GERUND - INFINITIVE

Danh ®éng tï http://Violet.vn/Huyenthoai_2010/ Bài 6 : DANH ĐỘNG TỪ & ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU ( GERUNDS & INFINITIVES ) A. DANH ĐỘNG TỪ : (Gerund) Danh động từ có cấu trúc giống như hiện tại phân từ ( tức là động từ thêm ING) : talking, learning, … Danh động từ, như tên gọi, là động từ dùng như danh từ. Danh động từ chủ yếu đứng ở vò trí, và thực hiện chức năng, của một danh từ trong câu. Nó thường được : 1/ Dùng làm chủ từ : (subject) - Swimming is good for our health.(Bơi lội thì tốt cho sức khỏe) - Being friendly will bring you friends. (Thân thiện sẽ mang đến cho bạn nhiều bạn bè.) 2/ Dùng làm túc từ cho động từ : (object of a verb) - These boys like swimming.(Bọn con trai này thích bơi lội) - My brother practises speaking English every day. (Anh tôi tập nói tiếng Anh hằng ngày 3/ Dùng làm túc từ cho giới từ : (object of a preposition) - He is fond of swimming.(Nó thích bơi lội) - She is interested in learning English.(Cô ấy thích thú học tiếng Anh) 4/ Dùng làm bổ ngữ cho chủ từ : (subject complement) - My hobby is swimming.(Sở thích của tôi là môn bơi lội) - Seeing is believing.(Thấy rồi mới tin.) 5/ Dùng trong câu ngăn cấm ngắn (short prohibition) hoặc để thành lập danh từ kép (compound noun) - No smoking.(Cấm hút thuốc) - No talking, please.(Xin vui lòng đừng nói chuyện) - a swimming pool.(hồ bơi) - a dining room.(phòng ăn) - a washing machine.(máy giặt) 6/ Dùng sau tính từ sở hữu : - Please forgive my coming late.(Vui lòng bỏ qua việc tôi đến trễ) - His driving carelessly often causes accidents. (Việc anh ta lái xe bất cẩn thường gây ra nhiều tai nạn.) 7/ Dùng sau một số động từ và một số cách diễn đạt nhất đònh như : admit(thừa nhận), advise(khuyên), avoid(tránh), consider(nghó tới), delay(trì hõan), deny(phủ nhận), dislike(không thích), enjoy(thích), finish(hòan tất), hate(ghét), keep(tiếp tục), like(thích), feel like (c¶m thÊy thÝch), mind(lưu tâm), practise(luyện tập), postpone(trì hõan), quit(bỏ), risk(liều), suggest(đề nghò), can’t help(không thể không), can’t bear(không thể chòu đựng), can’t stand(không thể chòu đựng), be worth(đáng), be busy(bận), it’s no use(vô ích), there’s no(không…)… 53 - be/get used to: quen với be accustomed to: quen với be capable of: có khả năng be tired of: mệt, chán be bored with: chán be fed up with: chán be busy (with): bËn rén (víi) be interested in: thích thú, quan tâm be fond of be proud of be ashamed of be good at be surprised at be afraid of be ready for be bad at be pleased at be disappointed with feel like leave off go on,keep on care for take to have difficulty (in): gỈp khã kh¨n vỊ be excited about: phấn khích về be responsible for: chịu trách nhiệm về to look forward to: trơng chờ to insist on: cứ khăng khăng to succeed in: thành cơng về - We enjoy listening to music.(Chúng tôi thích nghe nhạc) - I can’t help laughing when she makes jokes. (Tôi không thể không cười khi cô ấy pha trò) B. ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU : (Infinitive) Động từ nguyên mẫu thường có giới từ to đứng trước (to do, to learn, to help, to advise…) và được dùng trong những trường hợp sau : 1/ Làm chủ từ (subject), túc từ (object) hoặc bổ ngữ (complement) trong câu : - To conceal the truth from her was foolish. (Thật là điên rồ khi che đậy sự thật ở cô ta.) - He wanted to become a spaceman.(Nó muốn trở thành một phi hành gia.) - What he asked for is to be left alone. (Những gì hắn ta yêu cầu là để mặc cho hắn ta.) 2/ Làm tính từ bổ nghóa cho danh từ : - He was the first man to leave the room. (Anh ta là người đầu tiên rời khỏi phòng) -English is an important language to master. (Tiếng Anh là một ngôn ngữ quan trọng cần phải quán triệt.) 3/ Làm trạng từ diễn tả các nội dung sau : * Mục đích của hành động. - He went to the station to meet her.(Nó đến nhà ga để đón cô ta.) - He bought a dictionary to study English. (Nó mua cuốn tự điển để jọc tiếng Anh) * Kết quả, hậu quả. (sau TOO +Adj / Adv) - She is too tired to go for a walk.