Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 13 pdf

omy, generating up to $5 billion Australian(about $4 billion U.S.) in gross value each year and employing around 370,000 people across Australia. Farms in Aus- tralia have traditionally been family businesses, passed on from generation to generation. However, begin- ning in the 1950’s, international economic factors and changes in farming methods led to larger farms being more economically viable than small ones. The number of farming families in Australia has steadily decreasedand the average size of farms has increased. Different typesoffarming are concentrated mainly in the areas that suit them best, depending on water availability and climatic conditions. The grazing of livestock (mainly sheep and cattle) takes up the most land in Australian agriculture. Sheep are found pri- marily in New South Wales, Western Australia, and Victoria. About 90 percent of all cattle are used for beef. Queensland and New South Wales are Austra- lia’s main beef cattle producers, with the Northern Territory contributing about 10 percent of the beef cattle market.Dairying occurs mainly in the southern states, predominantly in Victoria. Crop growing contributes to more than 50 percent of thevalue ofAustralian agriculture every year.Wheat and other grain crops are spread fairly evenly across New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, and Queensland, and sugarcane is a major cropin Queensland and New South Wales.Fruitgrow- ing and vegetable growing occur in all states. Other Resources Australia is also extremely rich in zinc reserves, the principal sources for which are Mount Isa and Mount Morgan in Queensland. The Northern Territory also has lead and zinc mines and vast reserves of bauxite (aluminium ore), near Weipa on the Gulf of Car- penteria and at Gove in Arnhem Land. W. J. Maunder Further Reading Browne, G. S. Australia, a General Account: History, Re- sources, Production, Social Conditions. Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger, 2007. Halliday, James. JamesHalliday’s Wine Atlasof Australia. Prahran, Vic.: Hardie Grant Books, 2009. Horne, Donald. The Lucky Country: Australia in the Sixties. 2d rev. ed. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1978. Malcolm, Bill, et al. Agriculture in Australia: An Intro - duction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Turner, Lynne, et al. Where River Meets Sea: Exploring Australia’s Estuaries. Canberra, A.C.T.: CSIRO, 2006. See also: Agricultural products; Agriculture indus- try; Coal; Copper; Tungsten; Uranium. Austria Categories: Countries; government and resources While Austria is known for its cultural heritage in terms of classical music, it is also one of the most eco- nomically rich countries in Europe and the world. Aus- tria has limited natural resources in terms of fossil fu- els, metals, ores, and other rawmaterials, and many of the resources used for production and consumption have to beimported. However, Austria is richin renew- able resources such as timber and hydropower. Austria is also home to the largest Alpine national park, with many natural habitats and species. The Country Austria is a small, land-locked country in central Eu- rope, covering the eastern half of the Alps. The coun- try’s gross domestic product (GDP) is about 270 bil- lion euros (about $385 billion), with a per-capita income that averages 32,570 euros (about $46,000). Austrian per-capita income therefore ranks among those of the ten richest countries in the world. The Austrian population is concentrated mostly in the eastern lowlands of the country and in some inner- Alpine valleys and basins, with the eastern Alps cover- ing more thantwo-thirds of the country’s area. Of the nation’s total area, 47 percent is covered by forests, ar- able land amounts to about 17 percent, and high al- pine mountains and rocks cover more than 10 per- cent. About 38 percent of the land is permanent settlement area. Land Use Forests are the most important land cover in Austria, occupying 47 percent. Forest growth has been on the rise, because marginal soils have been covered again by trees, while in densely populated areas forests have been increasingly pushed back. Dense agriculture can be found in about one-third of the land area. Of Aus - tria’stotal area, about 3 percent(2,300 square kilome - 90 • Austria Global Resources Global Resources Austria • 91 Austria: Resources at a Glance Official name: Republic of Austria Government: Federal republic Capital city: Vienna Area: 31,999 mi 2 ; 82,871 km 2 Population (2009 est.): 8,210,281 Language: German Monetary unit: euro (EUR) Economic summary: GDP composition by sector (2008 est.): agriculture, 1.9%; industry, 30.7%; services, 67.4% Natural resources: oil, coal, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, hydropower Land use (2005): arable land, 16.59%; permanent crops, 0.85%; other, 82.56% Industries: construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals, chemicals, lumber