Grammar sense 1 - from chapter 5 to 10 potx

CHAPTER 5 – The Present Continuous (S + am/is/are + V-ing + O) MEANING AND USE NOTES:  Activities in progress: A. Use the present continuous for activities that are in progress (or happening) at the exact moment the speaker is talking. You can use time expressions such as now or right now to emphasize that an action is happening currently (and may end soon). For example: 1. Look! It is snowing. 2. She’s making dinner now. 3. Steve can’t come to the phone right now. He’s taking a bath. B. Use the present continuous for activities that are in progress, but not happening at the exact moment the speaker is talking. You can use time expressions such as this week, still, this semester, these days to show when the action is happening. For example: 1. I’m looking for a cheap car. Do you have any ideas? 2. I’m painting my house this week. It’s taking a long time. C. Use the present continuous for changing situations. For example: 1. My grades are improving this semester. 2. Computers are getting cheaper all the time.  Stative verbs and the present Continuous: A. Many stative verbs are not generally used in the present continuous. They are usually used in the simple present. Some of these verbs are know, mean, own, seem, and understand. For example: 1. Do you know the answer?  Are you knowing the answer? (INCORRECT) 2. Whar does solar system mean?  What is solar system meaning? (INCORRECT) 3. We don’t own a car.  We’re not owning a car. (INCORRECT) B. Some stative verbs can be used in the present continuous, but they are used as action verbs and have a different meaning from their simple present meaning. (have, look, see, taste, think, and weigh) For example: 1. They have a large house. (They own a large house.)  They’re having a good time. (They’re experiencing a good time.) 2. Mark looks very unhappy. (Mark seems unhappy.)  Mark is looking for his car keys. (Mark is searching for his car keys.) 3. I see Lisa. She’s behind Bob. (I’m looking at Lisa.)  I’m seeing Lisa. (I’m dating Lisa.) C. Stative verbs that refer to physical conditions can occur in the simple present or present continuous with no difference in meaning. (ache –ñau ñôùn, feel, hurt) For example: 1. I don’t feel weel. (I’m not feeling well.) 2. My throat hurts. (My throat is hurting.)  STILL and the present continuous: STILL emphasizes that the activity or state is in progress. It often suggests surprise that the activity or state has not ended. Place STILL after BE in affirmative statements, before BE in negative statements, and after the subject in questions. AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT – He is still living with his parents. NEGATIVE STATEMENT – He still isn’t living on his own. YES/NO QUESTION – Is he still living with his parents?  Time expression with the present Continuous: Some time expressions refer to an exact moment in the present (now, right now, and at the moment). Others refer to a longer time period that includes the present moment. (this week, this month, this semester, this year, this morning/afternoon/evening, these days, nowadays). Time expression can occur at the beginning or end of a sentence. Spelling of Verbs Ending in – ING: 1. For most verbs, add – ING to the base form of the verb. sleep – sleeping talk – talking 2. If the base form ends in a single e, drop the e and add – ing (exception: being) live – living write - writing 3. If the base from ends in ie, change ie to y and add – ing. die – dying lie - lying 4. If the base form of a one-syllable verb ends with a single vowel + consonant, double the final consonant and add - ing. Hit – hitting stop - stopping 5. Do not double the final consonants x, w, and y. Fix – fixing grow – growing obey - obeying CHAPTER 6 – The simple Present • TO BE: Subject + am/is/are + O • Normal verb: Subject + V – s / V – es + O MEANING AND USE NOTES:  Repeated Activities: Use the simple present to talk about activities that happen repeatedly (again and again). These events can be personal habits or routines (for example, activities at home or at work), or scheduled events. Habits or Routines I always eat cereal for breakfast. He takes the bus to work every day. Scheduled events School starts at 8:00 and finishes at 3:00. The club meets in the library every Friday.  Factual Information: Use the simple present to talk about factual information, such as general truths, scientific facts, or definitions. General truths: Doctors study for many years. Definitions: The word brilliant means “very intelligent.” Scientific Facts: Iceland has more than 100 volcanoes.  