Tóm tắt: Cấu trúc hạ tầng xanh trong quy hoạch xây dựng nông thôn Đồng bằng sông Hồng

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PHUNG THI MY HANH

STRUCTURES OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN CONSTRUCTION PLANNING FOR RED RIVER DELTA

Major: Regional and Urban planning

Code: 9580105

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION

Hanoi - 2024

The thesis is accomplished at Hanoi University of Civil Engineering

Scientific supervisor: Associate Professor Dr Pham Hung Cuong

Dissertation reviewer 1: Professor Dr Nguyen Quoc Thong

Dissertation reviewer 2: Associate Professor Nguyen Hong Tien

Dissertation reviewer 3: Dr Nguyen Xuan Hinh

The dissertation will be defended in front of the School-level Doctoral Dissertation Evaluation Council held at Hanoi University of Civil

Engineering meeting

At o’clock on … day … month … year 2025

The dissertation can be found and read at the National Library and the Library of Hanoi University of Civil Engineering

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INTRODUCTION

1 The necessity of the research

The rural areas of the Red River Delta are consisted of about 7,500 traditional villages, most of which were formed hundreds of years ago, containing numerous cultural and historical values, representing the culture of the Vietnamese people With

a closed technical infrastructure system and space, the villages have formed a circular ecological cycle, with little interventions of technology However, with profound changes in economic conditions, lifestyles, production conditions and new technological factors, the impact of urbanisation in the rural areas of the Red River Delta in the past 30 years, the technical infrastructure and traditional village spatial structures have been forced to change and that is an inevitable evolution

Looking at the practice of rural construction planning which covers traditional villages, the general planning of communes and rural settlements has been rather hasty without suitable and sustainable solutions Important environmental components such as greeneries, water surfaces, and water supply and drainage systems are increasingly being disrupted from nature

The tendencies of developing green infrastructure have been recognised of their appropriateness in the context of urban and rural territories facing enormous pressures from climate change, environmental degradation, and the impacts of industrialization, modernisation, and globalization Sustainable development, in which green infrastructure has been put in the spotlight in Vietnam, however much attention on the urban domain meanwhile studies for the rural area is still vacant

In short, the research on the topic: "Structures of Green infrastructures in Construction planning for the Red River Delta” is necessary to study and in high

practical significance

2 Purposes and Objectives

- The aim of the study is to establish structures of green infrastructure in construction planning for the Red River Delta based on preserving and developing traditional cultural values, protecting ecological environment and satisfying demands

of future development which helps improving communities’ life and promotes sustainable economical and social development in rural areas

- Objectives of the study: (1) Proposing opinions and principles to establish structures for green infrastructure in rural settlements as traditional villages in the Red River Delta; (2) Developing criteria for rural green infrastructure; (3) Proposing solutions for establishing and adjusting structures of rural green infrastructure applying in rural construction planning in the Red River Delta

3 Research objects, scopes and limitations of the study

a Research objects: Structures and fundamental components of green

infrastructure of traditional villages in the Red River Delta which formed before

1954

b Scopes and limitations of the study:

- Time scopes: period of 2022-2035, with visions till 2045

- Scopes of geographical coverage:

+ Overview study: Overview screening and survey of 60 traditional villages (craft and agricultural ones) of rural areas in the Red River Delta and after that 10 typical villages in second round;

+ Specific study: Case studies are defined as rural settlements based on levels of transformation in green infrastructure Those are Nom (Van Lam, Hung Yen – low transformation), Huong Ngai (Thach That, Hanoi – medium transformation), Huu Bang (Thach That, Hanoi – radical transformation)

2 + Scopes of study issues: (1) Focusing on structures and their components of green infrastructure under communes’ boundaries in the Red River Delta The districts’ boundaries are just in focus with related issues to rural settlements; (2) The study does not consider urban areas or those belong to urban extensions because of their specificity under the impact of urbanisation

4 Research methods

- Onsite investigation and survey; Data collection and processing from references, from Internet, from projects, related planning-architecture projects in the study areas; Mapping; Methods of inventory, statistics, information synthesis and analysis, comparison, forecast, SWOT; Methods of expert consultation; Methods of illustrative design

