Refrigeration, 168-169 Refrigerators, 148 Regenerative furnaces, 1083 Reich, Ferdinand, 605 Reichenstein, Franz Joseph Müller von, 1209 Reindeer, 43, 49 Religion and the environment, 383 Remote sensing, 462, 500-501, 680-684, 1007-1010, 1133 Renewable energy, 108, 149, 216, 287, 358-359, 392, 1346 Renewable resources, 42, 220, 240, 374, 802, 828, 1010-1012, 1023, 1308 Reserve Mining controversy, 1012- 1013 Reserves, 240; petroleum, 858; wilderness, 1338; wildlife, 247 Reservoirs; petroleum, 869-872; traps, 871; water, 270, 666, 1165, 1320 Residual mineral deposits, 1013- 1015, 1326 Residuum, 928, 930 Resource accounting, 1015-1016 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976), 388, 397, 561, 598, 1005, 1017-1019 Resource curse, 1019-1020, 1359 Resource depletion rate, 244 Resource management, 414-417. See also Category Index under “Environment, conservation, and resource management” Resource Recovery Act (1970), 1017 Resources; international conflict, 1023-1027; limited, 171; substitutability, 171; valuation of, 1020-1022 Resources for the Future, 1027- 1028 Respiration, 175 Return beam vidicom, 681 Reverse osmosis, 294 Rhenium, 1028-1029 Rhodes, Cecil, 1029-1030, 1124 Rhodite, 528 Rhodium, 951-954 Rhodochrosite, 180 Rhyolite, 595, 1301 RIA. See Radioimmunoassay Ricardo, David, 171 Rice, 15, 542-544, 941, 1030-1031; Brazil, 140; India, 603; Italy, 644; Taiwan, 1199; Thailand, 1218; world exports, 1031 Richter, Hieronymous Theodor, 605 Right whales, 1331 Riley, Henry, 1037 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 322 Rio Earth Summit. See Earth Summit, Rio Riparian law; water rights, 1316 Rippl, Wenzel, 271 Riprap, 9, 12 Risks; assessment, 1031-1033; of resource exploitation, 1031- 1033; strategic resources, 1158 Rivers, 1026, 1161-1166; China, 199; deltas, 282-283; floods, 442; Taiwan, 1200 Rivers and Harbors Act (1899), 1314 Road construction, 75 Roadless Area Review Evaluation (RARE II), 980 Roasting, 729 Robertson, Edward V., 1209 Rock. See Aggregates; Dimension stone; Minerals and mineral deposits; Stone; specific types Rock mechanics, 1257 Rock permeability, 870 Rock porosity, 870 Rock salt, 1050; United Kingdom, 1261 Rockefeller, John D., 875, 1034- 1035 Rockefeller Foundation, 542 Rocky Mountains, 779 Rodenticides, 923 Rolling process, 1149, 1151 Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 637 Roof rock, 870 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 206, 242, 296, 429, 825, 830, 1035, 1275 Roosevelt, Theodore, 56, 246, 459, 692, 787, 979, 1001, 1036, 1142 Rorqual whales, 1331 Roscoe, Henry E., 1290 Rosen, Walter G., 104 Ross Dam, 582 Rostow, Walt Whitman, 975 Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent, 1274 Rowland, F. Sherwood, 901 Royalties (mineral), 750 Rubber; natural, 1036-1040; synthetic, 1037, 1039, 1041- 1042; Thailand, 1215; world producers, 1037; World War II, 1035 Rubber trees, 1215 Rubidium, 1042-1043 Rubies, 261, 483, 485 Ruminants, 895 Runoff, 81, 280, 443, 768, 818, 1107, 1162, 1304, 1311 Rural Electrification Act (1936), 1345 Russia, 1043-1048; air pollution, 25; economic statistics, 1044; farmland, 411 Ruthenium, 728, 951-954 Rutherford, Daniel, 820 Rutherford, Ernest, 637 Rutile, 898, 1236 Rye, 961 Saccharides, 1171 Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), 55, 158, 204, 387 Safety glass, 521 Saffron, 627 Sagebrush Rebellion, 981-982, 1049, 1209, 1350 Sahara Desert, 300 Sahel (Africa), 296, 316 Sailboats, 1239 Sainte-Claire DeVille, Henri- Étienne, 33 Sainte-Claire DeVille process, 33 Salar deposits, 64, 194 Salazar, Ken, 356 Salicylic acid, 946 Saline lakes, 664 1496 • Subject Index Global Resources Salinization, 543 Salmon, 436 Salmon war, 436 Salt, 406, 755, 811, 1049-1053; Canada, 167; Denmark, 287; end-use statistics, 1052; Germany, 515; India, 