12.9 45 44 44 34 45 6.5 6.4 6.4 5.0 6.5 92 99 13.4 14.4 92 96 13.3 14.0 90 93 13.1 13.5 89 90 14.8 14.8 16.8 14.8 15.9 102 102 116 102 110 14.8 14.8 16.8 14.8 15.9 102 102 112 102 110 14.8 14.8 16.3 14.8 15.9 100 100 109 100 14.6 14.6 15.8 14.6 110 110 110 114 123 123 99 99 99 116 116 86 124 124 124 86 110 128 148 15.9 15.9 15.9 16.5 17.8 17.8 14.4 14.4 14.4 16.8 16.8 12.5 18.0 18.0 18.0 12.5 15.9 18.6 21.4 110 110 110 112 120 120 93 93 93 116 116 81 117 117 117 81 110 128 144 15.9 15.9 15.9 16.3 17,4 17.4 13.5 13.5 13.5 16.8 16.8 11.8 17.0 17,0 17.0 11.8 15.9 18.6 20.9 110 110 110 112 118 118 89 89 89 112 112 78 112 112 112 78 110 128 138 15.9 15.9 15.9 16.3 17.1 17.1 12.9 12.9 12.9 16.3 16.3 11.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 11.3 15.9 18.6 20.0 105 105 105 100 114 114 85 85 85 109 110 76 110 110 110 76 104 127 131 110 16.0 110 16.0 109 15.8 118 17.1 113 16.4 109 15.8 96 13.9 94 13.7 94 94 103 13.7 14.9 94 101 13.7 14.7 103 116 128 14.9 16.8 18.5 101 123 127 18.4 127 170 18.4 24.7 93 97 107 704 (1300) 10.5 10.4 10.4 11.0 11.0 MPa kpsi MPa kpsi 2.9 1.0 12 1.8 7.0 1.0 MPa kpsi 815 (1500) (Fig 8-5) 22 3.2 (Fig 8-5) (Fig 8-5) 15 2.2 760 (1400) 12.9 13.0 102 102 116 102 110 650 (1200) (Fig 8-5) 89 81 88 96 96 96 133 103 72 72 72 76 76 kpsi MPa kpsi Spec no SA-240, SA-479 SA-240 SA-240 SA-240 SA-240 SA-479 SA-182 SA-217 SA-479 (Fig 8-5) 92 107 98 13.4 15.5 14.2 83 103 92 12.0 14.9 13.4 52 61 68 7.5 8.9 9.8 33 37 42 4.8 5.4 6.1 23 23 25 3.3 3.4 3.7 16 16 16 2.3 2.3 2.3 12 11 10 1.7 1.6 1.4 15.2 15.2 15.2 14.6 16.6 16.6 12.4 12.4 12.4 15.8 15.9 11.0 15.9 15.9 15.9 11.0 15.1 18.4 19.0 101 101 101 14.7 14.7 14.7 95 95 95 13.8 13.8 13.8 68 68 68 9.8 9.8 9.8 42 42 42 6.1 6.1 6.1 25 25 25 3.7 3.7 3.7 16 16 16 2.3 2.3 2.3 10 10 10 1.4 1.4 1.4 110 110 83 83 93 107 107 74 103 103 103 15.9 15.9 12.1 12.1 12.1 15.5 15.6 10.8 15.5 15.5 15.5 103 103 15.0 15.0 67 67 9.7 9.7 41 41 6.0 6.0 103 103 73 105 105 105 14.9 15.0 10.6 15.3 15.3 15.3 65 85 71 85 85 85 9.4 12.4 10.3 12.4 12.4 12.4 41 51 51 51 51 51 6.0 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 27 28 28 28 28 28 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 16 17 16 16 16 16 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 10 9 9 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 101 125 14.6 18.1 94 120 13.7 17.4 85 12.4 51 7.4 107 15.5 105 15.3 96 14.0 62 9.0 37 5.4 22 3.2 13 1.9 1.1 107 15.5 105 15.3 95 13.8 48 6.9 25 3.6 12 1.7 0.8 0.3 13.7 94 13.7 94 13.7 91 13.2 63 9.1 30 4.4 15 2.2 1.2 0.8 94 101 13.7 14.7 94 101 13.7 14.7 94 101 13.7 14.7 91 96 13.2 14.0 72 63 10.5 9.1 34 30 5.0 4.4 19 15 2.7 2.2 11 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.8 14.7 101 14.7 101 14.7 101 14.7 96 14.0 63 9.1 30 4.4 15 2.2 1.2 0.8 17.9 121 17.5 122 17.7 86 12.5 116 16.8 112 16.3 103 14.9 62 9.0 36 5.2 21 3.1 13 1.9 1.3 122 17.7 86 12.5 116 16.8 112 16.3 103 14.9 62 9.0 36 5.2 21 3.1 13 1.9 1.3 13.5 14.1 15.5 92 92 105 13.3 13.4 15.3 90 88 104 13.0 12.7 15.1 90 94 103 13.0 12.2 14.9 86 81 96 12.5 11.7 13.9 72 70 72 10.5 10.2 10.5 45 45 45 6.5 6.5 6.5 26 26 26 3.8 3.8 3.8 16 16 16 2.3 2.3 2.3 9 1.3 1.3 1.3 5 0.8 0.8 0.8 107 15.5 105 15.3 104 15.1 103 14.9 96 13.9 76 11 59 8.5 41 6.0 24 3.5 11 1.6 0.8 107 136 98 15.5 19.8 14.2 105 15.3 104 15.1 103 14.9 95 13.8 76 11 98 14.2 110 15.9 110 15.9 113 125 16.4 18.1 111 125 16.1 18.1 230 123 33.3 17.9 226 117 32.8 17.0 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website SA-412 SA-182 SA-240, SA-479 SA-351 SA-351 SA-351 SA-336 SA-240, SA-479 SA-182 SA-479 SA-240 SA-351 SA-240 SA-336 SA-240 SA-182 SA-479 