Week 1 - Morphemes and words pot

E_English Grammar Course Chapter I Elements of grammar Issues 1. Introduction to Grammar 2. Morphemes and Words 3. Ways of word formation 4. Parts of speech 5. Parts of a sentence 6. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Introduction to Grammar Grammar Grammar In global sense In global sense In narrow sense In narrow sense 1 1/1 Introduction to Grammar Grammar Grammar In global sense In global sense In narrow sense In narrow sense • equals competence, a body of knowledge that a native speaker has about his/her language which enables him/her to speak and understand it. • includes word and sentence structure rules, pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences, and discourse organization rules. • equals competence, a body of knowledge that a native speaker has about his/her language which enables him/her to speak and understand it. • includes word and sentence structure rules, pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences, and discourse organization rules. 1 2/1 Introduction to Grammar Grammar Grammar In global sense In global sense In narrow sense In narrow sense • refers only to the formation of the word and sentence structures. • consists of morphology, the study of words and word formation, and syntax, the study of phrases, clauses, and sentences. • refers only to the formation of the word and sentence structures. • consists of morphology, the study of words and word formation, and syntax, the study of phrases, clauses, and sentences. 1 3/1 Morphemes and Words discourse sentence phrase word morpheme 2 1/2 Morphemes and Words discourse sentence phrase word morpheme I actually felt tired of sitting doing nothing. And I hated enjoying the unemployment benefit. I found myself useless. Then I decided to look for a job. I found myself useless. hated enjoying hated, enjoying enjoy, -ing 2 2/2 Lexical item – meaning LEXICAL ITEM LEXICAL ITEM = A basic unit of meaning … • A single word (E.g.: man, boy) • Less than a word (E.g.: terr in terror) • More than one word (E.g.: to rain dogs and cats) 2 3/2 Lexical item – meaning LEXICAL ITEM LEXICAL ITEM MEANING MEANING & Lexical item and meaning has arbitrary relationship. 2 4/2 Morpheme - Word MORPHEME MORPHEME = A minimal meaningful unit E.g.: re/try boy/s 5/2 2 [...]... person singular present -ed: past tense -ing: present participle -en: past participle -s: Plural -s: possessive -er: comparative -est: superlative Derivational morphemes There are a large number of derivational morphemes, which can be prefixes or suffixes 13 /2 Inflectional vs Derivational morphemes 2 • Work in groups of 3 • Each group make a list of 5 inflectional and 5 derivational morphemes • What are... derivational suffix ‘-al’ as refuse, propose 11 /2 2 Inflectional vs Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes typically occur away from the root occur close to the root, before inflectional morphemes E.g.: the plural morpheme ‘s’ occurs at the end of a word, after all other morphemes E.g.: organizations 12 /2 2 Inflectional vs Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes -s: 3rd person... tense and the subject is third person and singular indicate semantic relationships within words E.g.: the morpheme ‘-ful’ in ‘beautiful’ has no connection with other morphemes beyond the word 10 /2 2 Inflectional vs Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes are regularly distributed They occur with all or most members of a word class do not occur across whole classes E.g.: ‘-s’... morphemes Derivational morphemes modify the meaning of an item but not change its parts of speech can change meaning of the stem and typically, they change the part of speech 9/2 2 Inflectional vs Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes are changes in words to express their semantic and syntactic relationships to other words in the sentence E.g.: ‘-s’ in ‘Bush says’ indicates... 2 Morpheme - Word WORD = An independent meaningful unit E.g.: try boy turn return 7/2 2 Types of morphemes Occurrence Types Free (words) Bound (affixes) Grammatical Function words: inflectional prepositions, pronouns, (suffixes) conjunctions Lexical Content words: derivational Nouns, verbs, adverbs, (prefixes, suffixes) adjectives 8/2 2 Inflectional vs Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes Derivational... identical or slightly different elements E.g.: Goody-goody Tick-tock Seesaw Wishy-washy Tip-top 7/3 3 Morphological processes of word formation Blending: word formation from two separate forms E.g.: Motel from motor and hotel Smog from smoke and fog 8/3 3 Morphological processes of word formation Acronym: word formation from initial letters of a series of words E.g.: TV from television FAQ from frequently... coo See more in Appendix I 10 /3 3 Morphological processes of word formation • Each student receives an affix • Group yourselves into prefixes and suffixes • Each student gives an example of his/her affix 1/ 4 4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Closed system Open class See more in 2 .12 - 2 .17 2/4 4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Open class Closed system • comprises functional words such as articles, demonstratives,... combinability • having certain syntactic functions • stressed words in spoken language Open class 6/4 4 Parts of speech • Decide if the following words belong to closed-system or open class blue head the that summarize which you open open closed closed open closed closed 1/ 5 5 Parts of a sentence Parts of a sentence Subject Predicate See more in 2.2 - 2.9 Operator 2/5 5 Parts of a sentence Parts of a sentence... pronouns prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections 3/4 4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Closed system Open class Features: • unextendable number of members • reciprocally exclusive • reciprocally defining • unstressed in spoken language 4/4 4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Closed system • comprises notional/ lexical words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs Open class 5/4 4 Parts of... their meanings? • The fastest group win the game 1/ 3 3 Morphological processes of word formation Prefixation: adding a prefix to the base E.g.: Non-stop Predict 2/3 3 Morphological processes of word formation Suffixation: adding a suffix to the base E.g.: Economist Grammatical 3/3 3 Morphological processes of word formation Conversion: a change of word-classes without affix E.g.: Import (n), (v) Abstract . the word and sentence structures. • consists of morphology, the study of words and word formation, and syntax, the study of phrases, clauses, and sentences. 1 3 /1 Morphemes and Words discourse sentence phrase word morpheme 2 1/ 2 . inflectional morphemes. E.g.: organizations. 2 11 /2 Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes -s: 3rd person singular present -ed: past tense -ing: present. him/her to speak and understand it. • includes word and sentence structure rules, pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences, and discourse organization rules. 1 2 /1 Introduction