!"#$%&'()(*+ ,$- ./0123# + = + !"#$% & $$'()*+ ,$-./ 0 ./0123# 12*3 !4 12*3 !4 + − − = .0123#5 + →+∞ + − .0123#.6 !78 9:9;:;;$(<9:.# $=> ? 9@9AB@ = C*+ $D:;$E#FB"::;;?G299;;H ($ 5HI?9;J&.6 !7 .0123##@B@$.$$K$I*3 $(% BL !4 + + + ≥ ,$-M45$N.H! #2O .4/0123# + + − − + = #C .*+ !P BC'9QR&S*T$)2=<)G )2=<)(T2G#= ($ *+ U + + + = = α − + + = 5 [ ] α .40123#VW<? KI! &#!4 + .5/0123# 9XQM*+ U ∆ − + = YK => 9:Y#$ N:@L!" ∆ ?HNZ=I*3 ?H$$N:@@Y 9XQ[Q[@:MQX[QX\=H$2]^<#$\9_\:/0 .50123# ! = + + + #!!` ab^$(I? 4 ! = + + + + VW<5, AAAAAAAAAAAAAA / !"#$%&'()(*+ ,$- ./0123# = + − &A c$2*3 ! + − = $( ,I=<0 ./0123#12*3 !4 π π 1B02*3 !4 − < .0123#54 " #$ π π − = ∫ .0123#$(28 $Z=$($?<.#@$?B"T2GF< H ($ 5J&$O=*3 8 .0123##@B@$.$$I*3 W + + ≤ !4 + + ≥ + + + CU 8$^<!#&d ,$-M45$N.H! #2O .4/0123# e-22*3 !$5f$$E#g.2hB)!7$.G]^@$(H"= % & − i=# ' & J)2*3 !2j (() + + + = )2^`$GF$O= k4 + + − + − + = .40123#!"2?H@-2T2B=Il$$28$W Z=&,4 ≤ − + < .5/0123# e-22*3 !*+ U ∆ i=#mQM$f$$#]^@]<?\@n&$ ]#$]\_]n/0 ! &> #]^<o$9MQMQ@:RQQQ2j4^_<_oXAR # * # # = = − = ∈ #$ '+ , /0 .50123#YK#28$ M M + 5 M p M q = − + − + 6 !"#$%&'()(*+ ,$- ./0123# − = + JG !$E#@*+ U I4<A^X$f*+ $ ?$(H.G 3X ./0123# 12*3 !4 12*3 !4 + + = .0123#5k G?Br$$*+ 4 & $/ = − + = − .0123#&$(2# $Z=k9:$(<.# $Z=$?#@$$$?B" ?G<H ($ 5J&$(20< .0123#,#=$( ,I=<04 + + + ≥ + ≤ ,$-M45$N.H! #2O .4/0123# !"g.2h4 + = "=I*G ($=> 9QQs # # # = + ∆ = − + = − #J)2*3 !2ji=#9=> ($G ∆ B$)==> ($$E#9." ∆ 9;^8 $E#9i=# ∆ .40123#4 / / − − ≥ + + ∀ ≥ .5/0123# !"g.2h4 + = "=I*G ($ 8I,k9:$(kA9A9:A @ , '+ ⊥ '+ => ?9 0 ,'1 + ∈ ∈ #$9\AnARtt# #5HI?\n !$E#\n f0 B?\n f0@$\n.*+ => ($$= $E#:k9 .50123# 2 $ + − = − − − J)2*3 !)2=<)$= $E#j?)2$E#$` 7 !"#$%&'()(*+ ,$- ./0123# = + − + &A 1a9.$$E# !$E#)2=<)G?9 G *+ U <A^XM ./0123# 12*3 !4 # 12*3 !4 − − = − .0123#5k G?Br$$*+ 4 = − − = .0123#$(2k9:$(<.# $=> r:?k9=> ($G <'9&S '3 ,+$'4$ , ⊥ ⊥ :)9:A#@:AB@k9A$55$& $(2k9Yh [ ] 4,'+ .0123#^@<.$$K$#<%1nn$E#B=8$4 ' = − + + + + + − ,$-M45$N.H! #2O .4/0123# J)2*3 !*+ !P)2^`$G!7$$(u=H$*+ U I4^X<XMAR \QQv # # # = + ∆ = + = + V ∈ ∆ #$\V/0 .40123#0$$$ !2*3 !4 − + − = − $( ,I*3 .5/0123# $$!"V4 − − = "=I*GH ($ F$O= , − + + + = $ + + = = = = J)2*3 !$5f$$E#*+ U i=#u$E#k +$f & .50123# 2 $ − + = + − #j)2^`$G 8 !"