600; iodized, 621; Netherlands, 811; Poland, 962; seawater extraction, 722; Switzerland, 1194; United Kingdom, 1261; world production, 1051 Salt domes, 840, 1050, 1053-1054 Salt lakes; bromine, 142 Salt water, 585; desalination, 294- 295 Saltwater wetlands, 1328 Samarium, 999 Samsung Electronics, 1130 San Diego Gas & Elec. Co. v. City of San Diego (1981), 1203 Sand, 9-10, 1054-1057, 1200; dredging of, 723; end-use statistics, 1056; hydroponic use, 589; Japan, 653; mining, 1169; Netherlands, 812; placer deposits, 939; Taiwan, 1200. See also Gravel Sand County Almanac, A (Leopold), 667, 693 Sandstone, 2, 313, 752, 1057-1058, 1070-1071 Sanitation. See Waste management Santa Barbara, California, oil spill, 882 Santa Fe Springs oil field, 871 Sapphires, 261, 483, 485 Sapropelic coals, 220 Saraha Desert, 296 Sarin, 957 Satellite imaging, 5-7, 1007-1010 Satellites, 680-684, 1132; Global Positioning System, 498; Vanguard 1, 935 Satin spar, 553 Sattahip oil field (Thailand), 1219 Saudi Arabia, 890, 1058-1063; economic statistics, 1059; oil, 357, 858, 892; U.S. relations, 365 Savery, Thomas, 611 Scandium, 999, 1063-1065 Scarcity of resources, 976 Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 534, 774, 820, 899, 1244 Scheelite, 736, 761, 1244 Schenck, Carl, 461 Schiirer, Christoph, 230 Schist, 1163 Schlesinger, James, 289 Schottky defect, 267 Schröder, Johannes, 67 Schultz, Jürgen, 339 Scientific disciplines. See Category Index Scofield Mine, Utah, 765 Scotch whiskey, 223, 916 Scotland. See United Kingdom Scrap steel, 1152 Scratch, 771 Sea level, 282; rising, 442, 445, 546 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 1065 Seafloor spreading, 324, 853, 948, 1066-1067; ophiolites, 888 Seals, 1065 Searles Lake, 131, 133 Seas. See Oceans Seasat satellites, 680, 684 Seawater, 585, 849-855; evaporites, 407; mining, 722 Second Assessment Report (IPCC), 616 Secondary enrichment, 1067 Secondary metabolites, 124, 374, 493, 992 Sediment transport, 1068 Sedimentary minerals, 175, 1068- 1072; evaporites, 406-407; petroleum, 864; phosphates, 932; sand and gravel, 1056; shale, 1082-1083 Sedimentation, 1068-1072; streams, 1165; weathering, 1324-1327 Seed banks, 107 Seed Savers Exchange, 1072-1073 Sefström, Nils Gabriel, 1289 Seismic studies, 865 Seismic surveys, 1074 Seismic technology, 743 Seismic waves, 1073 Seismographic resource exploitation, 1073-1075 Selenate, 1076 Seleniferous soils, 1076 Selenite, 555, 1076 Selenium, 934, 1076-1079; end- use statistics, 1079; world production, 1077 Seligmann, Peter A., 248 Semiconductors, 510, 1079-1081; gallium in, 476; silicon, 1085; South Korea, 1130 Semiprecious stones. See Gemstones Senegal; desertification, 296 Separate condenser, 1321 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 366 Septic systems, 1306 Serpentine, 119, 734 Serpentine minerals, 69 Sesban, 909 Seven Sisters oil companies, 363, 516, 873-874, 876, 1060 Sewage; disposal, 380, 1304-1307; recycling, 1004; treatment, 374 Shale, 1070, 1082-1083, 1163; end- use statistics, 207; world production, 208 Shale oil. See Oil shales; Tar sands Shear loading, 1109 Sheep; Australia, 90; domestication, 44 Shelford, Victor E., 119 Shell gasoline, 812 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 876 Shield volcanoes, 595 Shockley, William, 511 Shrinkage stoping, 1256 Shrubland, 116 Siderite, 179-180, 629 Siemens, Carl Friedrich von, 1148 Siemens, Charles William, 1151 Siemens, Frederick, 1083 Siemens, William, 1083-1084 Siemens Brothers, 1083-1084 Global Resources Subject Index • 1497 Sierra Club, 390, 784, 1084 Sierra Nevada, 783 Silent Spring (Carson), 182, 242, 385, 390, 790 Silesia, 960 Silica, 520 Silica dioxide, 1057 Silica sand, 2; Japan, 653 Silicates, 706, 761, 1084-1085 Siliceous abrasives, 2 Silicon, 422, 728, 935, 988, 1085- 1088, 1118; circuits, 