(Cô ấy quá mệt nên không đi dạo được) - The box was too heavy for her to carry. (Cái hộp này quá nặng đến nổi cô ấy mang không nổi.) * Hiệu quả. (sau Adj / Adv + ENOUGH) - I’m strong enough to carry that heavy box. (Tôi đủ khỏe để có thể mang được cái hộp nặng đó.) -He isn’t rich enough to travel everywhere by taxi. (Amh ta không đủ giàu để có thể đi đó đây bằng taxi.) 4/ Dùng sau một số động từ nhất đònh như : afford(có đủ khả năng), agree(đồng ý), arrange(chuẩn bò), decide(quyết đònh), demand(đòi hỏi), expect(mong muốn), fail(thất bại), hope(hy vọng), intend(dự Danh ®éng tï http://Violet.vn/Huyenthoai_2010/ đònh), learn(học), manage(xoay sở), need(cần), offer(đề nghò), plan(dự đònh), pretend(giả vờ), promise(hứa),refuse(từ chối), threaten(đe dọa), want(muốn), wish(ước), would like(muốn)… - They promised to come back soon.(Họ hứa là sẽsớm trở lại.) - He can’t afford to take a taxi.(Nó không có đủ khả năng đi taxi.) …và dùng sau một số động từ có túc từ (verb + obj + to inf) như : advise(khuyên), allow(cho phép), ask(hỏi), beg(cầu xin), encourage(khuyến khích), expect(mong muốn), forbid(ngăn cấm), force(buộc), help(giúp), invite(mời), order(ra lệnh), permit(cho phép), persuade(thuyết phục), prefer(thích hơn), remind(nhắc), teach(dạy), tell(bảo), want(muốn), warn(cảnh báo)… - They don’t allow us to smoke in the office. (Họ không cho phép chúng tôi hút thuốc ở văn phòng.) - I taught myself to play the guitar.(Tôi tự học đàn ghi ta.) + Chú ý : Một số động từ có thể theo sau bởi danh động từ hoặc động từ nguyên mẫu nhưng có sự khác biệt về nghóa trong câu. (*) Remember + gerund : nhớ lại việc đã thực hiện. - I remember posting the letter.(Tôi nhớ là đã bỏ lá thư này.) Remember + to infinitive : nhớ để thực hiện. - I’ll remember to post the letter.(Tôi sẽ nhớ bỏ lá thư này.) (*) Stop + gerund : ngưng thực hiện việc đang làm. - She stopped mending the dress.(Cô ấy ngừng vá chiếc áo đầm này.) Stop + to infinitive : ngưng làm một việc gì khác để làm việc này. - He stopped to have a drink.(Anh ta dừng lại để uống nước.) (*) Try + gerund : thử làm việc gì . - I’ve tried writing in blue ink to see if my handwriting is better. (Tôi thử viết bằêng mực xanh để xem chữ viết của tôi có khá hơn không.) Try + to infinitive : cố gắng làm việc gì. - They tried to work as hard as they could. (Họ cố làm việc càng chăm càng tốt,) (*) Mean + gerund : mang ý nghóa. - Failure in the exam means having to learn one more year. (Việc thi rớt có nghóa là phải học thêm một năm nữa.) Mean + to infinitive : dự đònh làm việc gì. - He means to take the coming exam. (Anh ấy dự đònh sẽ tham dự kỳ thi sắp tới.) (*) Forget + gerund : quên điều gì đã xảy ra. - I forgot telling her this story. (Tôi quên là đã kể cho cô ta nghe câu chuyện này.) Forget + to infinitive : quên làm điều gì. - I forgot to tell her about this.(Tôi quên kể cho cô ta về điều này.) (*) Regret + gerund : hối tiếc việc đã xảy ra. - She regrets going to a village school. (Cô ta tiếc là đã đi học ở ngôi trường làng.) Regret + to infinitive : hối tiếc sẽ làm việc gì. -The party was great. He regretted not to go there. 54 Danh ®éng tï http://Violet.vn/Huyenthoai_2010/ (Bữa tiệc thật là tuyệt vời. Anh ta tiếc không đi dự được.) C. ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU KHÔNG “TO”. (Bare Infinitive) Đây là động từ nguyên thể không đi kèm với to (infinitive without to) và được sử dụng trong các trường hợp sau : 1/ Dùng sau các động từ khiếm khuyết (Modal verbs) như : can, could, may, might, must, ought to… - You may go now.(Bây giờ bạn có thể đi.) - They must finish the work by now. (Chúng phải làm xong công việc ngay bây giờ.) 2/ Dùng sau các động từ : HAVE, LET, MAKE, HELP… - I helped the child tidy his desk.(Tôi giúp đứa bé dọn dẹp bàn học.) - He had a painter paint the gate. (ng ta nhờ người thợ sơn sơn giùm cái cổng.) - They let him enter the room without a ticket. (Họ để anh ta vào mà không cần có vé.) - My parents make me go to bed early.