Week 9 - The Complex Sentence potx

Nominal clauses4 Non-finite nominal clauses to-infinitive nominal clause nominal –ing clause bare infinitive - Function as S, Od, Cs, Ap, Cprep, & Cadj - Genitive case in formal style e

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Chapter VI The Complex Sentence

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Subordination - Non-symmetrical relation held

between two clauses: one clause is

a constituent/ part of the other

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Subordination i.e one clause is -Non-symmetrical relation,

- Non-symmetrical relation held between two clauses: one clause is

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 Do Exercise 11.1 (handout Week 9)

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Classifications of subordinate clauses

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Classifications of subordinate clauses

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Nonfinite clauseVerbless clause

See more in 11.2 - 11.5

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- contains a subject and a predicate

- verb phrase having tense, person & number concord, & mood

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Nonfinite clause

Infinitive with to Infinitive without to -ed participle

-ing participle

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Nonfinite clause

-ing participle

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passionate love for Celia

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Nonfinite clause

-ing participle

Without S: Covered in snow, he looked like a snowman.

With S: We left the room and went home, the job finished.

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1 Ellipsis of the verb ‘be’

- Dozens of people died in the accident, many of them children.

- Whether right or wrong, he always dominates the arguments.

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2 Reduction of non-finite clauses

- Too nervous to reply, he stared at the book in front of him

and dared not look up

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Adverbial clauseComparative clauseComment clause

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- ending with ‘that’: in that, so that, such that …

- ending with optional ‘that’: now (that), provided (that),

supposing (that), seeing (that)…

- ending with ‘as’: so far as, as long as, so as (to do sth)…

- ending with ‘than’: sooner than, rather than…

- others: as if, as though, in case

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if… then, although… yet, as… as, so… as, so… that

no sooner… than, more/ less… than, the… the, whether… or

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Yes - No interrogative clause

to-infinitive nominal clause nominal –ing clause bare infinitive

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Nominal relative clause

- S: That you were wrong is undeniable.

- Od: I knew that I was wrong.

- Cs: The problem is that he refuses to speak in court.

- Appositive: The fact that he hates English makes it hard for him to study it.

- Cadj: I’m sure that things will improve.

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- Function as S, Od, Cs, Ap, Cadj,

& Cprep (They haven’t decided on who

wins the cup.)

- Leave a gap of unknown information

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Yes - No interrogative clause

- Is formed with if/ whether e.g Do you know if/ whether the teacher has come yet?

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Nominal relative clause

- S: What he is pursuing is fame.

- Od: I want to see whoever in charge of this department.

- Oi: She gave whoever came into the store

a handful of sweets.

- Cs: University is where you train for your future career.

- Co: You can call me whatever you like.

- Ap: Tell me your nickname, that is, the way your friends often call you.

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Nominal clauses

4

Non-finite nominal clauses

to-infinitive nominal clause

nominal –ing clause

bare infinitive

- S: To become an MC has always been my dream.

- Od: John wanted her to open the door.

- Cs: My wish is to stay here one more week.

- Ap: His ambition to be a famous writer was fulfilled.

- Cadj: I’m glad to help you.

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Nominal clauses

4

bare infinitive

- Function as S, Od, Cs, Ap, Cprep,

& Cadj

- Genitive case in formal style

e.g I’m surprised at his making that mistake.

- Objective or common case:

e.g I’m surprised at him making

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Nominal clauses

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bare infinitive

- ‘to’ is optional in case of ‘do’ proform.

E.g All I did was (to) turn off the gas.

- bare infinitive is obligatory when the infinitive clause is initial

E.g Turn off the gas was all I did.

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Adverbial clauses

5

TimePlaceCondition & concession

Reason or cause

Circumstance

PurposeResultManner & ComparisonProportion & Preference

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Reason or cause

Circumstance

- after, before, until, since, when + finite clause

- after, before, since, until, when(ever), while + V-ing

- once, until, when(ever), while + V-ed

- as soon as, once, when(ever), while + Verbless clause

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Reason or cause

Circumstance

- Introduced by ‘where’/ ‘wherever’

E.g When I retire, I will travel around the world.