5 Scientific and practical significance of the study

6 Novelty of the thesis

- The thesis proposes viewpoints and principles for establishing green infrastructure in rural construction planning in the Red River Delta;

- The thesis proposes criteria for establishing green infrastructure in rural construction planning in the Red River Delta;

- The thesis proposes solutions for establishing structures of green infrastructure

in rural construction planning in the Red River Delta

7 Structure of the thesis

- The thesis is consisted of three main parts: Introduction, Contents, Conclusions and Recommendations

- The Contents comprises:

+ Chapter 1: Overview of structure for green infrastructure in rural construction planning;

+ Chapter 2: Scientific bases for establishing green infrastructure in rural construction planning in the Red River Delta;

+ Chapter 3: Establishing structures for green infrastructure in rural construction planning in the Red River Delta

8 Related definitions and terminologies

In this study, green infrastructure is understood as a network of natural and natural spaces and other environmental components intimately connected via constructing technical infrastructure, greeneries and landscapes, ecological

semi-3 environment gaining a quality of environment, resource optimisation, sustainable communities

- Rural green infrastructure is the combination of green infrastructure associated

with features of rural environment in terms of conditions for nature, manufacturing and cultural-community

- Rural green infrastructure of the Red River Delta: is the combination of green

infrastructure associated with features of rural environment in terms of traditional conditions for nature, production and cultural-community

- Structure of rural green infrastructure in the Red River Delta: is a network

connecting fundamental components creating rural green infrastructure of the Red

River Delta which is consisted of green technical infrastructure; greeneries and landscapes; ecological environment; green production; cultural-community

Among them, green technical infrastructure is included transport networks, water supply and rainwater-wastewater drainage closely associated with nature

The structures of rural green infrastructure in the Red River Delta are distinctive from urban ones in agricultural production and cultural features of rural settlements

in the Red River Delta

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN RURAL CONSTRUCTION PLANNING IN THE RED RIVER DELTA

1.1 Overview of planning rural green infrastructure in the world and Vietnam

1.1.1 Viewpoints and theories of scientists and institutions in green infrastructure and rural green infrastructure

Benedict & McMahon (2002), consider green infrastructure as a life support system, wetlands, forests, wild environments, greenways, parks and other natural areas supporting vernacular, maintaining ecological process, air and water source and contributing to health quality and life of communities According to Environmental Protection Agency EPA (2008), green infrastructure is focused on managerial and technological solutions contributing to deal with challenges of climate change via technical support associated with operational rules of nature Town and Country Planning Association of England TCPA (2004) and nature conservation Natural England (2006) assume that green infrastructure is a network of multi-functional green and blue spaces in urban and rural territories offering life quality and environmental benefits for communities The report “Building green infrastructure for Europe” by EU (2013) defines that green infrastructure is a physical environment network with multi-functional greeneries comprising parks, forests, water bodies, street greeneries and rural open spaces

In Asia, Natuhara (2018) believes that green infrastructure in Japan is supposed

to be conserved and promoted values of the ecological systems closely connected between human and nature enhancing resilience to climate change and natural disaster such as earthquake, tsunami, flood Morimoto (2011) assumes that beside modern technological solutions, the combination with traditional experiences in establishing green infrastructure is extremely important and economical beneficial

In the research of structural transformation of green infrastructure for Baisha’s agricultural villages by Hua Xia (2021) and the one on ecological adaptation for the rurality of Harbin by Yujing Bai (2021) both give a definition of green infrastructure including components of greeneries, agricultural land, wetland and forests

1.1.1.1 Integrating establishing green infrastructure into spatial planning

In Europe, they assume that multi-functional green infrastructure is a common interest of stakeholders such as enterprises, scientists, policy makers, management bodies and communities from all levels from inter-nation to local Green infrastructure has been included in European agenda since 2013

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1.1.1.2 Opinions and theories in Vietnam

