112 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIES, OUIZZES, AND MODEL TESTS ClMeItIIst of "" The 18 lk relales an example 10 a ooncepI . "" Inaccuracies In lhe conlent are minor. "" The talk Is direct and wefI.organized. "" The sentences ara logically coonected. "" Details and examples support the opinion. "" The speaker expresses complete thoughts. "" The meaning Is easy to comprehend. "" A wide range 01 vocabulary Is used. "" The speaker paraphrases In hlslhet own WOtds . "" The speaker credits the lecturer with wording. "" Errors in grammar are minor. "" The talk is within a range of 125-150 words. h·'FlEAats.u FIM"', crfllSnADC tAu,. 5 "Erta I. r" The woman needs addi!ionaIlncome 10 moot hat eKPMOOs so her Irieod suggests that she get a job at the cafeteria. Even though the salary iso' very high, the free meals are helpful. He Isn, sure whether there's a job avaitable but he agrees to find oot. He also recommends that she rent the second bedroom in her apartment lor 8 minimum 01 $250 8 month. which would subsidize the renl and utilities. The prot>- Iem she points out Is that roommales can be disruptive, and sometimes they aren' fiMociaJIy respoosi, bIe. But, she would have more time to study if she dicln' have to work and her Irieod reminds her that she could ~ ir e an agreement In writing, aJong with a deposit. Okay , In my opinion, she should try to gel a job either in the cafeteria or someplace else on campus because if &he lives alone, she can main, 18 in a quiet anvironmentlof study, and she won' have to worry about a contrad that could be difficult to enforce. Checklist 5 "" The talk summarizes the problem and recommendations. "" The speaker's point 01 view or position Is clear. "" The talk Is direct and weN-organizeci. "" The sentences are i0glcaiiy connected. "" De18 ils and examples support the opinion. "" The speakef expresses complete thoughts. "" The meaning is easy to comprehend. "" A wide range 01 vocabulary is used. "" Errors In grammar are minor. "" The talk is within a range 01 125-1 SO words. h'IPUAlnaFIM"'n umSnADC Quo, , "ROf4nRBEM :q" According 10 the lecturer, \hefe are two major criteria lor using an older research relerence. First, she mentions, and I'm quoting here , the -potentlallor change .• F or example. researen on diet may be 100 old atter thirty years because many changes have occurred In d ietary practices during thai time, but research on language development may be okay because lewer changes have taken place In language acquisition In the same number 01 years. The other criteria requires that you first identify the research as 8 conclusion or an opirjon, Because, uti, in general, a conclusion may be outdated when a newer study r.; n9h!~ EXf'lANATOFIY OFI EXAMPlE ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOFI MOOEL TESTsn.!OOEL TEST 2 1113 Is published, bul an opinion credited 10 a petSOn wilh the dale 01 the opinion In the citation, urn, thaI's correct over time. tn other wordS . thera's no exacI number ot years to decide whether a retereoca is acceptable 90 the date isnl as SignifiCant as the criteria. So, an oIdef study can be usect if changes ill the research haven' taken place 01" if the rest/Its are wordeclll5 opinions with the dates citecl . ChlCkl1Jt6 tI' The talk summarizes a short lacture. tI' Inaccuracies in the COfltent are minor . .,. The talk is dl reel and we ll-organlzad . .,. The sentences are logically connected . tI' Details and examples support the opinion . .,. The speal\er e~pressas complete thoughts . .,. The meaning Is easy to comprehend . .,. A wide range 01 vocabulary Is usect . .,. The speaker paraphrases In hiSlhar own wordS . .,. The speal<er credits the lecturer with wording . .,. Errors In grammar are minor . .,. The talk Is within a range 01 125 150 words. ExAllPtllluPiaa RIIf!!'i;::wre faAr "TIllE T_ TUT" Some writers begin with an outline and others begin with a map 01 their Ideas. Only the 8$$8y will be -'" DutIl Turing Tesl-1950 • People Interact wI something In another