150; computer chips, 1080; semiconductors, 1080; solar cells, 934; world production, 1086 Silicon bronzes, 255 Silicon carbide, 3, 772 Silicosis, 1257 Silk; India, 603; Thailand, 1219 Silkworms, 45 Sillimanite, 660-662, 894 Sills, 595 Siltation, 271 Siltstone, 1070 Silver, 741, 755, 801, 1088-1092; Argentina, 62; Comstock Lode, 269; Mexico, 741; Peru, 920; Rome, 690; world production, 1089 Silver bromide, 144 Silviculture, 456, 462, 1188 Simon, Julian, 963 Single European Act (1985), 404 Sisal, 909, 945 Skarns, 736, 1351 Skin cancer, 901 Skylab, 1133 Slag, 1096 Slaking, 693 Slash-and-burn agriculture, 16, 241, 279, 304, 461, 994, 1006, 1092-1094 Slate, 737, 1094-1095 Slater, Samuel, 612 Slavery, 183, 358, 362, 486, 641, 706, 771, 975, 1172 Smart appliances, 151 Smeaton, John, 34, 184 Smelting, 1095-1096; aluminum, 32; arsenic release, 68; iron, 688 Smith-Lever Act (1914), 36 Smithsonite, 180 Smog. See Air pollution SNA. See System of national accounts Snail darter, 389 Snelling, Walter O., 977 Kniadecki, J ò drzej, 953 Snow. See Precipitation Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecasting Program, 805 Soapstone, 1205 Sobrero, Ascanio, 320 Social, economic, and political issues. See Category Index Soda ash, 613, 1052, 1096-1098; end-use statistics, 1098 Soda-lime glass, 521 Soddy, Frederick, 637 Söderberg method, 558 Sodium, 33, 832 Sodium carbonates, 180 Sodium chloride, 1050 Soft abrasives, 3 Softwoods, 464, 1356 Soil, 18, 1098-1103; acidity, 1109; China, 197; classification, 1100; composting, 233-235; copper in, 252; degradation, 378, 1103- 1106; deserts, 300; erosion, 398, 1322; farmland, 410-413; fertilizers, 423-425; floodplains, 443; formation, 331, 1326; France, 469; grasslands, 536; horizons, 1098; India, 602; management, 21-22, 1106-1107; nutrients, 1102; orders, 1101; organic content, 1100; peat amendments, 915; seleniferous, 1076; testing, 1107-1109; topsoil, 16, 18, 295, 317; Ukraine, 1251 Soil Conservation Service, U.S., 378 Soil science, 21 Solar cells, 346, 934-937, 1080. See also Photovoltaic cells Solar chimneys, 1109-1112 Solar distillation, 294 Solar energy, 289, 1011, 1112- 1119; energy economics, 359; hydrologic cycle, 586; space- based, 1134; storage, 370 Solar furnaces, 1114 Solar heating, 1109, 1113 Solar panels, 150 Solar radiation, 80, 120, 214 Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment, 683 Solar satellite power stations, 1134 Solar Two, 370 Solder, 1235 Solid Waste Disposal Act (1965), 561 Solid waste management, 1119- 1121 Solvay, Ernest, 1097 Solvay process, 1052, 1097 Solvent extraction, 295 Sonar, 849 Sorosilicates, 762 Sorting of recyclables, 1003 South Africa, 1029-1030, 1121- 1126; economic statistics, 1122 South America; Argentina, 59-65; Brazil, 136-141; Chile, 192-197; monsoons, 779; Peru, 918-923; Venezuela, 1292-1296 South Korea, 1127-1132; economic statistics, 1128 Southern Oscillation, 342-343 Southwest Windpower, 1348 Soviet Union. See Russia Soybean oil, 375 Soybeans; Brazil, 139 Space conditioning, 146 Space heating, 506 Space resources, 1132-1136 Space telescopes, 1134 Space transportation, 1242 Spain, 1136-1141; economic statistics, 1137 Species loss, 1141-1143 Specific gravity, 759, 1108 Spent fuel, 835 Sperm whales, 1331 Spermaceti, 1333 Sperrylite, 951 1498 • Subject Index Global Resources Sphagnum, 588, 914 Sphalerite, 157, 1371 Sphene, 894 Spiegeleisen, 103 Spindletop oil field, 911 Spinel, 897 Spinning jenny, 263 Spirituality, environmental, 383 Spirulina, 437 Spitzer Space Telescope, 1134 Spodumene, 917 SPOT satellites, 683 Spotting fires, 426 Spratling, William, 741 Sprinkler irrigation, 636 Spy satellites, 1133 Sri Lanka; gems, 485 Stagnation, 406 Stainless steel, 29, 421-422 Standard Oil Company, 1034 Stannic chloride, 1232 Stannic oxide, 1232 Stannous chloride, 1232 