TEST YOURSELF - D Choose the word which is stressed differently from the rest. 1. a. weapon b. become c. country d. decade 2. a. habitat b. century c. difficult d. prohibit 3. a. ivory b. punishment c. government d. destruction 4. a. population b. particular c. recovery d. illegally 5. a. continent b. however c. elephant d. tropical Choose a, b, c, or d that best completes each unfinished sentence, substitutes the underlined part, or has a close meaning to the original one. 6. Hunting wild animals is prohibited _______ law in many countries but it does not seem to be effective. a. in b. on c. with d. by 7. A ban was given _______ all trade in ivory in 1989. a. with b. on c. for d. from 8. There was a huge decline _______ the number of panda. a. in b. for c. of d. out 9. She was involved in conservational _______ and began to devoted herself to the wildlife protection movement. a. act b. action c. activity d. acting 10. According to present law, the authorities can give poachers a severe _______. a. punish b. punishable c. punishment d. punishing 11. Many Asian people _______ like hunting elephants for their ivory and tigers for their bones. a. particular b. particularity c. particularly d. particularize 12. A _______ is the skin of a large animal such as a cow, horse, or elephant, which can be used for making leather. a. tooth b. hide c. ivory d. tusk 13. Many wildlife parks have been installed security cameras to guard against _______ who regularly hunt wild animals illegally. a. poachers b. conservationists c. environmentalists d. authority 14. It is _______ that about 700 deer have been killed in the last few years due to their horns. a. declined b. grown c. damaged d. estimated 15. We use _______ to attack or to fight against other people. a. weapon b. hide c. punishment d. poaching 16. _______ is a hard cream-colored substance which forms the tusks of elephants. It is valuable and can be used for making carved ornaments. a. Horn b. Tooth c. Ivory d. Hide 17. In 1989, a ban was given on all international trade in ivory. a. action b. contamination c. destruction d. prohibition 18. Unrestricted whaling during the 20th century is _______ example of overexploitation. a. a b. an c. the d. Ø 19. Due to the trade in animal parts, many species continue to suffer high rates of _______ exploitation. a. a b. an c. the d. Ø 20. The whaling industry brought many species of _______ whales to extremely low population sizes. a. a b. an c. the d. Ø 21. I can't find my book anywhere. I _______ have left it on the train. I am not sure. a. must b. needn't c. should d. might 22. You _______ lunch. We have already eaten. a. need preparing b. needn't have prepared c. should prepare d. should have prepared 23. If I had gone to the University of Miami, I _______ in their Spanish immersion program. a. should' participate b. needn't participate c. could have participated d. must have participated 24. Let's do something to protect the environment, _______ we? a. must b. need c. will d. shall 25. I will do everything. You _______ do anything unless you really want to. a. may b. needn't c. must d. ought to 26. You ___ forget to learn the lesson by heart. The new teacher is so strict. a. needn't b. mustn't c. mayn't d. mightn't 27. They _______ be away for the weekend, but I am not sure. a. might b. can c. must d. should 28. You _______ now if you wish. a. must leave b. may leave c. need leaving d. mustn't leave 29. You _______ worry so much. I will help you. a. must b. mustn't c. might not d. needn't 30. If there is anything you _______. Let me know. a. must b. should c. need d. may Error Identification. 31. In several parts of Asia, there is still a strong market for traditional A B medicines making from these animal parts. C D 32. Disease, pollute, and limited distribution are factors that threaten A B C D various plant and animal species. 33. If a species does not have the natural genetic protection against A B particular diseases, an introduced disease can have severely effects on that species. C D 34. A species that faces overexploitation is one that may become severely A B endangered or even extinct due to the rate in that the species is being used. C D 35. When several whale species were nearly extinct, the number of nations, A B C including the United States, agreed to abide by the international laws on D whaling. Read the passage carefully and choose the correct answer. Plants and animals hold medicinal, agricultural, ecological value. Endangered species must be protected and saved so that future generations can experience their presence and value. Plants and animals are responsible for a variety of useful medications. In fact, about forty percent of all prescriptions written today are composed from the natural compounds of different species. These species not only save lives, but they contribute to a prospering pharmaceutical industry worth over $40 billion annually. Unfortunately, only 5% of known plant species have been screened for their medicinal values, although we continue to lose