room Questions microphone or computer Response voice synthesizer Of teld • Evaluate Person or computer Wrong Of can' decide ~ Machine passect Turing Tast Lecturer • Prem l sect on behavior, not thought • Ch inese R oom-John Searle Questions in Ch inese Relereooe Correct behavior SymbOls wlo comprehension lPyrightCd makr EXPLANATORY OR EXAMPLE ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR MOOEL TESTSIMODEL TEST 2 615 v' The writer eKP«lsses complete thoughts. II The meaning is easy to compreh end. v' A wide range 01 vocabulary Is used. '" The writer parapflrases In hlSltoer own words. '" The writer credits the aiJlhor witfl wording. II Errors in grammar and idioms are minor. v' The essay Is within a range 01 150-225 words. Outline Outline Agree that pets should be treated Ii ke family members • Children -Ieam how to care tor brother, sister • Couple-substitute lor babies • Disabled, elderly-help, caring like lamily members • Evary stags in Iile p A I "''''''''' ""'''" C_ Substitu1e brother, sislef Disabled , old , "'" Although the argument I"Ias been made that money spent 00 pelS could better be directed to pro- grams that provide assislance f()( needy people, I ag ree that pelS should be treated like family members because they live In ou r homes and Interact with us like lamlly members do. OIten parents allow chil- dren to have pets In order to teach them to be responsible. By feeding, walking. and grooming a dog, children leam to be dependable and kind. Parenll eKpGCI their children to take care 01 the pets as It they were members oltha family in order 10 leam these va lu able lessons. For many children, a dog or a kil- len Is also a bestlrlend and a wonderlul way 10 leam hoW to treat a new brother or sister when the lam- Ily expands. Besides the friendship thai children enjoy with animals, pets can substitute for the absence 01 other lamily members. Sometimes a couple who is unable to have children wil l adopt pets and treat them like babies. They shoWer the love on their cats t ha t they might have p rOVided a child, and receive affection and companionship In rehJm . Many people who are living alo!"18 enjoy the companionship 01 a pet Instead 01 loved ooes who are at a distance or have passed away. The pet becomes 8 ramily member lor these people and deserves the same kind 01 tr eatment that a ramlly member would receive. I {roqh maler I &18 ANSWERS AND AUDID SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIES, QUIZZES, AND MOOEL TESTS cultures, not as a definition 01 civil i zation , Choice 0 is not COfl"ect because the population cent91'S increased in size as civilizations grew, but other basic characteristics had to be present as well, 15 . B "Although copper was the first meta l to be utilized in producing tools, after 4000 B. C. , crafts- people In western Asia discovered that a combination 01 copper and tin produced bronze, a much harder and more durable metal than copper. Its [bronze' s] widespread use has led hi st o- ri ans to speak 01 a Brooze Age." The pronoun "its . does not refe r to Choices A, C, or 0 , 16. B · As wealth Increased, suc h societi es began to develop armies and to bu i ld walled cities." Choices A, C, and 0 may be logical, but they are not mentioned and may no t be ooncluded from information in the passage, 17, C In th is passage, hardly Is a synooym lor 'barely ." 18. 0 Because the author sta tes that Neolithic towns gave "birth to more complex human SOCieties : it may be concluded that they are mentioned to contrast them with the civilizations thai evolved. Choice A is not correct because a Neolithic town does not qualify as a civilizatiort. Choice B is no l correct because writing systems were no t part of Neolithic settlements, Choice C Is not cor- rect because Neolithic settlements were referred to as villages, and no argument was made for the cl assification. 