Stannous fluoride, 1232 Stannous oxide, 1232 Star of Africa diamond, 309 Star of India sapphire, 485 State government, 415; land management, 672 Station Fire (2009), 428 Staurolite, 735, 894 Steam energy, 504, 580, 1143-1146 Steam engines, 611, 717, 1083, 1113, 1145-1146, 1239, 1321; James Watt, 1321 Steam locomotives, 1154 Steam turbines, 504 Steamboat, 612, 1239 Steatite, 735, 1205 Steel, 28-29, 628, 1147-1150; consumption, 1152; end-use statistics, 633; ferroalloys, 421- 423; iron in, 633; manufacture, 719; molybdenum, 775; niobium, 817; production, 1152; recycling, 1002; Russia, 1047; Spain, 1138; tungsten, 1245; vanadium, 1290; world producers, 1153; world production, 629 Steel industry, 103-104, 770-771, 1150-1154 Steel scrap, 1152 Stellite, 205 Steno, Nicolaus, 268 Stephenson, George, 1154-1155, 1239 Sterling silver, 29, 1091 Stetten Salt Mine, 515 Stevenson, Chris, 327 Stibnite, 55 Stockholm Conference (1972), 243, 321, 404, 1155-1156, 1268, 1272, 1277 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1274 Stockpiling, 1159-1160 Stocks, 594 Stoddard report (1968), 1013 Stone; crushed, 8-13; dimension, 313-315; Japan, 653 Stone tools, 752 Stope, 1256 Storm surges, 442 Storms, 777-780, 1321-1324 Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks Agreement (1995), 1156-1157 Strassmann, Fritz, 1284 Strategic and Critical Materials Stockpiling Act (1946), 1160 Strategic and Critical Minerals Act (1990), 1183 Strategic management, 415 Strategic materials, 64 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1024 Strategic resources, 1158-1161, 1286; U.S. imports, 1160 Stratiform chromite, 203 Stratosphere, 24, 80 Stratovolcanoes, 595 Streak of minerals, 758 Stream capacity, 1165 Streams, 587, 1161-1166; ecosystems, 1164 Strip cropping, 400 Strip mining, 222, 375, 886, 1167- 1169, 1280 Strombolian volcanoes, 595 Stromeyer, Friedrich, 157 Strontianite, 180, 1170 Strontium, 1170-1171; end-use statistics, 1170 Sturgeon, William, 613, 712 Styrene, 927, 1040, 1042 Styrene-butadiene rubber, 1042 Subanthracite coal, 221 Subbituminous coal, 217 Subduction zones, 324, 595, 949 Subirrigation, 636 Submarines, 1239 Subsistence economies, 1021 Substitutability law, 171 Subtropics, 214, 339 Subways, 1240 Sucrose, 1171 Sudan; desertification, 296 Suess, Eduard, 119 Sugar, 993, 1171-1173; Belgium, 99; forms, 1171; Ukraine, 1254 Sugar beets, 1172, 1254 Sugarcane, 1171; Brazil, 139; ethanol, 402 Sulfates, 761, 1177 Sulfide minerals, 707 Sulfides, 157, 728, 760; massive, 251 Sulfosalts, 761 Sulfur, 801, 1173-1176; end-use statistics, 1176; Poland, 960; world production, 1174 Sulfur cycle, 1177 Sulfur dioxide, 5, 1177 Sulfur oxides, 22 Sulfuric acid, 3, 613, 1173, 1175 Sumner, James Batcheller, 813 Sun Yat-sen, 1223 Sunflower products, 1254 Superalloys, 29, 230, 1028 Superconductors, 817 Superfund; sites, 1178 Superfund legislation, 388, 391, 397, 561, 1018, 1177-1182, 1314 Superovulation, 126 Surface backfires, 426 Surface headfires, 426 Surface mining, 375, 884-887, 1167-1169 Global Resources Subject Index • 1499 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977), 377, 769, 1168, 1182-1183 Surface water, 587, 1319 Sustainable agriculture, 668-670; livestock, 701 Sustainable development, 171, 239-246, 619, 1183-1185, 1361; Agenda 21, 7-8; agriculture, 127; developing nations, 304; resource accounting, 1016 Sustainable Development Summits, 1272 Sustainable Energy Act, U.K. (2003), 216 Sustainable forestry, 461 Sustainable resources, 576 Sustained yield, 785; timber, 1230 Suttner, Bertha von, 824 Svalbard Global Seed Vault, 1073, 1185-1186 Swan, Joseph W., 341 Sweden, 1186-1191; economic statistics, 1187 Sweet Home Chapter for a Greater Oregon v. Babbitt (1992), 354 Sweet potatoes, 183 Swidden agriculture, 1092 Swine, 44, 701, 962 Switzerland, 1191-1195; economic