Dao Thi Son (2014) in her recommendations for rural construction planning of green infrastructure in Dai Dong commune, Van Lam district (Hung Yen province) believes that green infrastructure is comprised of scopes of infrastructure balancing natural components preserving ecological environment, protecting biological diversity towards the target of sustainable development Pham Hung Cuong (2014)

in the conference proceeding of “Conference on planning rural villages of the Red River Delta with visions to 2030 towards green and sustainable development” has set

a theoretical foundation researching models of green infrastructure satisfying demands of sustainable development for villages under the pressures of urbanisation and modernisation

1.1.2 Overview of planning and developing rural green infrastructure in the world and Vietnam

Some successful cases in preserving and developing green infrastructure structures and components include Harie village (Shiga, Japan), Oeam (Asan, Korea), Subak system in Bali (Indonesia), environmental engineering solutions for wastewater treatment in Ha Tinh and green agricultural production models in Vietnam

1.2 Structural features of rural green infrastructure in the Red River Delta

1.2.1 Overview of traditional villages in the Red River Delta

The process of formation and growth

With a similar history of development and culture, the villages in areas of Hanoi,

Ha Tay, and Bac Ninh have a history of about 1,000-4,000 years Currently, the average population of a commune is about 5,000-12,000 people, including from 1 to

5 villages Traditional villages have a tight community structure with social relationships In the traditional rural economic structure, agriculture is the basic activity

1.2.2 Spatial features of traditional villages

A typical village is formed with a clustered spatial structure, surrounded by bamboo hedges, the roads branch out like tree branches on high mounds or riverside combs, divided into alleys In the village, there are typical religious and public buildings such as communal houses, pagodas, temples, shops, markets, village gates, public ponds and wells The main spaces and works in traditional villages include: houses, religious and belief works, markets/village shops, transport/infrastructure (village roads, canals) and other components (village gates, bamboo hedges, ponds, trees, fields, cemeteries )

1.2.3 Structural features of traditional green infrastructure

The structures of rural green infrastructure in the Red River Delta are networks connecting fundamental components of rural green infrastructure among which there

are five traditional components: green technical infrastructure (including transport, water supply and drainage, waste treatment); greeneries and landscapes; ecological environment; green production; community-culture

1.2.4 Features of fundamental components of traditional green infrastructure

- Green technical infrastructure: the branching structure is the most common, especially in villages in low hilly terrain bordering the midlands (Vinh Phuc), low hills interspersed with high plains (Son Tay, Thach That in Hanoi) and high plains in the central region of the Red River Delta (Hanoi, Bac Ninh) In the areas south of the Red River, which are reclaimed land, the road structure is a closed loop network with the village boundary running around the village and parallel to the ditch The water surface area in traditional villages (including wells, ponds, lakes) in the Red River Delta plays a key economic, cultural and social role in the lives of villagers;

- Green space, traditional village landscape: The green tree system in the village

is also a common feature and plays an important role in regulating the microclimate

5 and creating the traditional village landscape in the Red River Delta and is also considered a key component of the village's technical infrastructure;

- Village environment and ecosystem: In purely agricultural villages, areas and fields are the basic ecosystem with a closed cycle of energy and materials Waste, nutrient and energy cycles are carried out with the participation of humans and nature, with little involvement of technical means;

- Green production model: The characteristics of small-scale, self-sufficient production have the positive aspect of creating a closed ecosystem in the village, following natural conditions and without significant intervention of scientific and technical factors such as the green economic model in the household Garden - Pond

- Barn (VAC) farming households;

- Sustainable village community culture: The village is a human ecological model for sustainable development, multi-dimensional social relations (neighbours, bloodline relatives, craft guilds, communes ) with a large role of the community in the environment

1.3 The transformation of traditional green infrastructure in the period present

1986-1.3.1 The transformation of spatial traditional villages

The clear change of green infrastructure structure of villages in the Red River Delta region began to occur from 1986 to present with the transformation of rural economy, from small-scale farming economy to market economy, affected by urbanisation

1.3.2 The transformation of components in rural green infrastructure

1.3.2.1 The technical infrastructure

- Traffic: Basically, the villages still maintain the previous road structure with a system of alleys and branches based on the road system of traditional villages, rather limited in bringing motorized roads to households, supporting the development of secondary occupations, traditional occupations and service activities;

- Water supply and drainage system: Wastewater and rainwater mostly drain into ponds, fields and not into the main road;