and wood processing, paper and paperboard, communications equipment, tourism Agricultural products: grains, potatoes, sugar beets, wine, fruit, dairy products, cattle, pigs, poultry, lumber Exports (2008 est.): $163.6 billion Commodities exported: machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, paper and paperboard, metal goods, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs Imports (2008 est.): $168.9 billion Commodities imported: machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods, oil and oil products, foodstuffs Labor force (2008 est.): 3.633 million Labor force by occupation (2005 est.): agriculture, 5.5%; industry, 27.5%; services, 67% Energy resources: Electricity production (2007 est.): 59.31 billion kWh Electricity consumption (2006 est.): 62.35 billion kWh Electricity exports (2007 est.): 18.47 billion kWh Electricity imports (2007 est.): 28.5 billion kWh Natural gas production (2007 est.): 1.848 billion m 3 Natural gas consumption (2007 est.): 8.436 billion m 3 Natural gas exports (2007 est.): 2.767 billion m 3 Natural gas imports (2007 est.): 9.658 billion m 3 Natural gas proved reserves ( Jan. 2008 est.): 16.14 billion m 3 Oil production (2007 est.): 24,920 bbl/day Oil imports (2005): 313,500 bbl/day Oil proved reserves ( Jan. 2008 est.): 50 million bbl Source: Data from The World Factbook 2009. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 2009. Notes: Data are the most recent tracked by the CIA. Values are given in U.S. dollars. Abbreviations: bbl/day = barrels per day; GDP = gross domestic product; km 2 = square kilometers; kWh = kilowatt-hours; m 3 = cubic meters; mi 2 = square miles. Vienna Austria Italy Germany Hungary Czech Republic Slovakia Liechtenstein Slovenia Switzerland ters) is sealed for buildings, of which 70 percent are for residential and 30 percent for commercial pur- poses. In total, 4,400 square kilometers are sealed for construction and transportation purposes. Additionally, 12 to 15 hectares per day are cur- rently sealed for residential and transportation pur- poses, totaling more than 50 square kilometers per year. New industrial zones, residential areas, and trans- port infrastructure in particular (roads) are the main causes for sealing theland.Therehas been an increas- ing conflict between newly developed areas and areas valuable for nature conservation (habitats for fauna and flora). The Austrian Sustainability Strategy presented by the Austrian government in 2002 aimed at reducing the “consumption” of areas to 1 hectare per day. The main reasons for area consumption are expansion of construction and transportation due to changing life- styles, income growth, large shopping malls and com- mercial areas at the outskirts of the cities, and lack of consistent zoning and spatialplanning.Togetherwith other area-consuming or -using activities—such as ag- riculture, forestry, and sports (golf and skiing)—only small patches of Austrian mountains and forests have remained undeveloped. With the sealing of large areas, the ecological functions of soil are reduced. While the quality of Austrian soils is generally good, there is some environmental pressure in terms of pol- lution and erosion. Materials Extraction and Consumption While domestic extraction is significant in the sector of nonmetallic minerals such as sand, gravel, and other construction materials—about 83 million met- ric tons annually—imports are low, at about 9.6 per- cent, because of the high transport costs relative to the price of the product. Domestic production of fos- sil fuels is also low compared to total consumption. Therefore, Austria has to import much of its fossil fuel. About 2.7 million metric tons are extracted do- mestically, while imports amount to more than 36mil- lion metric tons. Austria’s materials consumption increased in the first decade of the twenty-first century. In terms of the direct material input (DMI), the Austrian economy used 200 million metric tons of materials in 2006. Measured by the domestic materials consumption (DMC), Austria consumes 158 million metric tons of materials. Minerals and construction materials amount to about 83 million metric tons, while fossil fuels account for around 41 million metric tons. Around 36 million metric tons of biomass are con- sumed by the Austrian economy. These figures corre- spond to an annual per-capita consumption of materi- als of roughly 19 million metric tons, representing a significant increase from 14.5 million metric tons in 1970. While most of the construction materials and biomass are extracted domestically at a mostly con- stant level, the major share of fossil fuels is imported. Relative to GDP, around 1 kilogram of materials is consumed per euro of GDP, meaning resource pro- ductivity in terms of GDP per kilogram of material inputs is also about1euro per kilogram. While theuse of biomass stays about constant, the growth of ma- terials consumption can be attributed to the large