(Bố mẹ tôi bắt tôi phải đi ngủ sớm.) 3/ Dùng sau BUT, EXCEPT với nghóa “ngoại trừ” - Why don’t you do anything but complain? (Sao bạn không làm một cái gì đóù mà cứ lại than vãn?) -She agreed to do everything but help him with the homework. (Cô ta đồng ý làm tất cả mọi thứ ngòai việc giúp nó làm bài tập về nhà.) 4/ Dùng sau các động từ chỉ giác quan như : see (nhìn thấy) , watch (xem thấy) , hear (nghe thấy) , notice (để ý) , observe (quan sát) , spot (thóang thấy) … - We heard them sing all morning. (Chúng tôi nghe họ hát suốt cả buổi sáng.) -He saw the thief enter the house. (Anh ta nhìn thấy tên trộm bước vào nhà.) Chú ý : như ta đã biết hiện tại phân từ (present participle) có thể được dùng cho các động từ trên để diễn tả hành động đang tiếp diễn. Còn động từ nguyên thể dùng trong trường hợp này chỉ hành động đã hoàn tất. - I watched them playing football for a while. (trận đấu vẫn đang tiếp diễn) - I watched them play football yesterday afternoon. (xem toàn bộ trận đấu) EXERCISE I : Supply the correct form of the verbs : 1/ Could I (see) _________ Mr. Brown, please ? 2/ He told me (try) _________ (come) _________ early. 3/ I wanted her (learn) _________ English. 4/ Will you (help) _________ me (move) _________ this desk ? 5/ Please (let) _________ me (know) _________ your opinion. 6/ Would you like (paint) _________ your bike or should I (have) _________ a painter (do) _______it for you ? 7/ He warned me (not come) _________ late. 8/ There’s no (tell) _________ what might (happen) _________. 9/ Did you (see) _________ Tom (try) _________ (reach) _________ the top of the dresser ? - He’s too short (reach) _________ it. 10/ We had to (ask) _________ the students (stop) _________ (make) _________ so much noise. 11/ I can’t understand his (want) _________ (buy) _________ such an expensive car. 12/ I couldn’t stand (be) _________ alone in the dark room. 13/ They don’t want us (mention) _________ their (come) _________ late. 55 Danh ®éng tï http://Violet.vn/Huyenthoai_2010/ 14/ You must remember (lock) _________ the door before (leave) _________ the house. 15/ After (get) _________ (know) _________ her at school, he finished by (ask) _________ her address. EXERCISE II : Use the correct verb form : 1/ The children are busy (collect) _________ shells on the beach. 2/ The teacher promised (help) _________ us (prepare) _________ for the examination. 3/ We regret (say) _________ that the lecture was dull and wasn’t worth (listen) _________ to. 4/ There’s no (deny) _________ that he enjoys (listen) _________ to his own voice. 5/ Is (boil) _________ or (fry) _________ the best way of (cook) _________ this fish ? 6/ It’s no use your (ask) _________ him (lend) _________ you any money. 7/ Can you manage(finish) _______ (write) ______ these reports by yourself ? 8/ He advised me( consider) _________ all the facts before (decide) _________ (accept) ________ the job. 9/ They refused (allow) _____ us (go) _____ in without (sign) ______ the book. 10/ My uncle used to (show) _________ me where (go) _________ and what (buy) ________. 11/ There’s nothing like (walk) _________ as a means of (keep) _________ fit. 12/ Your doctor advised (go) ____ to bed early, so I really can’t understand your (want) ____ (stay) ____up late. 13/ We considered (give) ____her a dress for her birthday, but couldn’t help (buy) _____her some flowers, too. 14/ There’s nothing (be) _________ done about it now except (tell) _________ the police the truth. 15/ I remember (hear) ______ him (say) ____ the grass needed (cut) _______. 16/ Would you mind (keep) _________ quiet for a moment ? I’m trying (fill) _________ in a form. - It’s no use (ask) _________ children (keep) _________ quiet. They can’t help (make) _________ noise. 17/ The miser spent all his time (count) _________ his money and (think) _________ up new hiding places. He kept (move) _________ it about because he was terrified of (be) _________ robbed. He used to (get) _________ up at night (make) _________ sure it was still there. 18/ They don’t allow (smoke) ____in the auditorium; they don’t want (risk) ______ (set) _________ it on fire. 19/ Would you like me (turn) _________ down the radio a bit ? - No, it’s all right. I’m used to (work) _________ with the radio on. 20/ We couldn’t help (laugh) ________ when he was making fun of himself. EXERCISE III : Rewrite the following sentences. 1/ Would you close the door, please ? - Would you mind _______________________________________ ? 2/ They didn’t allow us to smoke in here. - They didn’t let _____________________________________________. 3/ My teacher advised buying that book. - My teacher advised us _______________________________________. 