up to 100 species daily. The Pacific yew, a slow-growing tree found in the ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest, was historically considered a "trash" tree. However, a substance in its bark was recently identified as one of the most promising treatments for ovarian and breast cancer. Additionally, more than 3 million American heart disease sufferers would die within 72 hours of a heart attack without digitalis, a drug derived from the purple foxglove. There are an estimated 80,000 edible plants in the world. Humans depend upon only 20 species of these plants, such as wheat and corn, to provide 90% of the world's food. Wild relatives of these common crops contain essential disease- resistant material. They also provide humans with the means to develop new crops that can grow in inadequate lands such as in poor soils or drought-stricken areas to help solve the world hunger problem. In the 1970s, genetic material from a wild corn species in Mexico was used to stop a leaf fungus that had previously wiped out 15% of the U.S. corn crop. Plant and animal species are the foundation of healthy ecosystems. Humans depend on ecosystems such as coastal estuaries, prairie grasslands, and ancient forests to purify their air, clean their water, and supply them with food. When species become endangered, it is an indicator that the health of these vital ecosystems is beginning to unravel. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that losing one plant species can trigger the loss of up to 30 other insect, plant and higher animal species. The northern spotted owl, listed as threatened in 1990, is an indicator of the declining health of the ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest. These forests are the home to over 100 other old-growth dependent species, which are at risk due to decades of unsustainable forest management practices. Pollution off the coast of Florida is killing the coral reefs along the Florida Keys, which serve as habitat for hundreds of species of fish. Commercial fish species have begun to decline, causing a threat to the multi-million dollar tourism industry, which depends on the quality of the environment. 36. Plants and animals _______. a. contain medicaments b. will not exist until the future generations can experience their value c. do some harm to medication d. take no responsibility for medication 37. Plants and animals _______. a. take up all recent prescriptions are b. play no role in pharmaceutical industry c. can be used to save lives d. cause difficulty to pharmaceutical industry 38. According to the text, _______. a. human beings do not like to use plants as medicine b. human beings depend on plants for food and medicine c. there is no disease-resistant material in edible plants d. edible plants do not include wheat and corn 39. Which sentence is true? a. Humans do not depend on ecosystem. b. The loss of one species may lead to the 16ss of others. c. Unsustainable forest management practices have no effects on species. d. The coast of Florida does not suffer any pollution: 40. The word trigger has a close meaning to _______. a. cause b. pollute c. contaminate d. decline Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase. There are a (41) _____ of causes that can contribute directly or indirectly (42) _____ the extinction of a species or group of species. Just as each species is unique, and (43) _____ is each extinction. The causes for each are varied – some subtle and complex, others obvious and simple. Most simply, any species that is unable to (44) _____ or reproduce in its environment, and unable to move to a new environment where it can do so, will (45) _____ out and become extinct. Extinction of a species may come suddenly when a healthy species is wiped out completely, as when toxic pollution makes its entire. (46) _____ unlivable; or may occur gradually over thousands or millions of years, such as when a species gradually loses out in (47) _____ for food to better adapted competitors. The question of whether more extinction in the fossil record have been caused by evolution or by catastrophe is a subject of discussion. When talking about species extinction has been raised, most expert concern with the (48) _____ of climate change and technological disasters. Currently, environmental groups and some governments are concerned (49) _____ the extinction of species caused by human beings, and are attempting to combat further extinctions through a variety of conservation programs. Humans can cause extinction of a species through overharvesting, (50) _____, habitat destruction, introduction of new predators and food competitors, overhunting, and other influences. 