- Garbage collection and treatment: Due to the large amount of garbage, the traditional way of self-processing garbage at households and making fertilizer has been faded away, especially in craft villages

1.3.2.2 Greeneries and landscapes:

The general assessment is that rural traditional greeneries and landscapes have been deteriorated remaining only in communal houses and pagodas

1.3.2.3 Natural environment and ecosystem:

Due to the impact of changes from industrialisation and modernisation production methods on a large scale and high productivity together with agricultural production uses many pesticides that are harmful to human health and the environment

1.3.2.4 Agricultural and handicraft production model

Traditional agricultural production models are also affected by the decline due to the increasing trend of mechanisation and industrialisation with mass production, high productivity and the use of toxic chemicals and pesticides

1.3.2.5 Culture and village community cohesion

Cultural values and long-standing customs of respecting nature still exist but have also been significantly eroded due to the impact of modern lifestyles and advanced science and technology

1.4 Overview of rural construction planning in the Red River Delta from 2010

to present

1.4.1 Rural settlements and traditional villages

Rural planning basically covers traditional villages Normally, each rural settlement is originated from a traditional village The planning of areas in rural

6 planning is the planning of a populated settlement, including new areas, land for resettlement and old areas which are traditional villages

1.4.2 General situation

Planning accomplishment is one of the prerequisite criterions of 19 criteria of new rural areas Comparing 19 national criteria on new rural communes in the period of 2010-2020 with the perspective of green infrastructure shows that these criteria only focus on improving social conditions such as covering enough schools, nurseries, kindergartens, cultural houses and improving living standards through indicators of income, security and order, culture and society

1.4.3 Construction planning implemented in rural communes

Positive aspects: Basically, construction planning maintains the traditional

structure inside villages, with little intervention in renovation, preserving the foundation of the traffic branching into alleys, walking traffic, suitable for traditional

neighbourhood community relations Limitations: The landscapes in the village have

been transformed, greeneries coverage has been decreased, the alleys are narrow due

to multi-storey buildings There is a lack of stopping and parking spaces for cars to develop production, the traffic structure is not convenient enough for building a water supply and drainage infrastructure system to ensure environmental quality in modern life

1.5 Researches related to rural green infrastructure

1.5.1 Researches related to rural green infrastructure

- PhD thesis “Transforming the structure of villages in the suburban areas of the Red River Delta into residential neighbourhoods in the urbanisation process” by

Pham Hung Cuong (2000) The study identifies the structural transformation of traditional villages in the Red River Delta and recommends structural models for transforming suburban villages into residential neighbourhoods in the process of urbanisation with open greeneries as a limitation against negative impacts from urbanisation;

- PhD thesis “Organising rural living environments in the Red River Delta towards modernisation and promoting traditional values” by Do Trong Chung

(2016) The thesis proposes an assessing system the quality of rural living environments; models and solutions for organising rural living environments of the Red River Delta towards modernisation and promoting traditional values;

- Master thesis “Research of developing the system of rural infrastructure for Dai Dong commune, Van Lam district, Hung Yen province towards green infrastructure directions” by Dao Thi Son (2014) The study identifies existing issues of

infrastructure of rural settlements in the Red River Delta and proposes solutions in rural construction planning projects for Dai Dong commune, Van Lam district, Hung Yen province towards green infrastructure;

- Master thesis “Organising water bodies in suburban villages of Hanoi, applying for Tan Lap commune, Dan Phuong district, Hanoi” by Nguyen Cong Thien (2017)

The thesis proposes feasible and efficient solutions in organising water bodies in rural planning towards sustainable development and applies in the local practice;

1.5.2 Articles, conference proceedings and scientific reports

- Some articles in the research system of Pham Hung Cuong related to the heritage

of traditional villages in the Red River Delta such as: the article "Renewing the structure of Vietnamese villages" published in Vietnam Architecture Magazine No 4/2006; "System of heritage values in traditional villages in the Red River Delta" published in Architecture Magazine in August 2008; "Vietnamese villages and the values of landscape architectural heritage" published in Architecture Magazine in May 2009; "Planning and preserving the ancient villages of Duong Lam" published

in Vietnam Architecture Magazine No 1/2009; "New rural planning: Economic model determines residential model" published in Vietnam Architecture Magazine