States or Conditions: Use the simple present with stative verbs (verbs that don’t express action) to talk about states or conditions, such as physical descriptions, senses, measurements, feelings, relationships, knowledge, beliefs, or possession. Some common stative verbs are be, have, seem, like, want, know, understand, mean, believe, own, belong, taste, weighs, smell, cost, dislike… He is tall and has dark hair. She seems angry. We belong to the soccer club.  Adverbs of frequency with the simple present: Use adverbs of frequency with the simple present to express how often something happens. Adverbs of frequency usually come before the main verb, but after the verb BE. She always has ballet from 3:00 to 6:00p.m The cafeteria food is usually bad. My mother often cooks for us. It sometimes rains here in the summer. My brother and I seldom fight. He never cleans his room. CHAPTER 7 – ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY  COMMON ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY : 100% ° always ° almost always ° frequently, often ° usually, generally ° sometimes, occasionally ° rarely, seldom ° almost never, hardly ever 0% ° never Placement of Adverbs of frequency: + In affirmative statements, adverbs of frequency come after the verb BE, but come before other verbs. + In negative statements, most adverbs of frequency come before BE + NOT or DO + NOT. However, ALWAYS comes after BE + NOT or DO + NOT. For example: 1. She isn’t always late. / 2. She doesn’t always eat lunch. + Frequently, usually, generally, sometimes, occasionally can also come at the beginning or end of a sentence.  FUNCTIONS :  We can use frequency expressions such as all the time, some of the time, once in a while instead of certain adverbs of frequency. These expressions usually go at the end of the sentence. For example: 6. I am always busy. = I am busy all the time. 7. She sometimes walks to work. = She walks to work some of the time. 8. They occasionally visit me. = They visit me once in a while.  Expressing Opposites : + These adverbs of frequency have opposite meanings. Always / Never He always tells the truth. He never lies. Almost Always / Almost Never We almost always bring our lunches. We almost never eat in a restaurant. Frequently, Often / Seldom, Rarely I frequently / often go out on weekends. I seldom / rarely stay home on weekends.  Using EVER : + EVER means “at any time”. We use EVER in negative statements and in YES/NO questions. We also use EVER in certain affirmative statements, for example, with HARDLY. For example: 1. I don’t ever work on weekends. 2. Do you ever go fishing? 3. We hardly ever walk to work. + We can use an adverb of frequency to answer a question with Do you ever …? but it is not necessary. For example: A: Do you ever study until midnight? B: Yes, I do. / I sometimes do. CHAPTER 8 – THE SIMPLE PAST of BE (AM / IS  WAS, ARE  WERE) * Common uses of BE in the Simple Past: + Use the simple past of BE to talk about people, things, or situations that existed in the past. For example: Conditions 1. John and Sandra were sick yesterday. 2. Keisha was hungry. Physical Characteristics 1. Last year Soo – Jin’s hair was long. 2. The school was small. Occupations 1. Her brother was a taxi driver for four years. Locations and Origin 1. Those two new students were here yesterday. 2. Alexander The Great was from Macedonia. * Past time expressions: Past time expressions can occur at the beginning or end of a sentence. Yesterday, last night / week / month / year / Monday / Tuesday… A period of time + AGO FOR + a period of time For example: 1. I wasn’t in school yesterday. 2. Last night they were at the party. 3. The day before yesterday was Monday. 4. Last month we were in Argentina. 5. Irina’s birthday was ten days ago. 6. Five minutes ago Mike was in the kitchen. CHAPTER 9 – THE SIMPLE PAST * Normal verbs: Affirmative statement: + Regular verbs: Subject + V – ed + Object + Irregular verbs: Subject + V2 + Object Negative statement: + Subject + DID – NOT (didn’t) + V ( infinitive) + Object. Question: + DID + Subject + V (infinitive) + Object? * TO BE: WAS / WERE Affirmative statement: Subject + WAS / WERE + Object Negative statement: Subject + WAS / WERE – NOT (wasn’t / weren’t) + Object. Question: WAS / WERE + Subject + V (infinitive) + Object? MEANING AND USE NOTES:  Use the simple past for actions or states that started and ended in the past. Use time expressions to describe the time period. For example: 1. I lived in Boston in 1999. 2. They played baseball two days ago. 3. We went shopping yesterday. 4. The garden was beautiful last year.  The actions or states can happen in the recent past (a short time ago) or the distant past (a long time ago). For example: Recent past: 1. He called five minutes ago. / 2. She felt tired yesterday. Distant past: 1. They got married in 1973. / 2. He was very sick ten years ago.  