#$%&'()(*+ ,$- ./0123# − = + + − & = c$#$f!7$?M2uB, ./0123# 12*3 !4 12*3 !4 * + = + + .0123#5 " = − ∫ .0123#$(28 $Z=k9:Y@<.=> $?#@$?B" ?G<H ($ 1a\.!= k\F2U i=#9\ G:Y@$f k:?h$fkY?w5J&$(2k9h\w .0123##@B@$.$$K$I*3 W ≤ !4 + + ≥ + + CU 8$^<!#&d ,$-M45$N.H! #2O .4/0123# g.2h4 + = 0 4 ∈ #$\ % % I*G ($=> 5& $$'9QRQ)*+ U − ∆ = = .40123#28$oW,2*3 !4 − = − = − .5/0123# ! 2]^<@)2!*+ !PumXQ@B&5xA ?H # 9@:$E#mG ∆ 4^Xp<XAR?H#$ '+ => H)2! *+ !Pm 1,4 − = + − − = .50123#$$9QRQR@:RQMQR@RQRQM$\@n.O.*T.!= $E#]9:Qj@m.!"]9:#$4 M ] ]j = \n$fjmJ) 2*3 !2\njmN 9: 9m 9 !"#$%&'()(*+ ,$- ./0123# = − & = JG !$E#$(M$K$!?H# $=> ./0123# 12*3 !4 + = + 12*3 !4 − = + .0123#5 − + →+∞ − + .0123#)I,i=#!7$$E#H(.H# $=> $u$($? ($ => BL # 5 5 #6 , - , $E#( 5J&(*3 8 .0123##@B@$.$$K$I*3 W + + = 4 * + + + ≥ CU 8$^<!#&d ,$-M45$N.H! #2O .4/0123# ! 2]^<@$9QR@:[QvJ)2*3 !*+ !P)2^`$G!7$ ?9& $$'u$E#):BL p '+ @B)9QXQ@:XMQQR@QRQX$(*+ $#9V?HV '&+ .40123#, ! &#!#8$$E#B=8$4 2 = + − .5/0123# \#QBG#yR@ByRJ)2*3 !*+ U i=#\$f$$#]^@]<?9@B #$ 7'+ $(I,5$/0 .6 !78 '+' + :)9#QRQR@:X#QRQR@RQQR@ + X#QRQB@#yR@ByR #5 + ' B#@B#<%* .=>.=>W#_BAv@#@B + ' .G0 .50123# − + − + − = − c$$($K$ !5$$E#1Cz1? !/0 : !"#$%&'()(*+ ,$- ./0123# = − + − + − & = $f!7$?M$$Z=#= ./0123# 12*3 !4 + = − + + CB02#=$( ,4 − − − < .0123#5 , 8$9:$; $ $ = + .0123#$(2# $Z=k9:$(9:A#$$?B"k9@k:@k?G <H ($ 5J&$(2k9:F$O= ?)2&$(2( .0123#^@<@o.$$I*3 W + + = 4 + + ≤ + + + + + + CU 8$^<!#&d ,$-M45$N.H! #2O .4/0123# ! 2]^<@$9XQM@:Q@\Qv*+ U Y4<A^ 3 ∈ #$ '+ $u?:J)2*3 !*+ !P9:\ 9XvQXQv # # # = − + = − = − + J)2*3 !*+ U ∆ i=#9@$f=> ($GI .40123#-2^$$E#4 − = + − .5/0123# e-22*3 !$5f$$E#<2gB.VB)Vi=#n[QM ($ #*+ , $-BL $(2k9:Y@<9:Y.=> $?#@$?B" ,' '+3 ⊥ k9 A#1a\@n.O.*T.!= $E#$$$?k9@kY 5 [ ] '&+0 5{5$2O$(2k9:Y$#Br2:\ .50123#!4(!" + + = + )2=<)?( => ($G,$-^" ; !"#$%&'()(*+ ,$- ./0123# = + − & = c$2*3 !4 + − = $( ,I=<0 ./0123#12*3 !4 + + + ,2*3 !4 + = + + = #1,2G#A B$$ !$E##,$( ,I=<0 .0123#54 / + ∫ .0123#&$(2k9:$(*+ $#k9A#@<.# $=> $u$(9: A:A#1a:;.!= $E#k:@;.$u*+ $#?'9$E# '+ 5J&$(2k9:4 , 6'+< < ⊥ M5J&$(2k9:;; .0123#^@<@o.$$I*3 W = 4 + + + + + + + + ≥ CU 8$^<!#&d ,$-M45$N.H! #2O .4/0123# J)2*3 !*+ !Pi=#9pQM)2^`$G*+ U I4^_M<AAR?QX J)2*3 !*+ U L! 2j4<_oAR$f*+ U 4 #& #& # = # & #& ∆ = − = = ∆ = − + = .40123#12#=!"-228$4 + + + + + − = .5/0123# g.2h4 + = J)2*+ U ∆ i=#\Q$fh?9@:# $\.!