1.6 Existing issues to be studied

- Identifying traditional rural green infrastructure structures, cultural characteristics of traditional villages, clarifying the situation of transformations and disruptions in the green infrastructure in the aspects of socio-economic fluctuations that have been taking place in rural areas of the Red River Delta;

- Assessing the causes of transformations and disruptions of some typical green infrastructure; Determining the level of intervention to adjust the green infrastructure for typical structural forms; Focusing on reconnecting and establishing a system of connections in terms of morphology, spatial structure, and technical infrastructure; Considering technologies and policies;

- Providing a system of viewpoints, principles and criteria to establish the structure of rural green infrastructure in the coming period, based on the fundamental components: green technical infrastructure; greeneries and landscapes; ecological environment; green production; community-culture;

- The goal to be achieved is to be able to integrate the establishment and reconnection of rural green infrastructure into the rural construction planning, focusing on the rural settlements to quickly head to sustainable development in rural areas

CHAPTER 2 SCIENTIFIC BASES FOR ESTABLISHING SRUCTURES OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN RURAL CONSTRUCTION PLANNING IN THE RED RIVER DELTA

2.1.1.2 Theories of sustainable agriculture and rurality

The European Commission (2020) believes that sustainable development is a long-term, cost-effective development process of rural communities while preserving the natural foundations of life and ensuring social security for all classes of people based on the efficient use of local resources while improving and protecting the environment and biodiversity

2.1.2 Theories of establishing green infrastructure system

- Establishing green networks and green routes: American landscape architect F

L Olmsted (1872) highly appreciated the role of natural ecosystems and believed that incorporating parks and natural landscapes into urban structures could help reduce many negative impacts caused by urban development Author Little (1995) emphasized that the functions of green routes are often ecological corridors and natural systems; green routes and networks serve recreation and green connections have heritage and cultural properties

- Establishing green infrastructure to preserve and connect ecological environments: Benedict & McMahon (2002) proposed the following principles for establishing green infrastructure: (1) Green infrastructure need to be the framework for conservation and development and need to be integrated at physical and management scales

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- Focus on rainwater conservation and management in the establishment of green infrastructure structures: In the US, Ahern (2007) stated that green infrastructure solutions are a combination and complementation of grey systems (technical systems) and green infrastructure supporting residential areas and landscapes to protect sustainable ecosystems According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 2008), green infrastructure are a series of measures to treat rainwater, plants, soil, absorbent pavement or other absorbent surfaces, capture or reuse rainwater and support pressure reduction for drainage systems or water-bearing surfaces

- Sustainable transport system planning: According to the European Commission (EC) report on supporting the implementation of the European Green infrastructure Strategy, Green Transport is an important element in the European Green infrastructure system to: reduce carbon emissions from transport; increase opportunities for integrating improved environmental quality and biodiversity

- Sustainable wastewater drainage planning for the establishment of Green infrastructure: In the report on sustainable wastewater drainage systems of the UK Environment Agency, this is a solution that provides opportunities for improving water management at the source It is a series of solutions that simulate natural processes and in the rural environment and is a tool for maintaining and managing water effectively, minimizing the risk of flooding, pollution and protecting land

2.1.3 Ecological environment in green infrastructure

Ecological environment is an important element in green infrastructure, including balanced ecosystems with sustainable transformation Ecosystems are complete open systems consisting of living components (communities) and abiotic components such

as air, water and soil The transformation of ecosystems is assessed through several aspects: Disruption of ecological cycles; Decrease of biodiversity; Replacement of components in ecological cycles, great impact of technology

2.1.4 Theory of greeneries organisation towards green infrastructure

Greeneries are the most important elements in the green space, organised into green parks, flower gardens, street greens, in open greeneries They play a role in creating environmental quality, aesthetics and landscapes To create high efficiency

in organizing green spaces for the environment, it is also necessary to follow the principles: Create large biomass value; The value of green spaces for the environment

is the large CO2 absorption capacity; Organise green spaces – green infrastructure to fully use spaces