statistics, 1192 Sylvite, 971 Synthesis gas, 225, 740 Synthetic abrasives, 3 Synthetic Fuels Corporation, 1195-1196 System of national accounts, 1015 Système Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre, 683 Systems ecology, 328 Tacke, Ida, 1028 Taconite, 629, 1012 Tactites, 736 Taiga, 115 Taiwan, 1197-1201; economic statistics, 1198 Takings law, 354, 1201-1205 Talc, 119, 735, 1085, 1205-1206; end-use statistics, 1206 Tansley, Arthur G., 448 Tantalum, 1207-1208; Brazil, 137; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 239; end-use statistics, 1207; Thailand, 1217 Tar sands, 864, 879-881, 1011, 1058 Tasman Pulp and Paper Company, 507 Taste of minerals, 759 Taxol, 492, 947 Taylor, Edward, 1208 Taylor Grazing Act (1934), 379, 981-982, 1208-1209 Tea, 15, 1199 Teapot Dome scandal, 292 Teart disease, 772 Technically specified rubber, 1039 Tectosilicates, 762 Telecommuting, 1242 Telescopes, 1134 Tellico Dam, 389 Tellurium, 528, 1209-1210 Temperate forests, 115, 464 Temperate grasslands, 116, 536 Temperate midlatitudes zone, 339 Temperate rain forests. See Rain forests Tenacity of minerals, 759 Tennant, Smithson, 953 Tennessee Valley Authority, 242, 582, 825, 1035, 1210-1211 Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill (1978), 354, 389 Tenorite, 898 Terbium, 999 Terra satellite, 683 Terra system, 1009 Terrace farming, 399, 1107 Terratecture, 147 Terrestrial biomes, 114, 119 Terrorism, 957 Tesla, Nikola, 343 Textile industry, 612, 1211-1214; Belgium, 100; cotton, 262-263; flax, 438-440; hemp, 570-572; India, 603; nineteenth century, 580 Thailand, 1215-1220; economic statistics, 1216 Thallium, 1220-1221 Thallium oxide, 1220 Thallium sulfide, 1220 Thatcher, Margaret, 891 Thematic mapping, 1009 Thénard, Louis-Jacques, 133 Theophrastus, 555 Thermal energy, 1143; storage, 370 Thermal pollution, 272, 1221- 1222 Thermal solar units, 1113 Thermite reactions, 35 Thermocouples, 1029 Thermodynamics, 32 Thermoluminescence, 759 Thermosphere, 80 Thermosyphons, 1109 Thienemann, August, 448 Thingbæk mine, 286 Third Assessment Report (IPCC), 616 Third World. See Developing countries Thomas, Sidney, 1148 Thomson, Joseph John, 639 Thorium, 833, 1222-1223; India, 604 Thortveitite, 1063 Threatened species, 104-108, 247, 354; statistics, 349. See also Biodiversity; Endangered species Three Gorges Dam, 443, 1166, 1223-1224, 1295 Three Mile Island nuclear accident, 191, 345, 359, 364, 391, 834, 838, 1224-1225 Thulium, 999 Tibetan Plateau, 778 Tidal energy, 1012, 1225-1229 Tides, 851 Tigers, 1362 Tikal National Park, 800 Tillage, 400, 1106-1107 Timber; Austria, 93; conflicts over, 1026; forest fires, 455; Indonesia, 608; Mexico, 744; U.S. lumber consumption, 1357 1500 • Subject Index Global Resources Timber industry, 588, 1229-1232, 1355-1359; deforestation, 277- 282; harvesting, 1231; Japan, 652; Norway, 828; Poland, 962; public lands, 979; reforestation, 1006; Sweden, 1188; Switzerland, 1193; Taiwan, 1201; United States, 1330-1331; U.S. statistics, 1230 Timber rights, 751 Tin, 254, 1232-1236; bronze, 145; end-use statistics, 1235; Indonesia, 609; Peru, 918; plate, 1235; Portugal, 967; Thailand, 1217; world production, 1233 Tires, 1037 TIROS 1 satellite, 1008 Tissue culture, 125 Titanium; metal, 422, 1236-1238; ores, 596; placer deposits, 938; strategic value, 1158 Titanium dioxide, 1236-1238; end- use statistics, 1237 Tobacco, 411, 602, 1368-1369 Tokamak reactors, 834 Toluene, 927 Tomatoes, 644, 968 Topaz, 894 Topography, 1100 Topsoil, 16, 18, 295, 317, 378, 1098; degradation, 1103-1106; erosion, 412; fertilizers, 423- 425; floodplains, 443 Torrey Canyon oil spill, 853 Tournachon, Gaspard-Nadar Félix, 6 Toxic Substances Control Act (1976), 387 Tragedy of the commons, 434 Trains, 1240. See also Railroads Trans-Arabian Pipeline, 1061 Transboundary