increase in the use of fossil fuels andconstruction ma- terials. Beginning in 1970, Austrian materials con- sumption rose annually by 1.5 to 2.1 percent. While the DMC increased to a smaller extent, the growth in material inputs (DMI) was mainly the result of im- porting materials for producing export goods, espe- cially in the metal-producing sectors. The growth of materials consumption is mainly determined by in- creases in income (GDP). For most material groups, especially fossil fuels and construction materials, in- come growth in general and the growth of the produc- tion of energy- and material-intensive export sectors are the main driving forces. After the oil price shock in the mid-1970’s, material intensity decreased by roughly 20 percent but stayed rather constant begin- ning in the mid-1990’s. Policies focusing on reducing material inputs and consumption are included in the Austrian Sustainability Strategy aiming at stabiliz- ing materials consumption in the short run and in- creasing resource productivity by a factor of 4 in the long run. Biodiversity Biodiversity as defined by theUnitedNationsConven- tion on Biological Diversity comprises diversity within and between species and ecosystems (habitats, land- scapes). In Austria,species (fauna andflora) as wellas habitats are protected by provincial, national, and in- ternational (especially European Union) law. On a national scale, 33 percent of plant species are threat- ened, while an additional 21 percent are locally en- dangered. Of particular concern are lichen species; more than 60 percent are threatened. About 10 per - cent of vertebrate species are threatened. Only about one-third of mammals, birds, and fish are listed on 92 • Austria Global Resources the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, category “least concern.” More than 60 percent of reptile spe- cies are threatened. Species loss is mainly because of habitat loss, devaluation, and fragmentation. For in- stance, 83 percent of wetlands and 57 percent of for- est ecosystems are endangered. Protected areas are established on an area of 31,019 square kilometers, corresponding to 37 per- cent of the Austrian territory. This area includes 6 na- tional parks (according to the IUCN’s categoryIIdefi- nition), 403 nature conservation areas, 248 protected landscapes, and 111 European conservation zones. More than 200 of these protected areas are also part of the European Union’s network of protected areas. Austria supported the European Union’s goal of re- ducing biodiversity loss by 2010. Timber About 47 percent of Austrian territory is covered with forests (39,600 square kilometers out of 83,872 square kilometers). Therefore, timber is a significant natural resource in Austria. However, because of the mountainous regions of the eastern Alps and the partially cold climate, not all forests can be economi- cally managed for timber production. Timber pro- duction is generally an important use of forests. Equally important is erosion control and protection of settlements from landslides and avalanches on the steep slopes of the Alps. Furthermore, forests pro- vide important functions in terms of water purifica- tion and storage,micro- and meso-climateregulation, and recreation. The Austrian Forest Program pre- sented by the Austrian government in 2006 aims at achieving a sustainable and multifunctional use of forests. Only 3 percent of Austrian forests are categorized as “pristine,” while another 22 percent are described as “natural.” Forty-four percent are “moderately mod- ified,” while another 22 percent are classified as “heavily modified.” Forests are generally important for conserving biodiversity. Less that1 percent ofAus- Global Resources Austria • 93 Forest workers load timber onto a railroad car in this 1910 photograph. Timber is one of Austria’s primary resources. (Getty Images) trian forests are categorized as “minimum interven - tion,” while another 2.7 percent are managed under some regime for biodiversity conservation. Twenty- three percent of Austrian forests are part of protected areas. According to the Austrian Forest Inventory, about one-half of the annual increase in biomass is har- vested. Out of 9.3 cubic meters of biomass increase per hectare, 5.6cubicmeters are in use.Inthe first de- cade of the twenty-first century, forest areas grew by roughly 1 percent with an increasing trend. In 2007, 21.3 million cubic meters of timber were harvested in Austrian forests, corresponding to an increase of 11.4 percent over the previous year. Value added in the forestry sector amounted to about 1.5 billion eu- ros (about $2.1 billion); the total annual production value wasestimated to be2.7 billion euros (about $3.8 billion) per year. The actual quantity of timber har- vested is lower than the potential sustainable yield of about 24.8 million cubic meters per year. About one- third of timber is used as biofuels, the rest for com- mercial purposes such as furniture. Compared to the