The actions or states can last for a long or short period of time. For example: Long period of time: 1. I worked there for many years. 2. She was ill for six months. Short period of time: 1. It rained hard all afternoon. 2. He seemed happy to see me.  The actions or states can happen once or repeatedly. For example: Happened once:  I graduated on June 5, 1999. Happened repeatedly:  He always studied hard before a test.  Time expressions with the Simple past: Time expressions are commonly used with the simple past. These words and phrases often refer to an exact point in time in the past or to a past time period. Time expressions can occur at the beginning or end of a sentence. (yesterday, the day before yesterday, this morning/afternoon, last night/week/month/year, recently, a few/several/many years ago, a long time ago/a while ago).  THE HABITUAL PAST WITH “USED TO”: USED TO suggests that a habit or situation was true in the past, but is not true now. Use USED TO for repeated (or habitual) actions or states that started and finished in the past. DO NOT use USED TO for actions or states that happened only ONCE. Adverbs of frequency and other time expressions with USED TO emphasize the repeated actions or states. For example: 1. We often USED TO visit my grandparents during summer vacation. We don’t anymore. 2. Did you USE TO travel a lot for work? 3. She USED TO be unfriendly. She never smiled. 4. The city didn’t USE TO have a subway system in the old days. Pronunciation of Verbs Ending in - ED: / id /  the base form of the verb ends with / t / , /d/ (started, needed, decided, waited…) / t /  the base form of the verb ends with /p/, /k /, /f /, /s /, /sh /, /ch/, /x / (jumped, looked, sliced, laughed, wished, watched, faxed…) / d /  the base form of the verb ends with /b/, /g/, /m/, /n/, /ng/, /l/, /r/, /th/, /v/, /z/ (robbed, braged, judged, banged, bathed, ordered, called, played, closed, waved, rained…) CHAPTER 10 – THE PAST CONTINUOUS Affirmative statement: Subject + WAS/WERE + V-ing + Object Negative statement: Subject + WAS/WERE – NOT + V-ing + Object Question: WAS/WERE + Subject + V-ing + Object? MEANING AND USE NOTES:  Activities in progress in the past: A. Use the past continuous to talk about activities that were in progress (happening) at a specific time in the past. This may be an exact moment in the past or a longer period of time in the past. For example: 1. It was raining at lunchtime. It was snowing. 2. You were acting strangely last night. 3. I was studying at Tokyo University in 2001. B. The past continuous is often used to talk about several activities that were in progress at the same time. 1. At six o’clock she was making a phone call, and we were eating dinner. 2. I was sleeping, and Linda was taking a shower. C. The past continuous expresses an ongoing past activity that may or may not be completed. In contrast, the simple past usually expresses a completed past activity. For example: Past Continuous: At 5:45 Greg was making dinner in the kitchen. (He was in the middle of making dinner.) Simple past: At 5:45 Greg was in the kitchen. He made dinner. Then he washed the dishes. (He completed dinner preparations.) D. We often use WHILE instead of AND to connect two activities that were happening at the same time. For example: 1. I was washing the dishes while Eva was baking a cake. 2. While Eva was baking a cake, I was washing the dishes.  Stative verbs and the past Continuous: KNOW, MEAN, OWN, SEEM, UNDERSTAND are not used in the past coninuous, but used in the simple past. Some stative verbs are used in the past continuous, but they are used as action verbs with a different meaning. (HAVE, THINK, TASTE, and WEIGH) For example: Simple past: Past Continuous 1. Did you have a car? (Did you own a car?) We were having a good time at the party. (We were experiencing a good time.) 2. I thought it was a great idea. I was thinking about Jenny recently. (I believed it was a good idea.) (Jenny was in my thoughts.) . consonant and add - ing. Hit – hitting stop - stopping 5. Do not double the final consonants x, w, and y. Fix – fixing grow – growing obey - obeying CHAPTER 6 – The simple Present • TO BE: Subject. rained…) CHAPTER 10 – THE PAST CONTINUOUS Affirmative statement: Subject + WAS/WERE + V-ing + Object Negative statement: Subject + WAS/WERE – NOT + V-ing + Object Question: WAS/WERE + Subject + V-ing. (exception: being) live – living write - writing 3. If the base from ends in ie, change ie to y and add – ing. die – dying lie - lying 4. If the base form of a one-syllable verb ends with a single