SA-351 SA-182 SA-336 SA-240 SA-182 SA-479 SA-240 SA-240 SA-240 SA-479, SA-240 SA-182, SA-336 SA-240, SA-479 SA-182, SA-336 SA-351 SA-240, SA-182 SA-479 SA-351 SA-182, SA-240 SA-182, SA-240 SA-479 SA-240, SA-479 SA-351 SA-351 SA-240 SA-240, SA-182 SA-479 SA-240 SA-182 SA-336 SA-440, SA-479 SA-240 SA-440, SA-479 SA-564 SA-182, SA-336 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS Particular 8.65 Formula Wm2 ¼ bGy The required initial bolt load to seat the gasket jointcontact surface properly at atmospheric temperature condition without internal pressure ð8-107Þ Refer to Table 8-20 for y Total required cross-sectional area of bolts at the root of thread Am > Am1 or Am2 ð8-108Þ Total cross-sectional area of bolt at root of thread or section of least diameter under stress required for the operating condition Am1 ẳ Wm1 sbd 8-109ị Total cross-sectional area of bolt at root of thread or section of least diameter under stress required for gasket seating Am2 ¼ Refer to Tables 8-17 and 8-23 for sbd Wm2 sbat ð8-110Þ TABLE 8-22 Moment arms for flange loads under operating conditions Type of flange hD hT hG Integral-type flanges R þ 0:5g1 Loose-type except lap joint flanges and optional-type flanges CB CB R ỵ g1 ỵ hG hD ỵ hG CG CG CG CÀG Lap joint flanges TABLE 8-23 Maximum allowable stresses in stays and stay bolts, sa Stress For lengths between support not exceeding 120  diameter For lengths between support exceeding 120  diameter Type of stay MPa MPa kpsi (a) Unwelded or flexible stays less than 20  diameter long, screwed through plates with ends riveted over (b) Hollow steel stays less than 20  diameter long, screwed through plates with ends riveted over (c) Unwelded stays and unwelded portions of welded stays, except as specified in (a) and (b) (d) Steel through stays exceeding 38 mm diameter (e) Welded portions of stays 51 7.5 55 8.0 66 9.5 58 8.5 71 41 10.4 6.0 62 51 9.0 7.5 kpsi Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS 8.66 CHAPTER EIGHT Particular The actual cross-sectional area of bolts using the root diameter of thread or least diameter of unthreaded portion (if less), to prevent damage to the gasket during bolting up Formula Ab ẳ 2yGN < Am j sbat 8-111ị Flange design bolt load W The bolt load in the design of flange for operating condition The bolt load in the design of flange for gasket seating The relation between bolt load per bolt ðWb Þ, diameter of bolt D and torque Mt 8-112ị W ẳ Wm1  Wẳ  Am ỵ Ab sbat Wb ẳ 0:17DMt 8-113ị for lubricated bolts USCS ð8-114aÞ where Wb in lbf, D in in, Mt in lbf in Wb ẳ 263:5DMt SI 8-114bị USCS ð8-114cÞ where Wb in N, D in m, Mt in N m Wb ¼ 0:2DMt for unlubricated bolts where Wb in lbf, D in in, Mt in lbf in Wb ¼ 310DMt SI ð8-114dÞ where Wb in N, D in m, Mt in N m Flange moments The total moment acting on the flange Mo for operating condition The total flange moment Mo for gasket seating, which is based on the flange design bolt load of Eq (8-113) Mo ¼ MD ỵ Mt ỵ MG ẳ HD hD ỵ HT hT ỵ HG hG 8-115aị 8-115bị This is based on the flange design load of Eq (8-112) with moment arms as given in Table 8-22    Am ỵ Ab CG Mo ẳ WhG ẳ 8-116ị sbat 2 Flange stresses The stress in the flange shall be determined for both the gasket seating condition and the operating condition The larger of these two controls with the following formulas: Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS Particular 8.67 Formula INTEGRAL-TYPE FLANGES AND LOOSETYPE FLANGES WITH A HUB There are three types of stress: Longitudinal hub stress Radial flange stress Tangential stress For flange factors values H ¼ fMo Lg2 B 