Where the fire had been, we saw nothing but rubble.

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Reason or cause

Circumstance

PurposeResultManner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

- Conditional clauses state the dependence of one circumstance

on another

- Introduced by if, unless, provided that, providing that…

E.g If you’re kind to her, she will do anything for you.

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Reason or cause

Circumstance

- Concessive clauses imply a contrast between two circumstances.

- Introduced by though, although, while, whereas, even if

E.g Although he isn’t good-looking, people are still attracted

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Clauses of condition

or concession

Alternative conditional-concessive clauses

Universal conditional-concessive clauses

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E.g Whether they beat us or we beat them,

we’ll celebrate tonight

Combine conditional meaning with

subjunctive meaning

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E.g No matter how hard he tried, he could

never summon enough courage to tell her the truth

Indicate a free choice from among any

number of conditions

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Reason or cause

Circumstance

- introduced by because, since, as

- I didn’t lend him the book because I needed it for my assignment.

(adjunct)

- They’ve lit a fire, because I can see smoke rising

(disjunct of reason)

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Reason or cause

Circumstance

- express a fulfilled condition/ a relation between a premise

(in the subordinate clause) and the conclusion (in the main clause)

- introduced by because, since, as, & seeing that

E.g Seeing that the weather has improved, we shall enjoy our game.

= The weather having improved, we shall enjoy our game.

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Reason or cause

Circumstance

- are adjuncts

- introduced by (in order) (for N) to, so as to, so that

E.g I tiptoed into the room so as not to wake the baby up

He tried to improve his English so that he could study abroad.

- has ‘putative’ meaning (modal auxiliaries are used)

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Reason or cause

Circumstance

- are more factual than putative  may contain an ordinary verb form

without a modal auxiliary

- introduced by so that/so (informal)

E.g We planted many shrubs, so (that) the garden looked beautiful.

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Reason or cause

Circumstance

Clauses of manner – (exactly) as, (just) as

(Just) as a moth is attracted by a light, (so) he was fascinated by her.

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Reason or cause

Circumstance

Clauses of comparison – as if, as though

He looks as if he is going to faint.

He treated me as though I were a child (unreal)

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Reason or cause

Circumstance

Clauses of proportion express a ‘proportionality’ or equivalence

of tendency between two circumstances

E.g

As he grew older, (so) his enthusiasm for the cause decreased.

The more he went deeper into the forest, the more scared he felt.

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Reason or cause

Circumstance

Clauses of preference are introduced by rather than/ sooner than

E.g Rather than go there by air, I’d take the train.

Rather than sitting here complaining, we should act.

Rather than a new shirt, he bought a dictionary.

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 Do exercise 11.9 (handout Week 9)

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Comparative & comment clauses

Oi: Santa has brought more children joy

than anybody else

A: She works harder than my brother.

See more in 11.37 - 11.44

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Ellipsis in Comparative Clause

1 Optional ellipsis

James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed the cake

James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed it

James enjoyed the cake more than Susan did

James enjoyed the cake more than Susan

2 Obligatory ellipsis (of object)

- James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed

+ James know more about the theatre than Susan knows

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Ambiguity

He loves the dog more than his wife

through ellipsis

with ‘too’ & ‘enough’

He’s too ill to move

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Forms

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Forms

- can be either disjuncts or conjuncts

- may occur initially, finally, or medially

- have a separate tone unit

E.g The Smiths, as you probably know, have

been our neighbor for twenty years

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Forms

(1) Like a main clause

At that time, I believe, he didn’t understand a thing.

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Forms

(2) Like an adverbial clause (with as)

I’m a perfectionist, as you may know.

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Forms

(3) Like a nominal relative clause as conjunct

What is more, we lost all our hope and courage.

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Forms

(4) To-infinitive clause as style disjunct

To be honest with you, I didn’t understand a thing he said.

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Forms

(5) –ing clause as style disjunct

I’m concerned, speaking as a linguist, about the language

of the young people today

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Forms

(6) –ed clause as style disjunct

Stated bluntly, he had no chance of winning.

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 Do exercise 11.11 (handout Week 9)

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 Exercises 172-176 Workbook

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