= $E#9: & 22*3 9:Y9;:;;Y;@$?BL 5 ($?Br$$*+ U 9; 9;:J8I,9\nj .50123#,$E#? $8# ! &#!4 + B)!L 4 * + + + − = + " !"#$%&'()(*+ ,$- ./0123# = − = = − + + V !4I.=>$fV?2uB,=H$$E#V ./0123#12*3 !4 − + 12*3 !4 * − = .0123#54 , 8$9:$;$ $ = = .0123#.6 !78 9:9;:;;$(<9:.# $=> @9:A:A#@ $?B" ''< = 1a\.!= $E#$?:5g#5$&.6 !7 9:9;:;;& $$ #*+ U 9\@:; .0123#1nn$E#B=8$ 2 = + + + + + + <! ($$ I*3 #@B@$@WZ=&,4 ≤ ,$-M45$N.H! #2O .4/0123#J)2*3 !$5f$$E#g.2h$("= % % B)hi=# 0 & 0% % => ?\ *+ U #& *#& # $ #& #& ∆ = − − = − − = − ∆ = + = − + = J)2*3 ! 2j$8# ∆ j ∆ .40123#(pa$#@Ma$@v-.|#e-2$> $$O$($#@$O$($a$.}-.|V/$(B#"=$$d .5/0123# e-22$5f$$E#VB)N.MQR2*3 !*+ !P ?)2$ -$3r.4 + = + + + = + JG !$E# B)!" & & +∞ .50123#e-22 ∆ L! α 4<_oAR$f #& #& # $ #& #& ∆ = − = = ∆ = − = + = ! !"#$%&'()(*+ ,$- ./0123# = + − − − &A JG !$E#@$f!7$?M2uB,$(H.G3X ./0123#12*3 !4 * π = + − 1,2*3 !4 + = + = .0123#54 , 8$9:$;$$ = = + .0123# $(2k9:Y$(<9:Y.=> $?#@FB"k9Y.# $Z= L! F2U => ($G<1a\@n@j.O.*T.!= $E#$$$? k:@:@Y4 '0 +2 ⊥ J&8I,\nj .0123# B4 2 = + − − ≥ <G#@B.$$K$I*3 W = ,$-M45$N.H! #2O .4/0123# ! 2]^<@$9vQR@:RQMJ)2*3 !*+ !P ?)2H)2 7'+ F$O=k4 $62 + + − + − + = j)2 ^`$Gk?H)2 .40123#1,24 + = + + = − .5/0123# J)2*+ !Pi=#9XQR@:Q)2^`$G*+ U ^X<XAR 24 + + − + + + + = c$(.2$E#F $O=(B&5F$O=./0 .50123#$$^ =<"I*3 W24 + + = − [...]... #@B@$ − − = & $ => − = - 9: Y 9;:; ;Y; $( + = J ) 2 *3 − \ !" # @ 0& = N $( "= I i=# 9 MQX QXv @ = 0123# $ (2 $( ' = $E# $? ;c $ => ($ G #= *+ # B cD -2 V $( MR & $ #=@ ! U B $( R $E# V ( B# "= # g 2 h 5 /0123# $ $ "= J) 2 \:Y 0123# # $( R =H$ -2 V $ (2 $• # 2 O 9 RQRQR @: #QRQR @Y RQ#QR @9; RQRQB @ #yR@ByR \ != 2 9;:Y k: $E# $ (2 4 /0123# ! F B" k9: ≤ W M > G 1 nn $E# B = ,$ - = $ k 9: < @ F B"... 8# [ 4 " B ! ` 5 ^ $ =0 + 4 − = B) ∆ i=# + + − = + − = = + # & = #& = − # -. $∆ W # 2 O 4 /0123# ! K$ I*3 U " B @! *T$ " B ( $( g )2 = 5 # − ]^ < ($ BL α K$ I*3 #< % G 2= ,$ - ( => $ (2 k 9: Y $( < Q ', = 4 )2 = ($ J $E# $ (2 1 nn $E# B = 8$4 + H ! 9: Y $? + # 2 O 4 /0123# ! , 2 ]^ . ! 2j$8# ∆ j ∆ .40123#(pa$#@Ma$@v - .|#e-2$> $$O$($#@$O$($a$.} - .|V/$(B#"=$$d .5/0123# e-22$5f$$E#VB)N.MQR2*3. ($GI .40123# -2 ^$$E#4 − = + − .5/0123# e-22*3 !$5f$$E#<2gB.VB)Vi=#n[QM. 8$^<!#&d ,$ - M45$N.H! #2O .4/0123# e-22*3 !$5f$$E#g.2hB)!7$.G]^@$(H"= %