production of all European Union countries of 426 million cubic meters, Austria’s share in Europe’s tim- ber production islarger than the country’s size (area) might suggest. Austria produces about 3 cubic meters of timber per capita and therefore ranks fifthofallEu- ropean countries. Only Sweden, Finland, Latvia, and Estonia produce more timber per capita. This also leads to an above-average paper and paperboard pro- duction, estimated at 0.54 metric ton per capita. Only in Finland and Sweden is per-capita production of pa- per higher than in Austria. Climate changeis one ofthe threats to functioning forest ecosystems. Beginning in the early 1990’s, natu- ral events such as hurricanes increased in frequency and intensity. Timber stocks in Austrianforests amount to about 1,094 billion cubic meters. In 2007, Hurri- cane Kyrill affected 3.3 million cubic meters of tim- ber, which had to be extracted from the forests. This natural disaster led to a significant price decline of forest products, especially for low-quality timber. On the other hand, periods of drought suchasinthesum- mer of 2003 additionally weakened the resilience of forest ecosystems. Furthermore, the bark beetle has negatively affected large patches of forests. Austrian forests are also considered important in terms of climate change policies. Austrian forests serve as a carbon sink because of the increase in tim - ber stocks. Austrian forests are a major supplier of biofuels and therefore contribute to reducing green - house gases. Water Resources and Use Austria is a country rich in water resources. As the Alps form a barrier for clouds, annual precipitation amounts toabout 1,100 millimetersper square meter. Tributaries from abroad account for an additional in- flux of320 millimetersper square meter. Evaporation leads to a reduction in water resources of 500millime- ters per square meter,andtheoutflowofsurfacewater and groundwater amounts to 920 millimeters per square meter. The annual average of renewable water resources totals 84 billion cubic meters, with a total water consumption by the Austrian economy of 2.6 billion cubic meters. That means that around 3 per- cent of renewable water resources are used, mainly in the agricultural and industrial sectors. From a quantitative viewpoint, water use and diversion are most prominent in hydropower stations, as around 60 percent of Austrian rivers are significantly im- pacted. Austrian households receive about one-half of their drinking water from springs, while the other half comes from groundwater. Ninety percent of Aus- trian households are connected to the public sewage system. More than 93 percent of groundwater bodies are in a good chemical state. The majority of surface wa- ters have good or very good water quality. Water qual- ity is reduced to moderate quality only in single “hot spots” such as downstream of large cities. The main threats to waterresources in Austriaarenonpoint pol- lution sources from the agricultural sector and the modification of surface waters for hydropower plants and ship transport on the main river of Austria, the Danube. While agricultural, commercial, and residential consumption of water isimportant, probably the most important use of water resources, in quantitative terms, is in electricity production. About 65 percent of Aus- trian electricity is produced in hydropower plants along the large Austrian rivers such as the Danube. This also leadstoa comparatively high share ofrenew- able energy sources, which account for about 24 per- cent of total energy consumption. Some of this elec- tricity is also traded on European energy markets. The good state of water resources in Austria is the result of the strict regulatory framework of the Aus - trian Clean Water Act, which prescribes the “state of the art in pollution control technology” for all water 94 • Austria Global Resources uses and wastewater discharges, and to the extensive use of environmental subsidiesfor municipalitiesand water-polluting industries. More over, the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (WFD) has been implemented in Austria, aiming at a good ecological state of all water resources andat the incorporationof all environmental and resource costs and benefits in the pricing of water services. Other Resources About 40 percent of Austrianterritory isused for agri- culture. The share of domestic food production com- pared to total food consumption in Austria is 95 per- cent for cereals, 93 percent for sugar, 88 percent for potatoes, 66 percent for fruits, and31 percent forveg- etable oil. The production value of the agricultural sector amounts to about 8.1 billion euros (11.5 $bil- lion) with a share of total production value of about 1.8 percent. One resource thatis plentiful inAustria is tungsten (wolfram); Austria has one of the largest deposits worldwide. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all nonalloyed metals. Therefore, it is used in fila- ments for lightbulbs, cathode-ray tubes, vacuum tubes, and other high-temperature applications in the elec- trical, heating, and welding industries. Michael Getzner Further Reading Austrian Environmental Protection Agency. The State of the Environment in Austria. 8th Environmental Con- trol Report. Vienna: Umweltbundesamt, 2008. Köck, J., U. Schubert, and S. Sedlacek. “Environmen- tal Policy and Environment-Oriented Technology Policy in Austria.”Environment and Policy 38(2003): 25-58. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel- opment. Environmental Performance Review: Austria. Paris: Author, 2003. Wurzel, Rüdiger K. W., et al. “Struggling to Leave Be- hind a Regulatory Past? ‘New’ Environmental Pol- icy Instruments in Austria.” In “New” Instruments of Environmental Governance? edited by Andrew Jor- dan, Rüdiger K. W. Wurzel, and Anthony R. Zito. London: Frank Cass, 2007. Web Sites Austrian Central Bureau of Statistics Statistics Austria http://www.statistik.at/web_en/ Umweltbundesamt (Austrian Federal Environmental Protection Agency) http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/en/ See also: Forests; Hydroenergy; Tungsten. Global Resources Austria • 95 B Barite Category: Mineral and other nonliving resources Where Found Rich vein deposits of barite are in Mexico, Algeria, and Morocco. Residual deposits left by the weather- ing away of barite-bearing limestones and dolomites exist in Georgia, Missouri, and Ten- nessee. There are major bedded de- posits in Arkansas and Nevada; im- portant bedded deposits also exist in Germany, France,Ireland,and other European countries. Primary Uses Most of the barite produced is used in petroleum and natural gas explo- ration toincrease the density of drill- ing fluid. It also has uses in the man- ufacture of glass, rubber, and some plastics. Technical Definition Barite, the most common barium mineral, is barium sulfate, BaSO 4 .It occurs as white, gray, or blacktabular crystals with three good cleavages and a Mohs scale hardness of 2.5 to 3.5. Its most notable property is its high specific gravity of 4.5 (its den- sity is 4.5 times that of water). Description, Distribution, and Forms Barite occurs as vein fillings, com- monly accompanied by metal sul- fides; as residual deposits;and asbed- ded deposits. Rich vein deposits in Mexico, Algeria, and Morocco have been important sources of barite. Barite is highly insoluble, relative to limestone and dolomite, and the weathering away of barite-bearing limestones and dolomites has left sig - nificant and easily mined residual deposits in Geor- gia, Missouri, and Tennessee. Bedded deposits of bar- ite are fairly common worldwide. History A bedded deposit in Arkansas was the leading source of barite from 1942 to 1982. In the late 1970’s, enor- Data from the U.S. Geological Survey, . U.S. Government Printing Office, 2009. Source: Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2009 160 500 44 65 150 55 615 100 140 Metric Tons 5,0004,0003,0002,0001,000 Vietnam Turkey Russia Pakistan Morocco Mexico United Kingdom United States Other countries Kazakhstan Iran India Germany China Bulgaria Algeria 4,400 95 250 1,000 85 50 65 World Mine Production of Barite, 2008 mous reserves of bedded barite were discovered in Nevada. Important bedded deposits also occur in Germany, France, Ireland, andother European coun- tries. Obtaining Barite Vein deposits of barite are thought to be of low- temperature hydrothermal origin and associated with igneous intrusion. Residual deposits probably are closely related to vein deposits in that barite is ini- tially deposited in fractures in limestone and dolo- mite (carbonate rocks) by hydrothermal processes or deposited on the seafloor, where carbonates are accu- mulating as volcanic exhalations react with sulfate- rich seawater. Later uplift, followed by weathering and solution of the carbonate rocks, leavesrichdepos- its of barite in the carbonate rock residuum. The origin of bedded deposits is less obvious, but research has indicated that they may occur where oxygen-depleted, and therefore sulfate-poor, barium- bearing seawater has mixed with and reacted with normal, sulfate-rich seawater, a process that may oc- cur where deep ocean waters are forced to the sur- face, by strong deepwatercurrents impingingoncon- tinental margins, to mix with shallow waters. Uses of Barite Most of the barite produced is used in the petroleum and natural gas exploration industry. It is used to in- crease the density of drilling fluid to counteract the high pressures encountered in petroleum reservoir rocks, thus preventing disastrous blowouts. There are many other important uses for barite, however. It is used in glass manufacture to homogenize the melt and impart brilliance to the final product. Barite is also animportant additivein many rubber and plastic products. Raw rubber and some plastics tend to be soft and gummy. Fillers, fine granular materials with appropriate physical properties, add firmness, wear resistance, mechanical