8-117ị R ẳ 1:33te ỵ 1ịMo Lt2 B 8-118ị   ẳ YMo t2 B  8-119ị ZR Refer to Figs 8-20 to 8-25 LOOSE-TYPE FLANGES WITHOUT HUB AND LOOSE-TYPE FLANGES WITH HUB WHICH THE DESIGNER CHOOSES TO CALCULATE (a) Stresses without considering the hub YMo t2 B (1) Tangential stress  ¼ (2) The radial and longitudinal stress H ẳ R ẳ 8-120ị 8-121ị (b) Allowable flange design stresses: The flange stresses calculated by Eqs (8-117) to (8-121) shall not exceed the values of stresses given by Eqs (8-122) to (8-126) (1) The longitudinal hub stress j H < sfd j H > 1:5sfd (i) The longitudinal hub stress for optionaltype flanges designed as integral and also integral type where the neck material constitutes the hub of the flange (ii) The longitudinal hub stress for integraltype flanges with hub welded to the neck, pipe, or vessel wall j ðaÞ H > 1:5sfd for cast iron ð8-122aÞ for other materials ð8-122bÞ or 1:5snd ð8-123aÞ The smaller of sfd and snd is to be selected j ðbÞ H > 1:5sfd or 2:5snd ð8-123bÞ The smaller of sfd and snd is to be selected (2) The radial stress R > sfd j ð8-124Þ (3) The tangential stress j  > sfd ð8-125Þ Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FIGURE 8-20 Values of T, U, Y, and Z for K ẳ A=Bị > 1:5 (Source: IS 2825, 1969.) DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS 8.68 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS FIGURE 8-21 Values of F (integral flange factors) (Source: IS 2825, 1969.) FIGURE 8-22 Values of V (integral flange factors) (Source: IS 2825, 1969.) Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 8.69 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS 8.70 CHAPTER EIGHT FIGURE 8-23 Values of FL (loose hub flange factors) (Source: IS 2825, 1969.) FIGURE 8-24 Values of VL (loose hub flange factors) (Source: IS 2825, 1969.) Particular Formula (4) The average of H and R , and H and  H ỵ R ị=2 > sfd j 8-126aị j H ỵ  ị=2 > sfd 8-126bị Flanges under external pressure The design of flanges for external pressure only shall be based on the formulas given for internal pressure except that for operating conditions Mo ¼ HD hD hG ị ỵ HT hT hG ị for operating conditions Mo ẳ WhG 8-127aị for gasket seating 8-127bị where W ẳ sbat Am2 ỵ Ab ị=2 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website ð8-128Þ DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS 8.71 FIGURE 8-25 Values of f (hub stress correction factor) (Source: IS 2825, 1969.) REFERENCES ‘‘Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels,’’ Section VIII, Division 1, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, 1986 ed., July 1, 1986 ‘‘Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels,’’ Section VIII, Division 2, Alternative Rules, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ASME, New York, 1986 ed., July 1, 1986 ‘‘Rules for Construction of Power Boiler,’’ Section 1, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ASME, New York, 1983 ed., July 1, 1971 ‘‘Recommended Rules for Care of Power Boilers,’’ Section VII, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ASME, New York, 1983 ‘‘Rules for in Service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components,’’ Section XI, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 1971 ‘‘Heating Boilers,’’ Section IV, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ASME, New York, 1983 ‘‘Recommended Rules for Care and Operation of Heating Boilers,’’ Section VI, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ASME, New York, 1983 ‘‘Part A: Ferrous Materials,’’ Section II, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ASME, New York, 1983 ‘‘Part B: Non-ferrous Materials,’’ Section II, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ASME, New York, 1983 10 Azbel, D S., and N P Cheremisinoff, Chemical and Process Equipment Design—Vessel Design and Selection, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1982 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS 8.72 CHAPTER EIGHT 11 Bureau of Indian Standards, ZS 2825-1969 (under revision) 12 Chuse, R., Pressure Vessels—The ASME Code Simplified, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1977 13 Lingaiah, K., and B R Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Engineering College Cooperative Society, Bangalore, India, 1962 14 Lingaiah, K., and B R Narayana lyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol I (SI and Customarv Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1983 15 Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website Source: MACHINE DESIGN DATABOOK CHAPTER DESIGN OF POWER BOILERS SYMBOLS6;7 C d Do D.S E G h or t H l n L P p or P Ri S t (or h) SHS W WHS sa  smoke area consisting of the total internal transverse area of the tube, m2 (ft2 ) diameter of cylinder or shell, in (in) diameter or short span, measured as shown in Fig 8-9 (Chap 8) maximum allowable diameter of opening, m (in) outside diameter of cylinder or shell or tube or pipe, m (in) outside diameter of furnace or flue, m (in) disengaging surface or area of water surface through which steam bubbles must be discharged, the water being considered at the middle-gauge cock, m2 (ft2 ) modulus of elasticity, GPa (Mpsi) area of the grate as finally adopted, m2 (ft2 ) thickness of tube or shell wall, m (in) total heating surface in contact with the fire, m2 (ft2 ) length of the flue sections, m (in) factor of safety to be taken as for usual cases radius to which the head is formed, measured on the concave side of the head, m (in) rated power of boiler maximum allowable working pressure, Pa or MPa (psi) inside radius of cylindrical shell, m (in) volume of steam included between the shell and a horizontal line through the position of the central gauge as finally determined, m2 (ft2 ) thickness of tube or pipe or cylinder or shell or plate, m (in) total area of superheating surface based on the actual area in contact with the fire, m2 (ft2 ) net water volume in the boiler below the line of the central gauge cock, m2 (ft2 ) total area of water heating surface based on the actual area in contact with the fire, m2 (ft2 ) maximum allowable stress value, MPa (kpsi) from Tables 7-1 (Chapter 7), 8-9 to 8-11, and 8-17 (Chapter 8) efficiency of joint 9.1 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF POWER BOILERS 9.2 CHAPTER NINE Other factors in performance or in special aspects are included from time to time in this chapter and, being applicable only in their immediate context, are not given at this stage Note:  and  with initial subscript s designates strength properties of material used in the design, which will be used and observed throughout this Machine Design Data Handbook Particular Formula BOILER TUBES AND PIPES For calculation of the minimum required thickness (t) and maximum allowable working pressure ( p or P) of ferrous and nonferrous tubes and pipes from 12.5 mm (1 in) to 150 mm (6 in) outside diameter used in power boilers as per ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code2;3 Refer to Eqs (7-1) to (7-15) (Chap 7) For efficiency of joints (), temperature coefficient (y), minimum allowance for threading, and structural stability (C) as per ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Refer