CHAPTER 17 - GERUNDS OVERVIEW: Affirmative Gerunds: 1. Exercising is important. 2. Budgeting carefully is difficult. 3. Budgeting your money is not easy. Negative Gerunds: 1. Not exercising is bad for you. 2. Not budgeting carefully is a mistake. 3. Not budgeting your money is a mistake. Gerunds as Subjects: 1. Learning math is difficult. 2. Exercising isn’t fun. Gerunds as Objects: 1. I enjoy shopping. 2. We discussed moving to Ohio. Preposition + Gerund: 1. I’ll call before leaving town. 2. We walked instead of driving. Verb + Preposition + Gerund: 1. We worried about losing our jobs. 2. I believe in telling the truth. Be + Adjective + Preposition + Gerund: 1. We were tired of studying hard. 2. He was afraid of losing his job MEANING AND USES: Referring to Activities and States: Use a gerund to refer to an activity or state. For example: Activity State Learning a foreign language is hard work. I don’t like being hungry. Use GO + Gerund to refer to common activities. GO can be used in any tense. For example: 1. I went sightseeing when I was in Paris. 2. When you visit a national park, you can go hiking, camping, and fishing. Use verbs such as LIKE, DISLIKE, HATE, ENJOY + Gerund to talk about liking or disliking activities and states. For example: 1. I hate eating alone. 2. In his free time, John enjoys fixing old cars. DO YOU MIND…? / I DON’T MIND… and WOULD YOU MIND…? The verb “MIND” means “DISLIKE, FEEL BOTHERED”. “MIND + Gerund” is usually used in questions and negative statements to express likes and dislikes. For example: Expressing Likes and Dislikes 1. A: Do you mind getting up early for work? (= Does getting up early bother you?) B: No, I don’t mind. I’m used to it. ( = No, it doesn’t bother me.) 2. I don’t mind driving at night. ( = Driving at night doesn’t bother me.) Use WOULD YOU MIND + gerund to make polite requests. An answer of NO means that the listener agrees to the request. For example: 1. A: Sorry to bother you, but would you mind closing that window? B: No, not at all. (= OK. I’ll close it.) OTHER COMMON USES: Use BY + Gerund to explain how to do something. For example: You can make better cookies by adding extra butter. Gerunds are often used in signs that permit or forbid an activity. For example: 1. Taking photos is not allowed. 2. Smoking is strictly forbidden. LIST OF THE VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS VERB + GERUND: acknowledge, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, can’t help = can’t stand, celebrate, consider, defend, defer, delay, deny, detest, discuss, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, go, imagine, involve, keep, loathe, mean = involve, mind = object to, miss, omit, postpone, practice, prevent, prohibit, quit, recall, recollect, recommend, regret, report, resent, resist, resume, risk, suggest, tolerate, understand VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND: adapt to, adjust to, agree (with someone) on, apologize (to someone) for, approve of, argue (with someone) about, ask about, believe in, blame for, care about, complain (to someone) about, concentrate on, consist of, decide on, depend on, disapprove of, discourage (someone) from, engage in, forgive (someone) for, help (someone) with BE + ADJ + PREPOSITION + GERUND: be accustomed to, be afraid of, be angry (at someone) about, be ashamed of, be capable of, be certain of/about, be concerned with, be critical of, be discouraged from, be enthusiastic about, be familiar with, be famous for, be fond of, be glad about, be good at, be happy about, be incapable of, be interested in, be jealous of, be known for, be nervous about, be perfect for, be proud of, be responsible for, be sad about, be successful in, be suitable for, be tired of, be tolerant of, be upset about. CHAPTER 18 - INFINITIVES Affirmative infinitives: Subject + verb + infinitive 1. He agreed to leave. / to speak slowly. / to help me. 2. I learned to cook. Negative infinitives: Subject + verb + not + infinitive 1. He agreed not to leave. / not to speak quickly. / not to bother me. (IN ORDER) + Infinitive: Subject + verb + (in order) + infinitive: He cheated (in order) to win. (In order) + infinitive + Subject + verb: (In order) to win, he cheated. IT (subject) … + Infinitive: Subject + verb + adjective + infinitive: It was difficult to lie. Subject + verb + noun + infinitive: It took two years to learn the truth. MEANING AND USES: Referring to Activities and States: Use LIKE, LOVE, HATE, PREFER, WANT + infinitive to express likes, dislikes, and other feelings toward these activities and states. For example: 1. I hate to go to parties alone. / 2. He wants to own his own home. Giving reasons with IN ORDER + infinitive: + Use IN ORDER + infinitive to express a reason for doing something. This is called the purpose infinitive. It can answer the question WHY? 1. A: Why did you go to your son’s school? B: I went in order to meet his teacher. 2. In order to finish my Christmas shopping early, I started in November. + IN ORDER is often left out, especially in conversations or in instructions. 1. A: Why did you leave work early? B: To go to the doctor. I had a 3:00 appointment. 