Week 1 - Morphemes and words pot

Parts of a sentenceSentence elements 5 Subject Verb Object Complement See more in 2.10... Parts of a sentenceSentence elements 5 Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial indirect Oi dire

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E_English Grammar Course

Chapter I Elements of grammar

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1 Introduction to Grammar

2 Morphemes and Words

3 Ways of word formation

4 Parts of speech

5 Parts of a sentence

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Introduction to Grammar

Grammar

In global sense

In narrow sense

• equals competence, a body of knowledge that a

native speaker has about his/her language which enables him/her to speak and understand it

• includes word and sentence structure rules, pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences,

• equals competence, a body of knowledge that a

native speaker has about his/her language which enables him/her to speak and understand it

• includes word and sentence structure rules, pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences,

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Morphemes and Words

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Morphemes and Words

I actually felt tired of

sitting doing nothing

And I hated enjoying

the unemployment

benefit I found myself

useless Then I decided

to look for a job

I found myself useless

hated enjoying

hated, enjoying

enjoy, -ing

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Lexical item – meaning

LEXICAL ITEM = A basic unit of meaning …

• A single word

(E.g.: man, boy)

• Less than a word

(E.g.: terr in terror)

• More than one word

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Lexical item – meaning

LEXICAL ITEM & MEANING

Lexical item and meaning has arbitrary relationship

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Morpheme - Word

WORD = An independent meaningful unit.

E.g.: try

boy turn return

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Types

Free (words)

Bound (affixes) Grammatical Function words:

prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions

inflectional (suffixes)

Lexical Content words:

Nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives

derivational (prefixes, suffixes)

Types of morphemes

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Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes

Inflectional vs Derivational morphemes

modify the meaning of an

item but not change its parts

of speech.

can change meaning of the stem and typically, they change the part of speech.

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are changes in words to

express their semantic and

syntactic relationships to

other words in the sentence.

E.g.: ‘-s’ in ‘Bush says’

indicates the present tense

and the subject is third

person and singular.

indicate semantic relationships within words.

E.g.: the morpheme ‘-ful’ in

‘beautiful’ has no connection with other morphemes

beyond the word.

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are regularly distributed

They occur with all or most

members of a word class.

E.g.: ‘-s’ (3rd person

singular present) occurs

with most verbs.

do not occur across whole

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typically occur away from

the root

E.g.: the plural morpheme

‘-s’ occurs at the end of a

word, after all other

morphemes.

occur close to the root, before inflectional morphemes.

E.g.: organizations.

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-s : 3rd person singular

present

-ed : past tense

-ing : present participle

-en : past participle

suffixes.

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• Work in groups of 3

• Each group make a list of 5 inflectional

and 5 derivational morphemes

• What are their meanings?

• The fastest group win the game

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Prefixation: adding a prefix to the base

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Suffixation: adding a suffix to the base

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Conversion: a change of word-classes

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Compounding: word formation from two or

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Clipping: shortening a word

E.g.: Phone from telephone

Photo from photograph Flu from influenza

Morphological processes of word

formation

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Reduplication: word formation from two or

more either identical or slightly different elements

E.g.: Goody-goody

Tick-tock Seesaw Wishy-washy

formation

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Blending: word formation from two

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Acronym: word formation from initial

letters of a series of words.

E.g.: TV from television

FAQ from frequently

asked question.

formation

3

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E.g.: boss, piano

E.g.: opt (option)

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formation

3

• Each student receives an affix

• Group yourselves into prefixes and

suffixes

• Each student gives an example of

his/her affix

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Parts of speech

4

• comprises functional words such as

articles, demonstratives, pronouns prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections

• comprises functional words such as

articles, demonstratives, pronouns prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections

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Parts of speech

4

• comprises notional/ lexical words

such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and

adverbs

• comprises notional/ lexical words

such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and

adverbs

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• having certain syntactic functions

• stressed words in spoken language

Features:

• extendable number of members

• combinability

• having certain syntactic functions

• stressed words in spoken language

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Parts of speech

4

• Decide if the following words belong to

closed-system or open class

blue head the that summarize which

open open closed closed open closed

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What is being discussed – theme.

E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle

every day.

What is being discussed – theme.

E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle

every day.

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What is being said about the subject – rheme.

E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle every day.

What is being said about the subject – rheme.

E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle every day.

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• include BE & HAVE

E.g.: I am a student and I have a part-time job

• include will, shall,

should, can, might, etc

E.g.: I can cook

• include will, shall,

should, can, might, etc

E.g.: I can cook

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

5

Subject Verb Object Complement

See more in 2.10

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

5

Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial

indirect (Oi) direct (Od)

E.g.: He sent me (Oi) a postcard (Od).

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

5

E.g.: His brother who is a teacher (Cs) considers me his best friend (Co).

Object Complement (Co) Subject Complement (Cs)

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

5

E.g.: He goes fishing on Tuesday (A opt) His birthday is on Tuesday (A obli)

obligatory optional

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

5

Intensive

Extensive

+ Cs (1)

+ A (obli) (2)

intransitive (3) transitive

mono-transitive

(4)

complex-transitive

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

5

He put the vase on

(7)

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

5

Stative

Dynamic

Not progressive form

Progressive form

E.g.: The food he cooked tasted very good

E.g.: She is tasting the food he’s cooked

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Types of phrases, clauses,

sentences Syntax

6

Sentence

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sentences Syntax

6

Sentence

Adverb phrase Adjective phrase Verb phrase

E.g.: John has been looking for Jane.

E.g.: Tom is a very interesting man.

E.g.: He ran quite fast.

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sentences Syntax

elements & verb patterns In terms of kinds of verb phrases

In terms of kinds of verb

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sentences Syntax

• SVO: John has cured many serious patients

• SVOO: He gives his patients the same

prescription

• SVOA: He put the prescription in a secret file

• SVA: John is at home

• SVCs: John is a doctor

• SVO: John has cured many serious patients

• SVOO: He gives his patients the same

prescription

• SVOA: He put the prescription in a secret file

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sentences Syntax

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sentences Syntax

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sentences Syntax

Simple

E.g.: All these books are mine

E.g.: He was watching T.V and she was cooking

E.g.: He didn’t want to talk to whoever he met in

the London workshop

E.g.: He didn’t want to talk to whoever he met in

the London workshop

E.g.: Having seldom talked to anyone before, the

child simply wide opened his beautiful eyes

and looked at the stranger

E.g.: Having seldom talked to anyone before, the

child simply wide opened his beautiful eyes

and looked at the stranger

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• Exercises 4-13 Workbook

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