to Tables from 7-2 to 7-6 (Chap 7) For maximum allowable stress value (sa ) for the materials of tubes and pipes as per ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code3 Refer to Table 7-1 The maximum allowable working pressure for steel tubes or flues of fire tube boilers for different diameters and gauges of tubes as per ASME Power Boiler Code2 pẳ 96:5 h 1:625 103 ị SI ð9-1aÞ where p in MPa, h and in m pẳ 14000 h 0:065ị USCS 9-1bị where p in psi, h and in in For maximum allowable working pressure and thickness of steel tubes The maximum allowable working pressure for copper tubes for firetube boilers subjected to internal or external pressure as per ASME Power Boiler Code2 Refer to Tables 7-7, 9-1, 9-2 and 9-4 and Fig 7-1 pẳ 83 h 103 ị À 1:7 SI ð9-2aÞ where p in MPa, and h in m pẳ 12000 h 0:039ị 250 USCS where p in psi, and h in in For maximum allowable working pressure and thickness of copper tubes Refer to Tables 9-3 and 9-5 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website ð9-2bÞ 0.055 0.065 0.075 0.085 0.095 0.105 0.120 0.135 0.150 0.165 0.180 0.200 0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 0.380 0.400 0.420 1.375 1.625 1.875 2.125 2.375 2.625 3.000 3.375 3.750 4.125 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.500 8.000 8.500 9.000 9.500 10.000 10.500 17 16 15ỵ 14ỵ 13 12 11 10ỵ 9ỵ 4ỵ 3ỵ Nearest Bwg no 3.38 7.52 11.03 MPa 12.5 590 1090 1600 psi (0.5) 2.41 4.62 6.90 9.24 MPa 19.0 à Bwg ¼ Birmingham wire gauge Source: ASME Power Boiler Code, Section I, 1983 in mm Wall thickness 350 670 1000 1340 psi 3.24 5.00 6.62 MPa (1.75) 25.0 470 720 960 psi (1.0) 2.42 3.80 5.10 12.13 13.65 MPa 31.25 350 550 740 1760 1980 psi 3.0 4.06 5.24 11.03 12.90 MPa (1.25) 37.5 430 590 760 1600 1870 psi (1.5) 3.38 4.34 9.24 10.82 12.34 13.92 MPa 43.75 490 630 1340 1570 1790 2020 psi 2.83 3.65 7.93 9.24 10.62 12.00 13.38 MPa (1.75) 50.0 410 530 1150 1340 1540 1740 1940 psi (2.0) 2.76 3.45 7.17 8.20 9.24 10.34 11.45 12.90 MPa 62.5 Tube outside diameter, mm (in) 400 500 1040 1190 1340 1500 1660 1870 psi (2.5) 2.34 5.80 6.62 7.52 8.34 9.24 10.48 11.65 12.90 MPa 75.0 390 840 960 1090 1210 1340 1520 1690 1870 psi (3.0) 2.90 5.52 6.27 7.03 7.72 8.76 9.80 10.68 11.86 12.90 13.92 MPa 87.5 420 800 910 1020 1120 1270 1420 1550 1720 1870 2020 psi (3.5) 4.68 5.38 6.00 6.62 7.52 8.34 9.24 10.14 11.03 12.00 12.90 13.78 MPa 100.1 680 780 870 960 1090 1210 1340 1470 1600 1740 1870 2000 psi (4.0) 4.62 5.24 5.80 6.55 7.31 8.07 8.90 9.65 10.48 12.24 12.06 12.90 13.72 MPa 112.5 670 760 840 950 1060 1170 1290 1400 1520 1630 1750 1870 1990 psi (4.5) 4.70 4.62 5.10 7.80 6.48 7.17 7.86 8.55 9.24 10.00 10.68 11.45 12.13 12.90 13.65 MPa 125.0 TABLE 9-1 Maximum allowable working pressures for seamless steel and electric resistance welded steel tubes or nipples for watertube boilers [from Eq (7-4)] 590 670 740 840 940 1040 1140 1240 1340 1450 1550 1660 1760 1870 1980 psi (5.0) DESIGN OF POWER BOILERS Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 9.3 0.095 0.105 0.120 0.135 0.150 0.165 0.180 0.200 0.220 0.240 2.375 2.625 3.000 3.375 3.375 4.125 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 1.93 2.62 3.58 4.55 5.52 6.48 280 380 520 660 800 940 MPa psi 1.45 1.93 2.69 3.38 4.14 4.83 5.58 6.55 7.52 8.40 210 280 390 490 600 700 810 950 1090 1230 MPa psi 37.50 (1.50) 50.00 (2) Source: ASME Power Boiler Code, Section I, 1983 420 560 770 980 13 12 11 10ỵ 9ỵ 4ỵ In mm 2.90 3.86 5.31 6.76 25.00 (1) Nearest Bwg no MPa psi Wall thickness 1.17 1.59 2.14 2.76 3.30 3.86 4.48 5.24 6.00 6.83 170 230 310 400 480 560 650 760 870 990 MPa