41. a. popularity b. differences c. variety d. many 42. a. to b. for c. with d. at 43. a. otherwise b. so c. but d. or 44. a. damage b. deforest c. disappear d. survive 45. a. go b. put c. die d. take 46. a. nature b. reserve c. diversity d. habitat 47. a. compete b. competition c. competitor d. competitive 48. a. effects b. efforts c. destructions d. punishment 49. a. for b. at c. about d. against 50. a. pollution b. planting c. raising d. agriculture TEST 2 Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the rest. 1. a. prohibit b. exhibit c. habit d. hunting 2. a. hide b. ivory c. decline d. continent 3. a. weapon b. increase c. threat d. spread 4. a. elephants b. decades c. poachers d. actions 5. a. endangered b. threatened c. recovered d. advanced Choose a, b, c, or d that best completes each unfinished sentence, substitutes the underlined part, or has a close meaning to the original one. 6. People have hunted animals _______ food, hides, and ivory. a. on b. for c. in d. with 7. Protecting wildlife _______ being extinct requires strict laws and forces. a. from b. on c. at d. over 8. The number of the world's elephants is restricted _______ some certain countries. a. at b. into c. to d. upon 9. Our environment is ___ because of serious pollution and endangerment. a. threat b. threatened c. threatening d. threaten 10. A _______ punishment is necessary to prevent poaching and cutting trees illegally. a. severe b. severely c. severity d. severities 11. An _______ of the number of elephants in Asia is about 5 million. a. estimate b. estimable c. estimated d. estimation 12. _______ passenger pigeon, one of several species of extinct birds, was hunted to extinction over _______ few decades: a. The / Ø b. Ø / the c. The / a d. A / the 13. Since the 1600s, humans have rapidly increased _______ rate of extinction because of population growth and resource consumption. a. a b. an c. the d. Ø 14. Today, most of _______ world's habitats are changing faster than most species can evolve, or adapt to such changes. a. a b. an c. the d. Ø 15. We need _______ actions and interventions of the local authorities to prevent national parks from being destroyed by pollution. a. excitedly b. threateningly c. approximately d. timely 16. There was no scientific evidence that the catastrophic _______ in Britain's song- birds was due to the unwelcome attention of birds of prey. a. appearance b. decline c. increase d. development 17. _______ weapons have made more contribution to poaching and killing wild animals. a. Huge b. Light c. Advanced d. Commercial 18. Are pandas _______ to only China? Do they survive in any other countries? a. restricted b. distributed c. submitted d. threatened 19. Poachers deserve strict _______ for what damage they have caused to wildlife. a. estimation b. award c. location d. punishment 20. Although the government has taken certain measures to protect elephants, numerous threats remain for them. a. too much b. a lot of c. some d. a few 21. _______ you open the window, please? It is so hot in here. a. May b. Might c. Could d. Need 22. You _______ go to the shop. I have already bought the milk. a. ought to b. needn't c. should d. may 23. Family _______ spend more time talking, instead of just watching TV. a. must b. should c. might d. needn't 24. Please, keep silent. You _______ speak during the exam. a. may not b. might not c. needn't d. must 25. You _______ drive at more than 70 miles per hour in the UK. a. mustn't b. needn't c. may not d. might not 26. Yesterday, I had to cram all day for my French final. _______, I did not get to sleep until after midnight. a. Nevertheless b. However c. Therefore d. But 27. While hiking in Alaska, you have to keep an eye out for bears. If you see one, you _______ approach it. It is dangerous. . a. might not b. may not c. needn't d. must not 28. Polar bears are beautiful animals; _______, they are wild and unpredictable in nature. a. despite b. however c. so d. therefore 29. You do not have to be afraid of bear, _______ educating yourself about the dangers can help keep you safe. . a. but b. so c. therefore d. although 30. You _______ leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused yourself a. must b. needn't c. may d. mustn't Choose the sentence which has the closest meaning to the original one. 31. You must never take your helmet off while you are riding a motorcycle. a. If you are riding a motorcycle, you needn't wear a helmet.' b. When you are riding a motorcycle, wearing a helmet is not a must. c. You needn't wear a helmet whenever you are riding a motorcycle. d. Helmets must be worn at all times when you are riding a motorcycle. 32. John was not here yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. a. John needn't be here yesterday because he was ill. b. Because of his illness, John should have been here yesterday. c. John might have been ill yesterday, so he was not here. d. John must have been ill yesterday, so he was not here. 33. I think Tom needs to see a doctor. His cough is terrible. a. With that terrible cough, Tom ought to see a doctor. b. Although his cough was terrible, I think Tom needn't see a doctor. c. Tom must have got a terrible cough and he needs to see a doctor. d. Tom did not see a doctor due to his terrible cough; 34. I took a sweater but it was not necessary. a. I needn't have taken a sweater. b. It was too necessary for me to take a sweater. c. I should have taken a sweater. d. I must have taken a sweater. 