4/ The thief forced the bank manager to lie on the ground. - The thief made _____________________________________________. 5/ He has studied English for six years. - He began __________________________________________________. 6/ It is necessary to master English. - Mastering __________________________________________________. 7/ He spent two hours writing the essay. - It took _____________________________________________________. 8/ He is too young to ride a motorbike. - He isn’t ____________________________________________________. 9/ The bag was so heavy that she couldn’t carry it upstairs. - The bag was too _____________________________________________. 10/ He expects to hear from her as soon as possible. - He is looking forward _________________________________________. 11/It’s not a good idea to travel during the rush hour. - It’s better to avoid____________________________________________ 12/Shall we go away tomorrow instead of today? -Shall we postpone ___________________until______________________? 13/Please don’t interrupt me all the time. -Would you mind_______________________________________________? 56 Danh ®éng tï http://Violet.vn/Huyenthoai_2010/ 14/I would like you to help me to put the chairs away? - Do you mind_________________________________________________? 15/I’m quite happy to look after the baby for you. -I don’t mind __________________________________________________ 16/ “ I haven’t done anything wrong,” Tom said. -Tom denied __________________________________________________ 17/The driver of the car said it was true that he didn’t have a licence -The driver of the car admitted_____________________________________ 18/I remember someone telling me the news. -I remember being_______________________________________________ 19/Are you sure you paid those bills yesterday? -Do you remember ______________________________________________? 20/Don’t forget that you have to do this homework. -Please remember ______________________________________________ 21/She really didn’t want to upset him so she kept quiet. -She was anxious to avoid _________________________________________ 22/Don’t ask so many questions. -Please stop ____________________________________________________ 23/I think we’ve discussed phrasal verbs enough now. -Let’s stop______________________________________________________ 24/He hasn’t smoked for 3 years. - He stopped___________________________________________________ 25/They haven’t played chess for a long time. -They stopped ___________________________________________________ I./1) My friend is good playing volleyball. 2) She complains bullying. 3) They are afraid losing the match. 4) She doesn't feel working on the computer. 5) We are looking forward going out at the weekend. 6) Laura dreams living on a small island. 7) Andrew apologized being late. 8) Do you agree staying in a foreign country? 9) The girls insisted going out with Kerry. 10) Edward thinks climbing trees this II. 1) I can't imagine Peter (go) by bike. 2) He agreed (buy) a new car. 3) The question is easy (answer). 4) The man asked me how (get) to the airport. 5) I look forward to (see) you at the weekend. 6) Are you thinking of (visit) London? 7) We decided (run) through the forest. 57 Danh ®éng tï http://Violet.vn/Huyenthoai_2010/ 8) The teacher expected Sarah (study) hard. 9) She doesn't mind (work) the night shift. 10) I learned (ride) the bike at the age of 5 11) We decided (buy) a new car. 12) They've got some work (do). 13) Peter gave up (smoke) . 14) He'd like (fly) an aeroplane. 15) I enjoy (write) picture postcards. 16) Do you know what (do) if there's a fire in the shop? 17) Avoid (make) silly mistakes. 18) My parents wanted me (be) home at 11 o'clock. 19) I dream about (build) a big house. 20) I'm hoping (see) Lisa. 1. When I last saw him, he (live) in London. 2. She (talk) to her mother on the phoned every week. 3. You (have) any experience of (work) with children who (have) learning difficulties? 4. If I (be) you, I (not volunteer) any details of what (happen). 5. Small children (find) it difficult (say) long words. 6. We (not see) Dorothy since last Saturday. 