David M. Diggs Central Missouri State University Steven L. Driever University of Missouri—Kansas City Colleen M. Driscoll Villanova University Thomas A. Eddy Emporia State University H. J. Eisenman University of Missouri—Rolla Jessica O. Ellison Clarkson University Robert D. Engelken Arkansas State University Victoria Erhart Strayer University Thomas R. Feller Nashville, Tennessee Mary C. Fields Medical University of South Carolina David G. Fisher Lycoming College Dale L. Flesher University of Mississippi Richard H. Fluegeman, Jr. Ball State University George J. Flynn SUNY—Plattsburgh James F. Fowler State Fair Community College Donald R. Franceschetti University of Memphis Yongli Gao East Tennessee State University June Lundy Gastón City University of New York Michael Getzner Klagenfurt University Soraya Ghayourmanesh Bayside, New York Lenela Glass-Godwin Texas A&M University Auburn University James S. Godde Monmouth College Joelle D. Godwin Eckerd College Pamela J. W. Gore Georgia Perimeter College D. R. Gossett Louisiana State University—Shreveport D. Yogi Goswami University of Florida Jerry E. Green Miami University Richard Wayne Griffin Prairie View A&M University Clayton D. Harris Middle Tennessee State University Jasper L. Harris North Carolina Central University C. Alton Hassell Baylor University Craig Bond Hatfield The University of Toledo Robert M. Hawthorne, Jr. Marlboro, Vermont Charles D. Haynes University of Alabama Mark C. Herman Edison State College Stephen C. Hildreth, Jr. Pickens, South Carolina Robert M. Hordon Rutgers University Raymond Pierre Hylton Virginia Union University Domingo M. Jariel Louisiana State University at Eunice Albert C. Jensen Central Florida Community College Richard C. Jones Texas Woman’s University Chand K. Jotshi University of Florida Karen N. Kähler Pasadena, California Mark Kanazawa Carleton College Kyle L. Kayler Mahopac, New York Diann S. Kiesel University of Wisconsin Center—Baraboo/ Sauk County Grove Koger Boise State University Narayanan M. Komerath Georgia Institute of Technology Padma P. Komerath SCV, Inc. Ludwik Kowalski Montclair State University Craig B. Lagrone O.I. Analytical, CMS Field Products Ralph L. Langenheim, Jr. University of Illinois—Urbana Eugene Larson Los Angeles Pierce College Vincent M. D. Lopez Independent Scholar Chungu Lu NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory x Global Resources R. C. Lutz CII Group Fai Ma University of California, Berkeley Roxanne McDonald Wilmot, New Hampshire Thomas R. MacDonald University of San Francisco Elizabeth A. Machunis-Masuoka Midwestern State University Marianne M. Madsen University of Utah Nancy Farm Männikkö Centers for Disease Control & Prevention A. M. Mannion University of Reading Sergei A. Markov Austin Peay State University W. J. Maunder Tauranga, New Zealand Raymond F. Mikesell University of Oregon Marian A. L. Miller University of Akron Randall L. Milstein Oregon State University Alice Myers Bard College at Simon’s Rock John E. Myers Bard College at Simon’s Rock Mysore Narayanan Miami University Terrence R. Nathan University of California, Davis Brian J. Nichelson Pearland, Texas Emmanuel U. Nzewi North Carolina A&T State University Oghenekome U. Onokpise Florida A&M University Robert J. Paradowski Rochester Institute of Technology John R. Phillips Purdue University Calumet Rex D. Pieper New Mexico State University George R. Plitnik Frostburg State University Aaron S. Pollak Omaha, Nebraska Oliver B. Pollak University of Nebraska at Omaha Pollak and Hicks Victoria Price Lamar University Cynthia F. Racer New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Public Health Education Steven J. Ramold Eastern Michigan University William O. Rasmussen University of Arizona Donald F. Reaser The University of Texas at Arlington David D. Reed Michigan Technological University Edward A. Riedinger Ohio State University Gina M. Robertiello Felician College Raymond U. Roberts Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality Gene D. Robinson James Madison University James L. Robinson University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign Charles W. Rogers Southwestern Oklahoma State University Carol A. Rolf Rivier College Kathryn L. Rowberg Purdue University Calumet Joseph R. Rudolph, Jr. Towson University Michael K. Rulison Oglethorpe University Neil E. Salisbury University of Oklahoma Panagiotis D. Scarlatos Florida Atlantic University Elizabeth D. Schafer Loachapoka, Alabama Harold H. Schobert Penn State University John Richard Schrock Emporia State University Steven C. Schulte Mesa State College Leslie J. Schwartz St. John Fisher College Rose Secrest Chattanooga, Tennessee Ronald John Shadbegian University of Massachusetts—Dartmouth S. A. Sherif University of Florida R. Baird Shuman University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign Carlos Nunes Silva University of Lisbon xi Contributors Paul P. Sipiera William Rainey Harper College Amy Sisson Houston Community College Roger Smith Portland, Oregon Robert J. Stern University of Texas at Dallas Joan C. Stevenson Western Washington University C. J. Stewart Mote Marine Laboratory Dion C. Stewart Georgia Perimeter College Robert J. Stewart California Maritime Academy William H. Stewart University of Alabama Theresa L. Stowell Adrian College Frederick M. Surowiec Independent