35. If I were you, I would take the train instead of the bus. a. You should have taken the train instead of the bus. b. You should take t4e train instead of the bus. c. I advise you to take the bus. d. You must have taken the train instead of the bus. Read the passage carefully and choose the correct answer. One of the most important ways to help threatened plants and animals survive is to protect their habitats permanently in national parks, nature reserves or wilderness areas. There they can live without too much interference from humans. It is also important to protect habitats outside reserves such as on farms and along roadsides. You can visit a nearby national park or nature reserve. Some national parks have special guided tours and walks for kids. Talk to the rangers to find out whether there are any threatened species and how they are being protected. You and your friends might be able to help the rangers in their conservation work. When you visit a national park, make sure you obey the wildlife code: follow fire regulations; leave your pets at home; leave flowers, birds' eggs, logs, bushes and rocks where you find them; put your rubbish in a bin or, better still, take it home. If you have friends who live on farms, encourage them to keep patches of bush as wildlife habitats and to leave old trees standing, especially those with hollows suitable for nesting animals. Some areas have groups which look after local lands and nature reserves. They do this by removing weeds and planting local native species in their place. You could join one of these groups, or even start a new one with your parents and friends. Ask your local parks authority or council for information. By removing rubbish and weeds and replanting with native plants you will allow the native bush to gradually regenerate. This will also encourage native animals to return. 36. Plants and animals can live without too much interference from humans in national parks, nature reserves or wilderness areas. a. True b. False c. No information 37. Never visiting a national park is a good way of helping conserve wildlife. a. True b. False c. No information 38. Tourists cannot ask anything about threatened species when they are in a national park. a. True b. False c. No information 39. Farms are also ideal places for conserving species. a. True b. False c. No information 40. Native species will reproduce some day in the future. a. True b. False c. No information Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase. The current global extinction rate is (41) _____ at about 20,000 species per year, exponentially greater than the background extinction rate. Many (42) _____ believe that we are in the middle of the greatest mass extinction episode since the (43) _____ of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. From what is known about present-day populations and from (44) _____ theory, the change in either the physical (45) _____ the biological environment is the key to extinction. However, the vulnerability of a species depends (46) _____ a wide variety of factors, such as its total population size, geographical (47) _____, reproductive ability, ecological relations with other species, and genetic characteristics. For example, more emphasis is put on the greater vulnerability of species that reproduce slowly as contrasted with those that reproduce (48) _____. Other factors, such as food-plant specialization, may make many fast reproducers more vulnerable than species that reproduce more slowly. No matter (49) _____ fast an insect species that depends on (50) _____ certain plan can reproduce; it will still go extinct if that plant's habitat is destroyed. It has been estimated that about one half billion species have lived at one time or another, and today's existing species are only 2% of those that have ever evolved. The other 98% have either died out or evolved into something sufficiently different to be called a new species. 41. a. increased b. distributed c. estimated d. added 42. a. biology b. biologists c. biological d. biologically 43. a. disappearance b. remain c. disposal d. limitation 44. a. evolve b. evolution c. evolutionary d. evolutionist 45. a. so b. and c. nor d. or 46. a. in b. on c. at d. about 47. a. opportunity b. follow c. spread d. distribution 48. a. rapidly b. cheaply c. cheerfully d. lastly 49. a. how b. what c. when d. which 50. a. a b. an c. the d. Ø . TEST YOURSELF - D Choose the word which is stressed differently from the rest. 1. a. weapon b. become c. country d. decade 2. a. habitat b. century c. difficult d. prohibit 3 habit d. hunting 2. a. hide b. ivory c. decline d. continent 3. a. weapon b. increase c. threat d. spread 4. a. elephants b. decades c. poachers d. actions 5. a. endangered b. threatened c countries? a. restricted b. distributed c. submitted d. threatened 19. Poachers deserve strict _______ for what damage they have caused to wildlife. a. estimation b. award c. location d. punishment