7. Don’t worry! By the time you arrive , we (finish) the work. 8. The bus always (stop) here to pick up passengers. 9. The train (leave) half an hour ago. 10. I (not be) to Da Nang so far. 11. She (do) her home work by the time I went there. 12. “Did you phone me two days ago?”, she asked the boy. 13. “Why are you late?” they asked her. They wondered 14. “Get on with your work!”, the boss said to me. 15. “I’m terribly sorry, I’m late,” said Mai  Mai apologized 16. “I wouldn’t eat too much if I were you, Mary?” said Ann. Ann advised 17. “Would you like to come to my party tomorrow?” Ann asked me.  Ann invited me 18. While I along the road, I saw a friend of mine. a. had cycled b. have cycled c. cycled d. was cycling. 19. Her parents would not upset if she harder. a. works b. is working c. will work d. worked 20. “Would you like to go to the pop concert?”. – “Thanks, but I it already”. a. had seen b. have been seeing c. have seen d. did see 22. “What did you do last night?” - “I watched TV, practised the piano, and my homework”. a. do b. did c. was doing d. have done 23. We can not only through words but also through body language. a. talk b. transfer c. interpret d. communicate 58 Danh ®éng tï http://Violet.vn/Huyenthoai_2010/ 24. “Did you meet Ann here at the university?” “No we when I started college.” a. have already met b. had already met c. had already been meeting d. already met 25. “Did you go to Hawaii for vacation?” “I to go, but I got sick at the last minute”. a. was planned b. had planning c. had been planning d. have planned. 26. nonverbal communication is different from culture to culture. a. a b. an c.the d. x 27. Facial show one’s feelings when he is communicating. a. expressions b. expresses c. expressive d. expressively 28. Some people get married not simply because they are love. a. for b. in c. with d. on 29. He came to for what happened because he had clearly been in the wrong. a. apologize b. compliment c. promise d. serve 30. John looked at Jane and tried a smile of love, of ,of gratitude. a. dislike b. unreliability c. trust d. anger 31. He asked us not to make so much noise he was working. a. and that if b. and c. and that d. and added that 32. She told him a. patient b. to be patient c. was patient d. that being patient 33. Daniel asked me if I thought a. it will rain today b. it would rain today c. it would rain today d. it would rain that day 34. Barbara asked me the homework that week. a. that she must do b. if she has to do c. if she had to do d. if did she have to do 35. Robert wanted to know if I was leaving the Friday. a. following b. ago c. previous d. before 36. Jennifer asked me the week before. a. where had I gone b. where I had gone c. where did I gone d. I had gone where 37. I to the shop, but I anything because I my wallet. a. go/ cannot buy / will lose b. was going / did not buy / have lost c. am going / am not buying / will lose d. went / could not buy / had lost 37. She said that she hadn’t visited the UK a. before b. then c. now d. ago. 38. a. located b. formed c. threatened d. agreed 39. a. ones b. pictures c. decades d. places 40. a. followed b. considered c. called d. witnessed 41. a. parks b. trees c. cares d. contains 42. The little girl asked what to her friend. a. has happened b. happened c. had happened d. would have been happened 43. Jack the door. a. has just painted b. paint c. will have painted d. painting 44. My sister for you since yesterday. a. is looking b. was looking c. has been looking d. looked 45. As soon as you all your homework, you will be allowed to go out. a. are doing b. had done c. did d. have done 59 . chuyện) - a swimming pool.(hồ bơi) - a dining room.(phòng ăn) - a washing machine.(máy giặt) 6/ Dùng sau tính từ sở hữu : - Please forgive my coming late.(Vui lòng bỏ qua việc tôi đến trễ) - His. trong câu. (*) Remember + gerund : nhớ lại việc đã thực hiện. - I remember posting the letter.(Tôi nhớ là đã bỏ lá thư này.) Remember + to infinitive : nhớ để thực hiện. - I’ll remember to post. này.) (*) Stop + gerund : ngưng thực hiện việc đang làm. - She stopped mending the dress.(Cô ấy ngừng vá chiếc áo đầm này.) Stop + to infinitive : ngưng làm một việc gì khác để làm việc này. - He stopped