Scholar Jacqueline Vaughn Switzer Northern Arizona University Glenn L. Swygart Tennessee Temple University Katrina Taylor Northern Arizona University John M. Theilmann Converse College Nicholas C. Thomas Auburn University at Montgomery Donald J. Thompson California University of Pennsylvania Leslie V. Tischauser Prairie State College Roger Dale Trexler Southern Illinois University Sarah A. Vordtriede St. Ambrose University William T. Walker Chestnut Hill College C. J. Walsh Mote Marine Laboratory Xingwu Wang Alfred University William J. Wasserman Seattle Central Community College John P. Watkins Westminster College Kevin D. Weakley Western Michigan University Shawncey Webb Taylor University Thomas W. Weber SUNY at Buffalo Robert J. Wells Society for Technical Communication Kristopher D. White Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics, & Strategic Research Edwin G. Wiggins Webb Institute Thomas A. Wikle Oklahoma State University Sam Wong University of Leeds William C. Wood James Madison University Lisa A. Wroble Hodges University Jay R. Yett Orange Coast College Ming Y. Zheng Gordon College Tom L. Zimmerman The Ohio State University xii Global Resources Contents Publisher’s Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Common Units of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Complete List of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Abrasives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Acid precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Aerial photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Agenda 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Agriculture industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Agronomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Air pollution and air pollution control . . . . . . 22 Alaska pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 American Chemistry Council . . . . . . . . . . . 35 American Farm Bureau Federation . . . . . . . . 36 American Forest and Paper Association. . . . . . 37 American Gas Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 American Mining Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 American Petroleum Institute . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Animal breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Animal domestication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Animal power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Animals as a medical resource. . . . . . . . . . . 50 Antarctic treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Antiquities Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Aquifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. . . . . . . . . . . 65 Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Asbestos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Aspinall, Wayne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Astor, John Jacob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Athabasca oil sands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Atomic Energy Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Atomic Energy Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Barite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Bessemer process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Biofuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Biological invasions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Biomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Biopyriboles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Biosphere reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Biotechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Borax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Boron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Botany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Bromine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Buildings and appliances, energy-efficient . . . 146 Bureau of Land Management, U.S. . . . . . . . 152 Bureau of Mines, U.S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Calcium compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Canadian Environmental Protection Act . . . . 167 Canning and refrigeration of food. . . . . . . . 168 Capitalism and resource exploitation . . . . . . 169 Carbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Carbon cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Carbon fiber and carbon nanotubes. . . . . . . 176 Carbonate minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Carnegie, Andrew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Carson, Rachel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Carter, Jimmy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Carver, George Washington . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Cement and concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Central Arizona Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Ceramics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Cesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Chernobyl nuclear accident . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Chlorites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Chromium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Civilian Conservation Corps . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 xiii Clean Air Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Clean Water Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Clear-cutting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Climate and resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Coal gasification and liquefaction . . . . . . . . 224 Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S. . . . . . . . . . 226 Coastal engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Coastal Zone Management Act. . . . . . . . . . 229 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Cogeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Commoner, Barry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Congo, Democratic Republic of the . . . . . . . 235 Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Conservation biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Conservation International . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Coral reefs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Corundum and emery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Council of Energy Resource Tribes . . . . . . . 264 Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Daly, Marcus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Dams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Deep drilling projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Deep ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Deforestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Deltas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Department of Agriculture, U.S. . . . . . . . . . 287 Department of Energy, U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Department of the Interior, U.S. . . . . . . . . . 291 Department of Transportation, U.S. . . . . . . . 293 Desalination plants and technology . . . . . . . 294 Desertification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Deserts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Developing countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Diamond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Diatomite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Dimension stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Dow, Herbert H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Drought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Dust Bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Dynamite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Earth First! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Earth Summit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Earth’s crust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Earthwatch Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Ecosystem services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Ecozones and biogeographic realms. . . . . . . 338 Edison, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Edison Electric Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 El Niño and La Niña . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Electrical power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Endangered species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Endangered Species Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Energy economics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Energy Policy Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Energy politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Energy storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 xiv Global Resources Common Units of Measure Common prefixes for metric units—which may apply in more cases than shown below—include giga- (1 billion times the unit), mega- (one million times), kilo- (1,000 times), hecto- (100 times), deka- (10 times), deci- (0.1 times, or one tenth), centi- (0.01, or one hundredth), milli- (0.001, or one thousandth), and micro- (0.0001, or one mil- lionth). Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents Acre Area ac 43,560 square feet 4,840 square yards 0.405 hectare Ampere Electric current A or amp 1.00016502722949 international ampere 0.1 biot or abampere Angstrom Length Å 0.1 nanometer 0.0000001 millimeter 0.000000004 inch Astronomical unit Length AU 92,955,807 miles 149,597,871 kilometers (mean Earth-Sun distance) Barn Area b 10 –28 meters squared (approx. cross-sectional area of 1 uranium nucleus) Barrel (dry, for most produce) Volume/capacity bbl 7,056 cubic inches; 105 dry quarts; 3.281 bushels, struck measure Barrel (liquid) Volume/capacity bbl 31 to 42 gallons British thermal unit Energy Btu 1055.05585262 joule Bushel (U.S., heaped) Volume/capacity bsh or bu 2,747.715 cubic inches 1.278 bushels, struck measure Bushel (U.S., struck measure) Volume/capacity bsh or bu 2,150.42 cubic inches 35.238 liters Candela Luminous intensity cd 1.09 hefner candle Celsius Temperature C 1° centigrade Centigram Mass/weight cg 0.15 grain Centimeter Length cm 0.3937 inch Centimeter, cubic Volume/capacity cm 3 0.061 cubic inch Centimeter, square Area cm 2 0.155 square inch Coulomb Electric charge C 1 ampere second xv Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents Cup Volume/capacity C 250 milliliters 8 fluid ounces 0.5 liquid pint Deciliter Volume/capacity dl 0.21 pint Decimeter Length dm 3.937 inches Decimeter, cubic Volume/capacity dm 3 61.024 cubic inches Decimeter, square