2.1.5 Theories of ecological landscape

Architect Ian McHarg (University of Pennsylvania, USA) with his outstanding research "Design with Nature" published in 1969 proposed a design solution based

on ecology at the regional level in the context of Western countries revealing many negative aspects of the serious decline in biodiversity, natural resources and urgent warnings about climate change

2.1.6 Preserving heritage and maintaining traditional rural landscape characteristics in establishing green infrastructure

Conservation of landscape architecture

Adaptive conservation is a method that is considered suitable for the following principles: (1) Maximally preserving the remaining original values, inheriting and transferring values, selecting and establishing new and additional values so that the heritage can survive in the contemporary context; (2) It is necessary to establish a mechanism for active community participation in the conservation, restoration and management of heritage (Pham Hung Cuong, 2020)

2.1.7 Theory of village ecosystem

The ecosystem is consisted of physical ecosystem and human ecosystem Traditional village ecosystem is an independent ecosystem, with many closed cycles

9 with household ecosystem and village ecosystem Household ecosystem is a cycle with garden - pond - barn (VAC) model which can be considered as a balanced ecological unit, creating closed cycles of energy, nutrition and waste In addition, traditional villages in the Red River Delta are units with a close human ecosystem, with a close relationship between the social system and the material living environment of people

2.1.8 Theory of rural green economy model

According to the definition of the United Nations Environment Program, green economy is a model that improves human health and reduces long-term inequality while not increasing risks and deficits in environmental and social life for future generations

2.1.9 Establishing rural green infrastructure with community participation

Lieberherr (2018) argues that it is necessary to consider the implementation of establishing green infrastructure as a bottom-up approach with an important role for the community, especially when most of the green infrastructure planning areas are privately owned in the USA Pham Hung Cuong (2020) proposes methods of community participation in the planning and construction of traditional villages at different subjects and management levels

2.1.10 Bases for establishing a set of evaluation criteria for rural green infrastructure

- Significance of establishing a set of criteria for evaluating rural green infrastructure: The set of criteria serves as a standard for evaluating rural construction planning towards sustainable development, which can be integrated with the goal of achieving advanced new rural standards; As a measure to evaluate the effects of the rural green infrastructure system and each component on 3 goals: protecting the environment, ecosystems and saving resources;

- Referring to the principles of establishing a set of criteria for evaluating green buildings: Based on the sets of criteria for evaluating green buildings, the set of criteria for evaluating rural green infrastructure in the Red River Delta region also needs to comply with the principles: Suitable for the natural, economic, social and cultural conditions of rural areas in the Red River Delta region and suitable for the abilities to apply in the period 2024-2035

- Bases for selecting criteria: The set of evaluation criteria includes 5 groups of criteria and 14 main indicators:

+ Group 1: Green technical infrastructure: 1 Traffic, 2 Water supply, 3 Drainage, 4 Waste treatment;

+ Group 2: Greeneries and landscapes: 5 Greeneries, 6 Open space, 7 Landscape;

+ Group 3: Environment and Ecology: 8 Nature, 9 Ecology, 10 Environment; + Group 4: Culture, community: 11 Culture, 12 Community;

+ Group 5: Green production: 13 Production in residential settlements, 14 Production outside rural residential settlements

- It is necessary to clarify the indicators on culture, community and green production, because these are 2 different indicators from the urban areas, with the characteristics of the rural region of the Red River Delta

Principles for selecting indicators of criteria

Not lower than the current Vietnam Construction Standards, with possible fluctuations depending on terrain conditions or green development requirements; Taking into account current socio-economic conditions, 15-year vision, ensuring feasibility; Consistent with the ability to apply technology, the development of environmental technology; Indicators of the criteria are based on the importance of that criterion to the environment; Having qualitative and quantitative indicators:

10 Quantitative indicators are based on areas or corresponding technical indicators Qualitative indicators can be assessed as achieved, not achieved, present or absent

2.2 Practical bases

2.2.1 Natural characteristics of the rural areas in the Red River Delta

The thesis reviewed major natural characteristics in terms of climate, topography, hydrology and rural ecological environment to define their influences on establishing rural green infrastructure