19 . B ", a new social structure ••• (included] kings and an upper class . . . free people and a cl ass of stave s." Choice A is not correct because It does not Include free people, Choice C is not COITect because It does not include f ree people , Choice 0 Is not mentioned and may not be concluded from Informat io n In the passage. Th e new strvcture described is based 00 econom- Ics. no l on education. 20. A the majority paraphrases "most of which ." 21. A In th is passage, fundamentsl is a synonym for "cnIcial ." 22 . B In th is pa5S8ge , impottanf is a synooym for "prominent." Context comes from the WOfd "manu- IIlenla r In Ihe SCIlrltlll6fltence . 23. B "A number of posslbls explanations of the beginni ng of civilization have boon suggesled .' Choice A is not correct because scholars do noI agree on one explanation. Choice C Is not cor- rect because trade routes are no l mentioned in paragraph 4. Choice 0 Is not correct because COincidence Is noI mentioned as one 01 the poSSible explanations. 24. C Choice A is mentioned in paragraph 4, sentence 9. ChoIce B Is mentioned In paragraph 4, sen - tence 8. Choice 0 Is mentioned in paragr aph 4, sentence 6, 2 5. B A rhetorical question Is 8 ques ti on that Is asked and answered by the same speaker. Response Is a transitional device that connects the Insert sentenoe with the previous rhetorical question. Choices A, C, and 0 are no t correct because the pronoun "they" In the Insert sentence does not reler to pl u ral noun s in the previoos sentence. 26 , B. E. F summariZe the passage, Choice A is true. but it Is a minor point that is mentioned as an example of the characteristics of a class structu re . Choice C may be one of the architectural structures built, but It Is not specified. Choice 0 Is true 01 Mesopotamia and E gyp t, but Is noI developed as a major point. 27. 0 In th is passage, natura /.yis a synonym lor "automatically." Context comes lrom the prefix auto , which mean s "sell" and the root mafic, which Is lound In many words Ihat reler to "machines'" 2 8. C 1"he moon Is ai rless, and although some data suggest Ice frozen In the soil at Its poles . It [t he moo n] ha s neVilr had liquid water on Its sur/ace." The pronoun "it" does not reler to Choices A, B .o rO . 29. A "Venus has some traces 01 water vapor In its atmosphere, but it is much too hoi lor liquid water to survive." Choice B Is not COfTect because the wat er translormed to vapor , no t ice. k:e r eI91'S to our moon , noIlo Ve nu s. Choice C Is not correct because the lakes or oceans evaporat ed q uk: kty. Choice 0 Is no t COfrect because the al rte ss atmosphere refers to Mercury, not to Venu s. , inqhmr l 620 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOA ACTIVITIE S. a UIZZES. AND MOOEL TESTS Woman: Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Man; Woman: Man: Woman: Man: Woman: M an : Woman: Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Audio I. Answer B AudiO 2. An lwe r C Audio 3. An lwe r A Well. have you Ialked wlth a counselor over at the OffIce 01 Career Development? No . . . . I talked to my academic advisor, lhough. That's good. but it ·s rea~ better to see ~~ ~Iizes i!l.bGlping people @!J make career decl5loos., You see. an academic advIsof Is there to help you WOfk out your academic program. You know. lIgure out what your ma;or Is going 10 be and which courses to l ake and all Ihal. 81,11 a Cateer counselor has a l ot 01 experience and resoorces to help you decide what you want to do in the \YOrio: world. Did you see a care&f counselor? I sure did. Last semester. I was . well, 1 dldn~ even know wt\at I would be good at, lor 8 career, I mean. So I made an appointment at the Otflce 01 career Developmenl, and L talked with a counselor. Do you remember who It was? Sure. It was Ruth Jackson. Oh , but since I'm in terested in ca reers lor math majors, probably I should see someone else. Not really. Any oltha counselors can help you.lDok, first I took some apmude tests and something called a . uh . . . I think It was caJled a career Inventory. Anyway. I took several tests, and then the counselor gave me some ideas about differenl careers. I even _01 10 some group sessions wIttl some other students for a few weeks. Mrs. Jackson was the group leeder, so, urn, that's how I met her, and then I Jus l sort 01 nal- urally slarted maklng my appointments with her when I needed some advice . 