toughness, and weight to the final products. In all, there are more than two thou- sand uses for barite and barite-based chemicals in in- dustrial processes and products. Barium is an effective gamma-ray absorber, and a mixture of barium sulfate and water has been used to render the human intestinal tract opaque to X rays and thus visible on radiographs. Barite compounds, largely derivedfrom barite, are also used toproduce a brilliant green color in fireworks. Robert E. Carver Web Sites Natural Resources Canada Mineral and Metal Commodity Reviews: Barite and Witherite http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/mms-smm/busi- indu/cmy-amc/content/2007/73.pdf U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Information: Barite Statistics and Information http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/ commodity/barite/ See also: Hydrothermal solutions and mineraliza- tion; Oil and natural gas drilling and wells; Residual mineral deposits. Belgium Categories: Countries; government and resources With few natural resources of its own, Belgium has profited from its location at the center of a highlyindus- trialized area in Europe with several port cities that have made it one of the world’s largest trading nations. The Country Belgium is located in Western Europe and borders France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. Along with the Netherlands and Luxembourg, Belgium has been historically part of the “Low Countries.” In some economic circles, these small countries are still connected and reported to- gether, as they haveformed asort of union referred to as Benelux nations. Belgium is a small country, about the size of thestateofMaryland, but itboasts66.5kilo- meters of coastline. It is centrally located, at the heart of the European Union, with the majority of Euro- pean capitals within 1,000 kilometers of Brussels, the Belgian capital city, which is the headquarters of the European Union and North Atlantic TreatyOrganiza- tion (NATO). Belgium’s geography is varied for a small country, with flat coastal plains in the northwest near the North Sea that stretch into the rugged mountains of the Ardennes forest in the southeast near its borders with France. In 2006, Belgium’s gross domestic prod - uct (GDP) was ranked eighteenth in the world. Ser - Global Resources Belgium • 97 98 • Belgium Global Resources Belgium: Resources at a Glance Official name: Kingdom of Belgium Government: Federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy Capital city: Brussels Area: 11,788 mi 2 ; 30,528 km 2 Population (2009 est.): 10,414,336 Languages: Dutch, French, and German Monetary unit: euro (EUR) Economic summary: GDP composition by sector (2008 est.): agriculture, 0.8%; industry, 23.2%; services, 76.1% Natural resources: construction materials, silica sand, carbonates Land use (including Luxembourg, 2005): arable land, 27.42%; permanent crops, 0.69%; other, 71.89% Industries: engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum, pharmaceuticals Agricultural products: sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, tobacco, beef, veal, pork, milk Exports (2008 est.): $371.5 billion Commodities exported: machinery and equipment, chemicals, finished diamonds, metals and metal products, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals Imports (2008 est.): $387.7 billion Commodities imported: raw materials, machinery and equipment, chemicals, raw diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, oil products Labor force (2008): 4.99 million Labor force by occupation (2007 est.): agriculture, 2%; industry, 25%; services, 73% Energy resources: Electricity production (2007 est.): 82.94 billion kWh Electricity consumption (2006 est.): 85.54 billion kWh Electricity exports (2007 est.): 9.035 billion kWh Electricity imports (2007 est.): 15.78 billion kWh Natural gas production (2007 est.): 0 m 3 Natural gas consumption (2007 est.): 17.39 billion m 3 Natural gas exports (2007 est.): 0 m 3 Natural gas imports (2007 est.): 17.34 billion m 3 Natural gas proved reserves ( Jan. 2006): 0 m 3 Oil production (2007 est.): 8,671 bbl/day Oil imports (2005): 1.119 million bbl/day Oil proved reserves ( Jan. 2006 est.): 0 bbl Source: Data from The World Factbook 2009. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 2009. Notes: Data are the most recent tracked by the CIA. Values are given in U.S. dollars. Abbreviations: bbl/day = barrels per day; GDP = gross domestic product; km 2 = square kilometers; kWh = kilowatt-hours; m 3 = cubic meters; mi 2 = square miles. Brussels Germany France Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg United Kingdom North Sea vices account for about 75 percent of Belgium’s GDP, a surprisingly high number somewhat related to its place as the headquarters of the European Union, NATO, and other major organizations based in Eu- rope. Its workforce is highly educated and multilin- gual. The capital, Brussels, is home to more than one million people and about fifty-four thousand busi- nesses. On its own, Brussels produces about 20 per- cent of Belgium’s GDP. Although Belgium has few natural resources of its own, its location at the center of a highly industrial- ized area in Europe with several port citiesmeans that it functions as a trading center for many goods. Its paucity of natural resources was supplemented his- torically by its colonial possessions in the Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of the Congo), which provided raw materials such as cobalt, copper, diamonds, cacao, and zinc. Belgium’s economy de- pends heavily on importing raw materials or other goods that are finished or further processed and then exported. Historically, its most prominent natural resource was coal, but in 1992, its coal mines closed permanently, and, unless the price of coal increases to the point of making it worthwhile to extract the deeply embedded seams, the mines are unlikely to re- open. Belgium ranks fifteenth on the list of world’s largest trading nations with about three-quarters of its trading done with its European Union neighbors, particularly Germany, the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom.BecauseofBelgium’s economic reliance on trading and processing rough goods, its economy is dependent on world markets and their stability to a much higher degree than countries with their own natural resources and independent econo- mies. Coal Historically, Belgium was a major producer and ex- porter of coal. Coal in Belgian coal mines, especially in the Kempen and Sambre-Meuse Valley, was easy to extract, and mining was a booming business. In the heyday of its coal-mining industry, Belgium imported workers from other countries to keep the coal mines operating. However, after the easily accessible coal had been extracted and the seams of coal ran farther underground and into harder materials, continuing to extract coal from these mines became economi- cally inefficient. Between 1957 and 1992, Belgium shut down more than 120 coal mines, and unless the price of coal rises to the point of making this coaleco - nomically feasible to extract and export, it is unlikely that these mines will return to operation. Construction Materials Belgium is a source of construction materials such as silica sand, chalk, stone, and carbonates. Chalk and limestone are mined in the regions surrounding Tournai, Mons,and Liège, where there is acement in- dustry of some significance. The glass manufacturing industry isalso supported bysands from the Kempen- land area. Pottery products and bricksare made from clays from the Borinage region. Quarries also pro- duce stones such as specialty marble, dolomite, gran- ite, and sandstone. Diamonds Belgium is the leading country in the diamond trad- ing market. Its port city of Antwerp is the diamond capital of the world, housing the leading diamond market in the world. Rough diamonds are imported and then processed into finished diamonds in Ant- werp, where they are then traded and exported. This city is also the leading diamond cutting area of the world, where, the traditional story says, the first dia- mond wascut in 1476. The diamond cutting andtrad- ing center called “the Diamond Quarter” near Cen- tral Station (the train station near the port)has been a growing, thriving entity since the sixteenth century. Though the diamond processing arm of the trade is diminishing, diamond exports still account for about one-tenth of all exports from Belgium. Nearly 85 per- cent ofthe world’s rough diamonds and about 50 per- cent of thefinished (polished) diamondsin the world pass through this city. In 2006, the United States ac- counted for about $2.8 billion of Belgium’s diamond exports, whichamounts to about20 percent of allBel- gian exports to the United States. Overall, about $39 billion of diamonds are traded through thecity,which accounts for about 8 percent of all Belgium’s exports. This diamond trade accounts for nearly 70 percent of the country’s positive trade balance and represents about 15 percent of Belgium’s trade with non-Euro- pean Union countries. This prosperous business em- ploys, directly or indirectly, nearly thirty-fivethousand people. Sugar One of Belgium’s fastest-growing exports is sugar from sugar beets. In 2006, the exports of sugar from Belgium to the United States rose more than 5,000 Global Resources Belgium • 99 . one-third of the land area. Of Aus - tria’stotal area, about 3 percent(2,300 square kilome - 90 • Austria Global Resources Global Resources Austria • 91 Austria: Resources at a Glance Official. percent of Austrian forests are part of protected areas. According to the Austrian Forest Inventory, about one-half of the annual increase in biomass is har- vested. Out of 9.3 cubic meters of biomass. ecological state of all water resources andat the incorporationof all environmental and resource costs and benefits in the pricing of water services. Other Resources About 40 percent of Austrianterritory