2. Call the number below to get more information. Sentences with IT (subject) … + Infinitive: + In sentences with IT (subject) …+ infinitive, IT refers to the infinitive at the end of the sentence. 1. It takes a long time to learn another language. ( It = to learn another language) 2. It wasn’t easy to find an apartment. ( It = to find an apartment) 3. It is better not to say anything. ( It = not to say anything) + IT (subject) …+ infinitive sentences can have the same meaning as sentences with subject gerunds. It was difficult to lie. ( = Lying was difficult.) It took two years to learn the truth. ( = Learning the truth took two years.) LIST OF THE VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE: Verb + Infinitive: agree, aim, appear, arrange, care, claim, consent, decide, decline, demand, fail, hope, intend, manage, offer, plan, pledge, pretend, refuse, resolve, seem, struggle, swear, tend, volunteer, wait. Verb + Object + Infinitive: advise, command, convince, force, get, hire, invite, order, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, trust, urge, warn Verb + (Object) + Infinitive: ask, beg, choose, dare, desire, expect, help, know, need, pay, prepare, promise, want, wish, would like * VERB + INFINITIVE or GERUND: attempt, begin, can’t bear, can’t stand, cease, continue, forget, hate, like, love, neglect, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, stop, try CONTRASTING GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES: Some verbs can take either gerunds or infinitives, with a difference in meaning. + STOP + infinitive: you stop to do something else. (I stopped to smoke.) STOP + gerund: you stop doing something forever. (I stopped smoking.) + TRY + infinitive: try your best to do something, make an effort For example: I’m trying to learn English. TRY + gerund: experiment with a new or different thing to see if it works. For example: The room was hot. I tried opening the window, but that didn’t help. So I tried turning on the fan, but I was still hot. + FORGET + infinitive: forget to perform a responsibility, or task For example: Sam often forgets to lock the door. FORGET + gerund: forget something that happened in the past For example: I’ll never forget going to her party. It was so much fun! + REMEMBER + infinitive: remember to perform responsibility, duty, or task. For example: Sam often remembers to lock the door. REMEMBER + gerund: remember (recall) something that happened in the past For example: He remembered mailing the letter. + REGRET + infinitive: regret to say, to tell someone, to inform someone of some bad news. For example: I regret to tell you that you failed the test. REGRET + gerund: regret something that happened in the past. For example: I regret lending him some money. He never paid me back. CHAPTER 19 - PHRASAL VERBS TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS: Separable Transitive Phrasal Verbs: + Subject + Verb + particle + Object Noun + Subject + Verb + Object Noun (Object Pronoun) + particle For example: 1. I left out the sugar. 2. I left the sugar out. 3. I left it out. Inseparable Transitive Phrasal Verbs: Subject + Verb + particle + Object Noun or Pronoun For example: 1. She looked after the children. 2. He counts on you. 3. We cut down on fat. 4. They dropped out of school. INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS: Subject + Verb + particle For example: 1. She grew up overseas. 2. He dropped by yesterday. MEANING AND USES + A phrasal verb consists of a verb and a particle. (UP, DOWN, ON, OFF, BY, IN, OUT). + Particles look like prepositions, but they often have different meanings. Particles often change the meaning of the verb they combine with. Transitive Phrasal Verbs: + Transitive phrasal verbs take OBJECTS. + Most transitive phrasal verbs are separable; that is, we can put an object noun after the phrasal verb or between the verb and the particle. + If the object of a separable transitive phrasal verb is a pronoun, it must separate the verb and the particle. It cannot follow the phrasal verb. + Separable transitive phrasal verbs include CALL UP, FIGURE OUT, FILL OUT, LEAVE OUT, PICK UP, PUT DOWN, TRY ON, TURN DOWN. + You cannot place the object between the verb and the particle in insaparable transitive phrasal verbs. They include CALL FOR, COME ACROSS, COUNT ON, GO OVER, LOOK AFTER. + Some inseparable transitive phrasal verbs consist of three words. The object always follows the preposition. (CUT DOWN ON, DROP OUT OF, GO ALONG WITH, LOOK UP TO, PUT UP WITH, RUN OUT OF, STICK UP FOR. Intransitive Phrasal Verbs: Intransitive phrasal verbs do not take objects. (BREAK DOWN, COME OUT, DROP BY, GROW UP, RUN OUT, SHOW UP, WATCH OUT. . of, be tolerant of, be upset about. CHAPTER 18 - INFINITIVES Affirmative infinitives: Subject + verb + infinitive 1. He agreed to leave. / to speak slowly. / to help me. 2. I learned to cook (I stopped to smoke.) STOP + gerund: you stop doing something forever. (I stopped smoking.) + TRY + infinitive: try your best to do something, make an effort For example: I’m trying to learn. refers to the infinitive at the end of the sentence. 1. It takes a long time to learn another language. ( It = to learn another language) 2. It wasn’t easy to find an apartment. ( It = to find