11 sounds tike It look a lot 01 Ume . I'm so busy already. Well, it did take lime . Probably three hours lor the tests, and I think I went to maybe four group sessions. and then I saw Ruth a couple 01 times. I guess abouI nine or ten hours probably. So , Is that why you deci(jed 10 go Into libtary science? Because of the tests and every· thing? In part. But, mostly it was because 01 \he intemship. You see, I also ",m, through the Office 01 Career I ~btlc library, It all sort 01 came together for me. - And you get paid lor WOfIdng there In the IibtlllY too. don' you? I get paid. and I get credit toward my ctegree. But even belter, I have a JO b oMer from the library where I'm doing my intomr;hip. Wow 1 Are you going to take it? I think so. I have 10 leI them know next week. 1/ I do take the job. 1 11 have 10 go to graduate school to get a dogroo In libtary science, bull can do that parI·time while I'm workin.g. and I had thought about graduato schoot anyway. So, I'm lean ln.g toward ~i"9 tho job. . I' m glad for you. lid 1IlIII·., Dl Maybe she can find me en Intemship. Maybe. What are \he students mainly discussing? Choices A and C aro mentioned In relerence to the main topic: the advantages ot career counseling tor the man . What is the man's problem? He does not know wtllch career to choose . Why does the women teU the man about her expertence? Because the woman's experieoce was positive, she probably told the man aboutlt in order 10 demonstrate the benetits. EXPlANATORY OR EXAMPLE ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR MOOEL TESTSMOO€L TEST:'I 623 An swe r C She needed to correct what she had said in a pl"evious statement. Professors occa- sionally misspeak, apologize briefly, and provide the CXIIT8Ct Information, Aud io 9. What generally I\appens after a group makes a decision? A nswer C As a whole , the group is even more united in its j udgment Audio 10. Based on Information in the lecture, indicate whether the statements describe the Asch study_ For each sentence, dick in the YES or NO coIUfM. Yo, No A Only one subject is be ing tested. " B The cards can be interpreted several ways. . " C Some of the group roIlaborate with the experimenter. " A udio 11 . What /s tna professor's attitude about the studies on social influence? An swe r B She appe3IS 10 be v8fy Interested In them. Her tone indicates interest and she cites some of the fads as "intllfesting." Lan 3 " Am' 110,,., CLu:s n Aud io L ect ure Narrator: Uslan 10 part of a lecture in an art hislory class. Professor : a In the was eigbleeoUl ceOlury Jhat, ub ~ accele{ated !.he' 'CIir<!roomen l 01 ~ .:. discovery that SIlver sahs were light sensitIVe led to •• . experimefllatlon with Images of lighl on a . a surface thaI had been coaled with silver. otten glass was used In the early Images. But the problem was thalthes& images were ephemeral-fading after only a shoI'\ time. Some of the chemists who wOOled with them called them failY pictures. and considered them, uh, lhallhey wera only momenllllY creations, uh, that they would disappear. Ot<ay . How to fix the I mage permanenlly was one 01' the most ImlXXtant. uh, challenges of the eat1y photographer chemists. In France, in about 1820, Nicephote Niepce discovered a method lor fix· ing the image atter along exposure time, oh , probably eight hours. So , although his work was consid· ered interesting, it was, uh , uh. largely dismissed 101' • as Impl"adicaJ. Nevertheless, one 01 his associates. Louis Dagl.l8rre, managed 10 find a way to. uh . reduce . , • the exposure time to less than twenly minutes. So the story goes , In 1835, Dagusrre was experimenting with some exposed plates. and na pul a couple of them into his chemical cupboard, so a rew ~~~~, - ,~- ,- .