pollution, 392 Transeau, Edgar Nelson, 448 Transform boundaries, 948 Transgenic organisms, 50, 124- 125, 947 Transistors, 606, 1080; silicon, 1087 Transnational corporations, 304 Transpiration, 120 Transportation; economics, 359; energy use, 1238-1243; fuel cells, 473; Industrial Revolution, 612 Transportation (sedimentation process), 1164 Transuranic waste, 838 Trash-to-energy processes, 598 Travers, Morris William, 478 Travertine, 180, 696 Trawl nets, 433 Treaty of Amsterdam (1997), 404 Tree farming, 1006 Trees, 464-466; planting, 704-705; reforestation, 1005-1007. See also Forests; Rain forests; Timber industry; Wood products Trevithick, Richard, 613 Trichloroethylene, 373 Trickle irrigation, 636 Trinidad, 73 Tripoli, 2, 1014 Trolleys, 1240 Trona, 180, 1096-1098 Tropical grasslands, 116, 536 Tropical rain forests. See Rain forests Tropics, 340 Tropopause, 1323 Tropopause folding, 1323 Troposphere, 80 Tropsch, Hans, 225 Trucks, 1241 Truman, Harry S., 83-84, 153, 685 Truman Proclamation, 408, 685 Tsunamis, 502, 604 Tube worms, 725 Tufa, 180, 696 Tulips, 809 Tundra, 115; fires, 427 Tungstates, 761 Tungsten, 761, 1127, 1243-1245; Austria, 95; end-use statistics, 1245; Portugal, 967; South Korea, 1127; steel, 29; Thailand, 1215 Tunnel mining, 723, 852 Turbidity currents, 852 Turbines, 581, 1143-1145; tidal power, 1225; wind, 1345 Turkey, 1246-1250; economic statistics, 1247 Turkeys, 45 Turquoise, 761 Tutankhamen’s tomb, 528 Type metal, 55 Udall, Stewart L., 786 Udvardy, Miklos D. F., 339 Ugrandite, 476 Ukraine, 1251-1255; economic statistics, 1252; farmland, 411; manganese, 715 Ultramafic rocks, 596, 955 Ultraviolet radiation, 901 UNCED. See Earth Summit Unconfined aquifers, 57 Underground mining, 884, 1255- 1258 UNEP. See United Nations Environment Program UNESCO. See United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNFCC. See United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Union Carbide, 391 United Arab Emirates, 890 United Kingdom, 1258-1262; economic statistics, 1259 United Nations climate change conferences, 1262-1266 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. See Earth Summit United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. See Stockholm Conference United Nations conventions. See Convention United Nations Development Programme, 1185; Quality of Life Index, 1184 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 121, 798 Global Resources Subject Index • 1501 United Nations Environment Programme, 243, 321, 1023, 1156, 1263, 1266, 1272-1274 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. See Food and Agriculture Organization, U.N. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 322, 393, 1263, 1275- 1278 United States; economic history, 975; economic statistics, 1279; energy policy, 363; farmland, 410; resources and resource use, 1278-1283 Uraninite, 990 Uranium, 627, 830, 838, 878, 1283-1285; Australia, 88; Canada, 164; deposits, 1190; fission, 420; France, 469; India, 604; industry, 358; isotopes, 717, 957; Kazakhstan, 658; nuclear energy, 620; Portugal, 967; radium, 990; Russia, 1046; South Africa, 1126; Sweden, 1190; United States, 1282 Urban transit, 1240 Urease, 813 Urethanes, 927 U.S. Geological Survey, 500, 680, 972, 1163, 1286-1288 U.S. Steel Corporation, 181 USGS. See U.S. Geological Survey Using resources. See Category Index under “Obtaining and using resources” Vacuum deposition, 719 Vacuum pan, 1052 Valentinus, Basilius, 55 Van der Waals forces, 1107 Vanadinite, 1289 Vanadium, 422, 991, 1289-1291; end-use statistics, 1289; South Africa, 1126; steel, 29 Vanadium pentoxide, 1290 Vanguard 1, 935 Vauquelin, Louis-Nicolas, 102, 204 Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 107, 488 Vector data model, 499 Vegetable crops, 15; Netherlands, 812; Spain, 1141 Veins, 591 Vela satellites, 