2.2.2 Economic, social and cultural characteristics of rural areas in the Red River Delta

- The current main economic structure of the heritage villages is still agriculture, accounting for the largest proportion, about 50-60%, while services, construction, and small-scale industry account for 40-50% A system of green infrastructure operating in a good environment and effectively will be a useful support tool for the development of agricultural production in the direction of industrialisation and modernisation, aiming at the goals of developing the local agricultural economy

- Along with the improvement of people's lives, the infrastructure system of traffic and social services in the villages has also been upgraded, newly built rather spacious and synchronous

2.2.3 Identifying the characteristics of the current rural green infrastructure structure in the Red River Delta

2.2.3.1 Forms of rural green infrastructure structure by terrain areas

The researcher has assessed the status by direct surveys and secondary documents

on the traditional green infrastructure structure of 60 villages in the Red River Delta region under the the following provinces/cities: Vinh Phuc, Hanoi, Ha Nam, Bac Ninh, Ninh Binh, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Hung Yen according to the terrain characteristics and relatively even distribution in the provinces/cities with a common level of general information

2.2.3.2 Identification of structural morphology and transformation of green infrastructure

Within the framework of the research topic, the results of this survey and identification are 10 typical green infrastructure structure for areas with typical topographic characteristics in the Red River Delta The researcher is interested in surveying the following elements of green infrastructure: Identifying the morphological characteristics of the green infrastructure structure in the Red River Delta; Identifying the transformations and disruptions in the connections of the basic components of green infrastructure in the Red River Delta; Identifying the relationship between elements in the transformation of the typical green infrastructure structure

2.2.3.3 General assessment of the transformation and disruption of typical green infrastructure structures

- With 10 typical structural forms that have been generalised from large-scale surveys, it is possible to identify the original values and transformations of traditional green infrastructure according to typical terrain areas in the Red River Delta From

1986 to present, the rural region has been strongly affected by industrialisation, modernisation and urbanisation, most traditional green infrastructure has shown transformations at different levels and meeting the development requirements of modern life has some limitations;

- Classification the overall level of change of the rural green infrastructure: Group

A is villages with high historical and cultural values; Group B has average historical and cultural values; Group C has completely transformed, the inheritance of traditional values has been seriously eroded

Table 2.1 Assessment in levels of transformation in traditional green

infrastructure

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No Name of village Terrain/Structural form A B C

3 Đuong Lam Plains interspersed with hills and tree branches x

4 Huong Ngai High plains, branching trees x

7 Nom Low plain, branching tree branches x

8 Nha Xa Low plain, branching tree branches x

9 Cu Tru Low coastal plain, network form x

10 Hanh Thien Low coastal plain, closed loop form x

2.2.4 Specific assessment of transformations and disruptions of green infrastructure

2.2.4.1 introduction to 3 in-depth case studies

The three traditional villages selected represent three different levels of structural transformation: mostly remained original (Nom village – group A), partially transformed (Huong Ngai village – group B) and strongly transformed (Huu Bang village – group C)

2.2.4.2 In-depth survey of structural transformation level

This sociological survey and investigation assess the transformations and disruptions in the connections of green infrastructure structure with the following aspects: traffic, drainage, water supply, greeneries and water surface From there, there is an orientation for rural planning to reconnect the disruptions in the structure

by planning solutions combined with technology and engineering

2.2.4.3 Survey methods

The implementation of survey questionnaires and in-depth interviews at households in a village, 90 questionnaires/3 villages, is combined with sociological investigation, interviews and observations, and photography The selection of villages for interviews and surveys was randomly selected to ensure objectivity

2.2.5 Identification and evaluation the transformations in green infrastructure in three representative villages

2.2.5.1 Survey results on the status of the transport network in three representative villages

The current disruptions in the green infrastructure is most clearly shown in terms

of traffic in craft villages such as Huu Bang, where the increase in motorised traffic within the existing walking network creates congestion, dust pollution, and noise while the ability to expand the road is difficult

Table 2.2 Statistics of vehicles operating from 7:00-8:00

Village Bicycles/hr Motorcycles/hr Cars/hr Walks/hr Parking (m