CHAPTER 11 – ARTICLES INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A, AN, SOME introducing a Noun Use A/AN to introduce a singular count noun for the first time. THERE IS/THERE ARE often begins a sentence or clause that introduces a noun with an indefinite article. For example: Woman: Did you see a little boy walk by here five minutes ago. Police officer: I’m not sure. What does he look like? Woman: He has brown hair, and there’s a big soccer ball on his sweatshirt. Use SOME or no article to introduce plural count nouns or noncount nouns. For example: I need some batteries for my camera.( I need batteries for my camera.) I called for some information. (I called for information.) Sometimes the speaker does not have a specific noun in mind. For example: 1. A: I’m looking for a new car, but I don’t know what kind. B: Are you looking for a big car or a small car? DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE identifying a Noun (Use THE to refer to a noun that both you and a listener can identify. This is possible when you and the listener share information about the noun.) Use the definite article THE to talk about a noun for the second time. For example: 1. I bought Koji a sweater and a watch for his birthday. However, the sweater doesn’t fit and the watch doesn’t work! Use the definite article THE for objects that you can see or hear. For example: 1. Could you pass the butter, please? 2. That must be a big fire. I can hear the sirens from here! Use the definite article THE when the speaker and the listener have a specific noun because they share common information. For example: 1. A: Oh, no! The copy machine is broken again! B: I can’t believe it! 2. Please wash the car . (Father to son) 3. Have you finished the report? (Boss to Employee) Use the definite article when other information in the sentence identifies the noun. For example: 1. Turn off the light near the door. 2. Please hand me the book about England. Use the definite article with certain nouns (store, doctor, hospital, movies, bank, park, TV, telephone) that are familiar to you and a listener in everyday life. For example: 1. A: I’m going to the doctor this morning. Can I borrow your car? B: Sure. 2. A: Hello. I’m here to see Ms. Stephens. B: I’m sorry, she’s on the telephone. Would you like to sit down and wait? Use the definite article for a noun that is unique. (the only one) For example: 1. The earth revolves around the sun. 2. Tokyo is the capital of Japan. CHAPTER 12: QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS GENERAL QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS A - GENERAL QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS WITH COUNT NOUNS: many, several, a few, few B – GENERAL QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS: a great deal of, much, a little, little C – GENERAL QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS WITH COUNT NOUNS AND NONCOUNT NOUNS: a lot of = lots of, plenty of, some, any, no MANY vs. MUCH: Use MANY in affirmative, negative statements and questions. Use MUCH in negative statements and questions. MUCH is not usually used alone in affirmative statements. Use A LOT OF instead. For example: 1. I have many friends. / I don’t have many friends./ Do you have many friends? 2. We don’t get much rain here. / Do you get much rain here? / We get a lot of rain here. A FEW/FEW vs A LITTLE/ LITTLE: + A FEW and A LITTLE give a positive idea; they indicate that something exists, is present. + FEW and LITTLE give a negative idea; they indicate that something is largely absent. Expressing NONE: Use NO, NOT ANY to express NONE. NO is used in affirmative statements, but it has a negative meaning. NOT ANY is used to form a negative statement. For example: 1. There is no sugar in this dessert. ( There isn’t any sugar in this dessert.) 2. There are no eggs in this recipe. ( There aren’t any eggs in this recipe.) Emphasizing Amounts: + Use TOO and SO before MANY/MUCH to emphasize a larger amount. TOO usually has a negative meaning. For example: 1. There are so many choices on this menu. Isn’t it wonderful? 2. There are too many choices on this menu. I can’t decide what to eat. 3. She’s made so much money this year. She’s happy about it. 4. She’s made too much money this year. She’ll have to pay a lot in taxes. + Use ONLY before A FEW or A LITTLE to emphasize an even smaller amount. Use QUITE with A FEW (not A LITTLE) to emphasize a larger amount. For example: 1. Only a few houses are available. (There are a small number of houses.) 2. Quite a few houses are available. (There are a large number of houses.) 3. Would you like some milk in your coffee? Only a little, please. SPECIFIC QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS Expressing specific amounts: + Specific quantity expressions can be used with plural count nouns or noncount nouns. Plural Count nouns: a box of matches, a cup of raisins Nouncount nouns: a box of cereal, a cup of sugar. + Specific quantity expressions make noncount nouns countable. One bowl of milk six ounces of beef two cans of soup four gallons of gas + The expression a piece of can be used with a number of noncount nouns to express a specific amount. A piece of cake/bread/furniture/clothing/advice/news… + Some different types of specific quantity expressions. Containers: a carton of eggs/milk a jar of mayonnaise a bag of potato chips A can of soda a box of cereal Portions: A slice of bread a piece of candy/cake a bowl of soup A glass of milk a cup of coffee Groups: A bunch of bananas a dozen eggs a herd of cattle a flock of birds A school of fish Measurements: A quart/gallon of juice an inch/foot/yard of cloth a cup/teaspoon/tablespoon of salt an ounce/pound of butter Shapes: A grain of rice/sand a pile/stack of leaves a drop of water a stick of butter . like to sit down and wait? Use the definite article for a noun that is unique. (the only one) For example: 1. The earth revolves around the sun. 2. Tokyo is the capital of Japan. CHAPTER 12 :. TV, telephone) that are familiar to you and a listener in everyday life. For example: 1. A: I’m going to the doctor this morning. Can I borrow your car? B: Sure. 2. A: Hello. I’m here to see Ms. Stephens. . CHAPTER 11 – ARTICLES INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A, AN, SOME introducing a Noun Use A/AN to introduce a singular count noun