psi 1.31 1.80 2.28 2.76 3.24 3.72 4.34 5.03 5.65 190 260 330 400 470 540 630 730 820 MPa psi 62.50 (2.50) 75.00 (3) 1.10 1.52 1.93 2.34 2.76 3.17 3.72 4.27 4.83 160 220 280 340 400 460 540 620 700 MPa psi (4) 1.38 1.72 2.06 2.41 2.83 3.31 3.79 4.28 200 250 300 350 410 480 550 260 MPa psi 87.50 (3.50) 200 Size outside diameter mm (in) TABLE 9-2 Maximum allowable working pressures for steel tubes or flues for firetube boilers [from Eq (9-1)] 1.24 1.52 1.86 2.21 2.48 2.90 3.38 4.80 MPa 180 220 270 320 360 420 490 550 psi 1.38 1.65 1.93 1.28 2.62 3.03 3.38 MPa 200 240 280 330 380 440 490 psi 112.50 (4.50) 125.00 (5) 1.52 1.80 2.07 2.41 2.76 3.10 MPa 220 260 300 350 400 450 psi 1.65 1.86 2.21 2.55 2.83 240 270 320 370 410 MPa psi 137.50 (5.50) 150.0 (6) DESIGN OF POWER BOILERS 9.4 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF POWER BOILERS DESIGN OF POWER BOILERS Particular 9.5 Formula The external working pressure, for plain lap-welded or seamless tubes up to and including 150 mm (6 in) external diameter, and if the thickness is greater than the standard one p¼   596h À 9:6 n SI USCS where p in Pa, h and d in m   86670h À 1386 pẳ n 9-3aị 9-3bị where p in psi, h and d in in Refer to Table 9-6 For proportion of standard boiler tubes TABLE 9-3 Maximum allowable working pressure for copper tubes for firetube boilersa [from Eq (9-2)] Outside diameter of tube Gauge, Bwg 12 11 10 MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.31 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.59 mm in MPa psi 50.00 81.25 100.00 125.00 3.25 1.17 170 1.65 240 1.72 0.76 250 1.72 110 1.03 250 1.72 150 1.52 0.90 250 1.72 220 1.72 130 1.10 250 1.72 250 1.72 160 1.72 1.03 250 250 250 150 250 250 250 190 250 250 250 230 a For use at pressure not to exceed 1.7 MPa (250 psi) or temperature not to exceed 2088C (4068F) Source: ASME Power Boiler Code, Section I, 1983 TABLE 9-4 Maximum boiler pressures for use of ANSI B16.5 standard steel pipe flanges and flanged valves and fittings Maximum allowable boiler pressure Primary service pressure rating Steam service at saturation temperature Boiler feed and blow-off line service Mpa psi MPa psi MPa psi 1.14 2.17 2.86 4.23 6.30 10.44 17.33 164.7 314.7 414.7 614.7 914.7 1514.7 2514.7 1.41 4.44 5.75 8.10 11.40 17.23 22.10 204.7 644.7 834.7 1174.7 1654.7 2514.7 3206.0 1.20 3.65 4.68 6.79 10.10 16.13 22.20 174.7 529.7 679.7 984.7 1464.7 2339.7 3220.7 Notes: Adjusted pressure ratings for steam service at saturated temperature corresponding to the pressure, derived from Table to ANSI B 16.5– 1968 Pressures shown include the factor for boiler feed and blow-off line service required by ASME corrected for saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure Source: ASME Power Boiler Code, Section I, 1983 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF POWER BOILERS 9.6 CHAPTER NINE TABLE 9-5 Maximum external working pressures for use with lap-welded and seamless boiler tubesa Maximum allowable pressure Nominal diameter, external diameter, mm (in) Standard thickness, mm MPa 51 (2) 58 (2.25) 64 (2.5) 70 (2.75) 76 (3) 83 (3.25) 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.1 2.84 2.55 2.65 2.45 2.26 2.26 a Maximum allowable pressure psi Nominal diameter, external diameter, mm (in) Standard thickness, mm MPa psi 427 380 392 356 327 327 89 (3.5) 96 (3.75) 102 (4) 115 (4.5) 127 (5) 153 (6) 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.8 4.2 2.16 1.96 2.06 1.67 1.67 1.37 308 282 303 238 235 199 External diameter 50 to 150 mm (2 to in) TABLE 9-6 Proportions of standard boiler tubes Nominal diameter, actual