1134 Venezuela, 73, 890, 1292-1296; economic statistics, 1293 Verdigris, 146 Vermiculite, 589, 746, 1296-1300; end-use statistics, 1299; South Africa, 1126; world production, 1298 Vernadsky, Vladimir, 119 Verne, Jules, 109 Verneuil, Auguste, 486 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1274 Vienna formula, 1156 Vietnam War, 573-574 Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. (1926), 1202 Vinblastine, 947 Vincristine, 947 Vindeby wind farm, 287 Vinyl chloride, 926 Volcanism; extrusive deposits, 594- 595; lake formation, 665; olivine, 883; perlite, 917; pumice, 984-985; sulfur, 1173; zeolites, 1365 Volcanoes, 502, 504, 595, 949, 1300-1303; atmospheric impact, 79; Krakatau, 984; Vesuvius, 985 Volcans Biosphere Reserve, 123 Volta, Alessandro, 109, 343, 613 Vugs, 1351 Vulcanization, 1039, 1041 Wales. See United Kingdom Walker, Sir Gilbert, 342 Wallace, Henry A., 260 Wallboard, 555 Walruses, 645-646 Wars over resources, 1023-1027 Waste; U.S. statistics, 1306 Waste disposal. See Category Index under “Pollution and waste disposal” Waste heat, 346 Waste Isolation Pilot Project, 840 Waste management, 380, 1017- 1019, 1032; composting, 233- 235; hazardous wastes, 558-563, 1177-1182; incineration, 597- 600; landfills, 677-680; mining wastes, 767-770, 1012-1013; nuclear, 836, 838-842; recycling, 1001-1005; sewage disposal, 1304-1307; soil degradation, 1104; solid, 1119- 1121 Waste streams, 1002 Wastes; recovered, 1002; Superfund sites, 1178 Wastewater, 1304-1307 Water, 1307-1312; agriculture, 18, 410; American West, 972, 1001; aquifers, 57-59; Argentina, 63; Arizona, 187-188; Austria, 94; biosphere, 120; California, 702- 703; China, 199; conflicts over, 1025; conservation, 244; consumption, 1020; desalination, 294-295, 723; distribution networks, 1320; drinking, 1313; as energy source, 579-583; erosion, 398; farmland, 412; fresh, 333; geothermal, 503-510; groundwater, 548-550; hydrology, 585-588; India, 603; irrigation, 634-636; monsoons, 777-780; oceans, 850; oxygen in, 898; Poland, 962; properties, 1307; quality, 1311; role in sedimentation, 1068; in soils, 1102; Spain, 1139; stagnation, 406; streams and rivers, 1161-1166; surface, 587; Taiwan, 1200; U.S. supplies, 155 Water Framework Directive (EU), 95 Water pollution, 538, 1311-1315; abatement, 374; floods, 444; groundwater, 550; landfills, 678; mining, 376; oil spills, 408- 409; thermal, 1221-1222 1502 • Subject Index Global Resources Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, 1315 Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, 1315 Water power, 717 Water quality, 1320 Water Quality Act (1970), 1315 Water resources, 620, 889 Water Resources Development Act (1986), 65 Water rights, 672, 751, 1309, 1315- 1318 Water supply systems, 1318-1321 Water table, 57, 549, 587; landfills and, 678 Water transport, 1239 Water usage; U.S. statistics, 1309 Waterproofing, 75 Watersheds, 1162-1163; floods, 442 Waterways, 983-984 Waterwheels, 579 Watson, Paul, 1065 Watt, James (inventor), 611, 717, 1145, 1239, 1321 Watt, James G. (interior secretary), 392, 396, 981, 1049 Wave energy, 846-848 Weather, 1321-1324; health impacts, 82; monsoons, 777. See also Climate; Global warming; Hydrologic cycle; Precipitation Weather satellites, 684, 1132 Weathering, 214-215, 938, 1068, 1324-1327; biological, 1100; soil formation, 1099 Weaving, 1213 Webb, Thomas, 1298 Weeks Act (1911), 456 Werner, Abraham Gottlob, 534 Western Wood Products Association, 1327 Wetlands, 429, 431, 798, 806, 1107, 1327-1330; denitrification, 823; peat bogs, 913-916; Ramsar Convention, 798, 996-997 Weyerhäuser, Friedrich, 1330-1331 Whales and whaling, 392, 433, 1331-1333 Wharton, Joseph, 815 Wheat, 542-544, 941, 1334-1336; India, 602; Iran, 628; Italy, 644; Spain, 1141; Ukraine, 1253; world production, 1335 Whiskey, 223, 916 