Area dm 2 15.5 square inches Dekaliter Volume/capacity dal 2.642 gallons 1.135 pecks Dekameter Length dam 32.808 feet Dram Mass/weight dr or dr avdp 0.0625 ounce 27.344 grains 1.772 grams Electron volt Energy eV 1.5185847232839 × 10 –22 Btus 1.6021917 × 10 –19 joules Fermi Length fm 1 femtometer 1.0 × 10 –15 meters Foot Length ft or ′ 12 inches 0.3048 meter 30.48 centimeters Foot, cubic Volume/capacity ft 3 0.028 cubic meter 0.0370 cubic yard 1,728 cubic inches Foot, square Area ft 2 929.030 square centimeters Gallon (British Imperial) Volume/capacity gal 277.42 cubic inches 1.201 U.S. gallons 4.546 liters 160 British fluid ounces Gallon (U.S.) Volume/capacity gal 231 cubic inches 3.785 liters 0.833 British gallon 128 U.S. fluid ounces Giga-electron volt Energy GeV 1.6021917 × 10 –10 joule Gigahertz Frequency GHz — Gill Volume/capacity gi 7.219 cubic inches 4 fluid ounces 0.118 liter xvi Global Resources Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents Grain Mass/weight gr 0.037 dram 0.002083 ounce 0.0648 gram Gram Mass/weight g 15.432 grains 0.035 avoirdupois ounce Hectare Area ha 2.471 acres Hectoliter Volume/capacity hl 26.418 gallons 2.838 bushels Hertz Frequency Hz 1.08782775707767 × 10 –10 cesium atom frequency Hour Time h 60 minutes 3,600 seconds Inch Length in or ″ 2.54 centimeters Inch, cubic Volume/capacity in 3 0.554 fluid ounce 4.433 fluid drams 16.387 cubic centimeters Inch, square Area in 2 6.4516 square centimeters Joule Energy J 6.2414503832469 × 10 18 electron volt Joule per kelvin Heat capacity J/K 7.24311216248908 × 10 22 Boltzmann constant Joule per second Power J/s 1 watt Kelvin Temperature K –272.15 Celsius Kilo-electron volt Energy keV 1.5185847232839 × 10 –19 joule Kilogram Mass/weight kg 2.205 pounds Kilogram per cubic meter Mass/weight density kg/m 3 5.78036672001339 × 10 –4 ounces per cubic inch Kilohertz Frequency kHz — Kiloliter Volume/capacity kl — Kilometer Length km 0.621 mile Kilometer, square Area km 2 0.386 square mile 247.105 acres Light-year (distance traveled by light in one Earth year) Length/distance lt-yr 5,878,499,814,275.88 miles 9.46 × 10 12 kilometers Liter Volume/capacity L 1.057 liquid quarts 0.908 dry quart 61.024 cubic inches xvii Common Units of Measure Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents Mega-electron volt Energy MeV — Megahertz Frequency MHz — Meter Length m 39.37 inches Meter, cubic Volume/capacity m 3 1.308 cubic yards Meter per second Velocity m/s 2.24 miles per hour 3.60 kilometers per hour Meter per second per second Acceleration m/s 2 12,960.00 kilometers per hour per hour 8,052.97 miles per hour per hour Meter, square Area m 2 1.196 square yards 10.764 square feet Metric. See unit name Microgram Mass/weight mcg or µg 0.000001 gram Microliter Volume/capacity µl 0.00027 fluid ounce Micrometer Length µm 0.001 millimeter 0.00003937 inch Mile (nautical international) Length mi 1.852 kilometers 1.151 statute miles 0.999 U.S. nautical miles Mile (statute or land) Length mi 5,280 feet 1.609 kilometers Mile, square Area mi 2 258.999 hectares Milligram Mass/weight mg 0.015 grain Milliliter Volume/capacity ml 0.271 fluid dram 16.231 minims 0.061 cubic inch Millimeter Length mm 0.03937 inch Millimeter, square Area mm 2 0.002 square inch Minute Time m 60 seconds Mole Amount of substance mol 6.02 × 10 23 atoms or molecules of a given substance Nanometer Length nm 1,000,000 fermis 10 angstroms 0.001 micrometer 0.00000003937 inch xviii Global Resources Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents Newton Force N x 0.224808943099711 pound force 0.101971621297793 kilogram force 100,000 dynes Newton meter Torque N·m 0.7375621 foot-pound Ounce (avoirdupois) Mass/weight oz 28.350 grams 437.5 grains 0.911 troy or apothecaries’ ounce Ounce (troy) Mass/weight oz 31.103 grams 480 grains 1.097 avoirdupois ounces Ounce (U.S., fluid or liquid) Mass/weight oz 1.805 cubic inch 29.574 milliliters 1.041 British fluid ounces Parsec Length pc 30,856,775,876,793 kilometers 19,173,511,615,163 miles Peck Volume/capacity pk 8.810 liters Pint (dry) Volume/capacity pt 33.600 cubic inches 0.551 liter Pint (liquid) Volume/capacity pt 28.875 cubic inches 0.473 liter Pound (avoirdupois) Mass/weight lb 7,000 grains 1.215 troy or apothecaries’ pounds 453.59237 grams Pound (troy) Mass/weight lb 5,760 grains 0.823 avoirdupois pound 373.242 grams Quart (British) Volume/capacity qt 69.354 cubic inches 1.032 U.S. dry quarts 1.201 U.S. liquid quarts Quart (U.S., dry) Volume/capacity qt 67.201 cubic inches 1.101 liters 0.969 British quart Quart (U.S., liquid) Volume/capacity qt 57.75 cubic inches 0.946 liter 0.833 British quart Rod Length rd 5.029 meters 5.50 yards xix Common Units of Measure . . . . . 28 3 Department of Agriculture, U.S. . . . . . . . . . 28 7 Department of Energy, U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . 28 9 Department of the Interior, U.S. . . . . . . . . . 29 1 Department of Transportation,. pecks Dekameter Length dam 32. 808 feet Dram Mass/weight dr or dr avdp 0.0 625 ounce 27 .344 grains 1.7 72 grams Electron volt Energy eV 1.518584 723 2839 × 10 22 Btus 1.6 021 917 × 10 –19 joules Fermi. centimeters Inch, square Area in 2 6.4516 square centimeters Joule Energy J 6 .24 145038 324 69 × 10 18 electron volt Joule per kelvin Heat capacity J/K 7 .24 31 121 624 8908 × 10 22 Boltzmann constant Joule