external diameter mm (in) Actual internal diameter, mm 45 (1.76) 51 (2) 58 (2.25) 64 (2.5) 70 (2.75) 76 (3) 83 (3.25) 89 (3.5) 96 (3.75) 102 (4) 115 (4.5) 127 (5) 153 (6) 38 46 50 56 64 71 76 81 89 94 107 120 142 Thickness, mm External circumference, mm Internal circumference, mm External transverse area, mm2 Internal transverse area, mm2 Length of tube mÀ2 of internal heating surface, m 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.8 4.2 140 160 181 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 360 400 480 125 144 165 183 200 221 241 260 280 290 340 370 450 1600 2000 2000 3200 3800 4500 5400 6200 7000 8000 10000 12800 18300 1200 1700 2100 2600 3200 3900 4500 5400 6200 6900 9000 11100 16300 7.58 6.58 5.78 5.24 4.74 4.38 3.98 3.71 3.45 3.25 2.86 2.58 2.15 Weight per meter N lbf 24.5 28.2 32.0 40.7 44.9 49.1 58.5 63.0 68.0 80.8 91.2 112.3 150.0 1.679 1.932 2.186 2.783 3.074 3.365 4.011 4.331 4.652 5.532 6.248 7.669 10.282 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF POWER BOILERS DESIGN OF POWER BOILERS Particular 9.7 Formula The external pressure, for plain lap-welded, or seamless tubes or flues over 50 mm (2 in) and not exceeding 150 mm (6 in) external diameter Refer to Table 9-5 The minimum required thickness of component when it is of riveted construction or does require staying as per ASME Power Boiler Code2 h¼ pRi 0:8sa  À 0:6p ð9-4Þ The maximum allowable working pressure as per ASME Power Boiler Code pẳ 0:8sa  Ri ỵ 0:6h 9-5ị hẳ 5pL 4:8sa  9-6ị DISHED HEADS The thickness of a blank unstayed dished head with the pressure on the concave side, when it is a segment of a sphere as per ASME Power Boiler Code where L ¼ radius to which the head is dished, measured on the concave side of the head, m (in)  ¼ efficiency of weakest joint used in forming the head (Refer to Table 8-3 for .) The minimum distance between the centers of any two openings, rivet holes excepted, shall be determined by Eq (9-7) AỵB 21 Kị Lẳ 9-7ị where L ¼ distance between the centers of the two openings measured on the surface of the head, m (in) A; B ¼ diameters of two openings, m (in) K ¼ same as defined in Eqs (9-8a) and (9-8b) K¼ pdo 1:6sa h 9-8aị Kẳ The expression for K pdo 1:82sa h ð9-8bÞ Equation (9-8a) shall be used with shells and headers designed by using Eqs (9-4) and (9-5) Equation (9-8b) shall be used with shells and headers designed by using Eqs (9-9) and (9-10): The minimum required thickness of ferrous drums and headers based on strength of weakest course as per ASME Power Boiler Code hẳ pdo pRi ỵ C or þC 2sa  þ 2yp sa  À ð1 À yÞp ð9-9Þ The maximum allowable working pressure as per ASME Power Boiler Code pẳ 2sa h Cị sa h Cị or 2yh Cị Ri ỵ ð1 À yÞðh À CÞ ð9-10Þ Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website ... 13 .5 16 .8 16 .8 11 .8 17 .0 17 ,0 17 .0 11 .8 15 .9 18 .6 20.9 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 2 11 8 11 8 89 89 89 11 2 11 2 78 11 2 11 2 11 2 78 11 0 12 8 13 8 15 .9 15 .9 15 .9 16 .3 17 .1 17 .1 12.9 12 .9 12 .9 16 .3 16 .3 11 .3 16 .3 16 .3... 16 .5 17 .8 17 .8 14 .4 14 .4 14 .4 16 .8 16 .8 12 .5 18 .0 18 .0 18 .0 12 .5 15 .9 18 .6 21. 4 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 2 12 0 12 0 93 93 93 11 6 11 6 81 117 11 7 11 7 81 110 12 8 14 4 15 .9 15 .9 15 .9 16 .3 17 ,4 17 .4 13 .5 13 .5 13 .5... 14 .8 14 .8 16 .8 14 .8 15 .9 10 2 10 2 11 2 10 2 11 0 14 .8 14 .8 16 .3 14 .8 15 .9 10 0 10 0 10 9 10 0 14 .6 14 .6 15 .8 14 .6 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 4 12 3 12 3 99 99 99 11 6 11 6 86 12 4 12 4 12 4 86 11 0 12 8 14 8 15 .9 15 .9 15 .9 16 .5