White, Gilbert, 448 White wheat, 1335 Whitewares, 188 Whitman, Christine Todd, 396 Whitney, Eli, 17, 263, 612 Whittle, Frank, 617 Wild rice, 1031 Wilderness, 797, 1336-1341; preservation, 1338 Wilderness Act (1964), 76, 460, 672, 981, 1337-1338, 1341 Wilderness Society, 1341-1342 Wildfires, 426-428, 454-456; grasslands, 536 Wildlife, 1342-1344, 1362-1363; habitat degradation, 377; U.S. regulations, 672; Zimbabwe, 1370 Wildlife biology, 1344-1345 Wildlife reserves, 247 Wilson, Edward O., 104 Wilson’s disease, 252 Wind, 1346; erosion, 399; role in sedimentation, 1069 Wind energy, 150, 286, 346, 1011, 1324, 1345-1349; Denmark, 286; Germany, 515; Taiwan, 1199 Windmills, 1345 Wine; France, 470; Italy, 644; Portugal, 968; Spain, 1140 Wise use movement, 1350 Witherite, 180 Wöhler, Friedrich, 33, 102 Wolfram. See Tungsten Wolframite, 761, 1244 Wollaston, William Hyde, 953, 1351 Wollastonite, 735, 1350-1353 Wolves, 355 Wood alcohol, 739-741 Wood products, 332, 974, 1229- 1232; Brazil, 141; building material, 1355-1359; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 239; fibers, 1213; fuel source, 1353-1355; historic use of, 461; Japan, 652; Mexico, 744; Norway, 828; paper pulp, 905, 909; professional organizations, 37; world consumption, 302 Wood smoke, 1355 Wool, 15, 1250 Works Progress Administration, 592 World Bank, 302-303, 682, 803, 1023, 1184, 1263, 1359-1360 World Charter for Nature, U.N., 668 World Commission on Environment and Development, 1183, 1360-1361 World Conservation Strategy (IUCN), 243 World Food Programme, 1275 World Forestry Congress, 463 World Health Organization, 1263 World Heritage Sites, 798 World Meteorological Organization, 901, 1263 World Network of Biosphere Reserves, 121 World Resources Institute, 1361- 1362 World Resources report (WRI), 1362 World Wide Fund for Nature, 391, 799, 1362-1363. See also World Wildlife Fund World Wildlife Fund, 391, 524, 1362-1363. See also World Wide Fund for Nature Wrought iron, 104, 628, 630, 633, 1150 Wurtzite, 157, 1372 X rays, 637 Xenon, 478-479 Xenotime, 999 Xylene, 927 Yaks, 45 Yangtze River, 1163, 1223-1224; floods, 443 Global Resources Subject Index • 1503 Yanomami farmers, 1093 Yard waste, 234 Yarn, 1213 Yasuní National Park, 799 Yellow River, 1165; floods, 443 Yellowstone Act (1872), 793 Yellowstone National Park, 518, 595, 793, 798 Yom Kippur War. See Arab-Israeli War Yosemite National Park, 793 Yosemite Valley, 783 Youth Conservation Corps, 243 Ytterbium, 999 Yttrium, 999 Yucca Mountain, Nevada, 839 Zahniser, Howard, 1341 Zaire, 1159. See also Congo, Democratic Republic of the Zea mays, 258-261 Zebra mussel, 113 Zeolites, 1364-1366 Zhejiang Province tidal power station, 1226 Ziegler, Karl, 926 Zimbabwe, 1366-1370; economic statistics, 1367 Zinc, 730, 1371-1374; Argentina, 64; Australia, 90; in brass, 136; cadmium and, 157; Canada, 166; end-use statistics, 1373; indium as by-product, 605; Kazakhstan, 660; Mexico, 744; Poland, 961; United States, 1282; world production, 1372 Zircon, 894, 1374 Zirconium, 1374-1375; cubic, 486; world production, 1375 Zoning, 675 Zooplankton, 116, 432, 853, 934 Zubrin, Robert, 1135 1504 • Subject Index Global Resources . Subject Index Global Resources Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, 1315 Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, 1315 Water power, 717 Water quality, 1320 Water Quality Act (1970), 1315 Water resources, . 1160 Strategic and Critical Minerals Act (1990), 1183 Strategic management, 415 Strategic materials, 64 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1024 Strategic resources, 1158-1161, 1286; U.S. imports, 1160 Stratiform. Nations Development Programme, 1185; Quality of Life Index, 1184 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 121, 798 Global Resources Subject Index • 1501 United Nations