~ ,-,-,~~, The process Itself was somewhat complicated. First. he exposed copper pLales to "",'" released l umes 01 , uh , or righi-sensitive silvef Iodide . These copper plates were used to capture the Image, and by the way , they had 10 be used almost Immediately aller!heir exposure to the IClc:l i ne . So . the image on the plate was Ihen exposed 10 ~hl lor len to twenty minutes, The plate was developed over merculY heated 10 about 75 degrees centigrade, whieh , that caused the mercury to amalgamate 824 ANSWEAS AND AUDIO SCAIPTS FOA ACTIVITIES, OUIZZES, ANO MOOEL TESTS s.~"" the image was reversed, so the $Objects would actually see themselves as though they were looking in a minor , although, uh, in the case 01 portrails, the tact that people were accustomed 10 seeing themselves in a mirror made this less • this problem less urgent tI'Ian some 01 the others. Nevertheless, some photog- raphers did point their cameras at a mirrored rellectloo 01 \he i I thai I ~ 1 The beautiful cases thai were made to 'ho ;~~;~;;':~:~.:: not purposes but. uh. but also lor very practical rea- sons. ~ Ii e~posure time had been radically reduced, it was still . Inconvenlenlly long • at twenly minutes, especially lor portraits, since people would have 10 sit still in the sun for thai length of time. Elaborata headrests were constructed to keep the $Objects from moving so thai lhe image wouldn't be ruined, and, uh, many people simply didn~ W8flt to endure the discomfort. ~ ~~800s,;miO~1S ij d1iri!iI!Iv.::iii!! j;ijj!!Ci]l1G ~JnQi[9.f,~jIjII!ij! ~ Bromide as well as iodine sensitized the plates, and some photographers were even using chlorine In an ellOl'lIO decrease expo$Ore lime. The . . . the portraillens was also ImPl'ovoo by reducing lhe size of \he opening, and fimiting the amount allight that could enter. so the exposura time was about twenly seconds instead 01 twenly minutes. And negative film had been introduced in France, sorry, in England. and negatives permitted lhe production 01 multiple copies from a single image. So, photography was on its way to becoming a popular profession and pastime. Aud io 12. Anlwer D Aud io 13 . Anlwer B e Aud io 14 . Replay Audio Ae play Anlwer e Aud io 15. An lwe r B Audio 16. Anlwer 0 What is the maln 10pic of this lecture? The other choices are all mentioned in order to develop the main topic: the history of early photography. According 10 lhe prolessor, what two limitallons were noted In Daguerre's process IOf developing and fixi ng lalent lmages? The images were v8fY delicale and easily fall aparl. Multiple images could flOl be made from the piate. USlan again 10 pan 01 the lecture and then answer \he following question. • At IIrst, he couldn't figure out why, but eventually, ha concluded that this must have occurred as a result 01 mercury vapor . from a broken thermometer that was also In the, uh, enclosed in the cupboard . Supposedly, from this fortunate accident, he was able 10 invent a process lor developing latent images on on exposed plates." Why does the prolessor say th iS : ~Supposadly , from this lor1unate accident, he was able 10 invenl a Pl'0C9SS for develop- Ing latenllmages on . on eKposed plates The word ' supposedly" implies that the speaker is no t Stire whelher the infonnalion is acaJrate. What substance was first used 10 fix the images? Table sall What can we assume about photographers In the tBOOs? Some of them must have experienced health problems as a result of their laboratory work because the chemicals and the fumes that they released we re highly toxic. )pynqhl'Jd ma n tl . rew ~~~~, - , ~- ,- .~ ,-, -, ~~, The process Itself was somewhat complicated. First. he exposed copper pLales to "",'" released l umes 01 , uh , or righi-sensitive. within a range 01 15 0-2 25 words. Outline Outline Agree that pets should be treated Ii ke family members • Children -Ieam how to care tor brother, sister • Couple-substitute lor babies. hours probably. So , Is that why you deci(jed 10 go Into libtary science? Because of the tests and every· thing? In part. But, mostly it was because 01 he intemship. You see,