Therefore, the author chooses the topic "Research, evaluation of landscape for sustainable agriculture, forestry and tourism development in Cao Bang province" as my research thesis.. Re
Trang 1INTRODUCTION
1 Rationale of research
Cao Bang is a mountainous province on the northern border, having
a very important geo-strategic position for socio-economic development and national security The province has an area of 6700,39 km2 with mainly mountainous terrain, diverse and complex nature Although it has
a lot of potential, the local economy still faces many difficulties and the scale of the economy is still quite modest The province's economy is still mainly based on agro-forestry production, but it is self-sufficient and has not yet ensured sustainability Therefore, the urgent problem for Cao Bang is to identify the potentials, limitations and difficulties in order to find new development directions The study and assessment of the landscape helps managers and policy makers shed light on the potential for socio-economic development
Therefore, the author chooses the topic "Research, evaluation of landscape for sustainable agriculture, forestry and tourism development
in Cao Bang province" as my research thesis
2 Research objectives and missions
2.1 Research objectives
The thesis researches to establishe a scientific basis to serve the organization of sustainable agricultural, forestry and tourism territories on the basis of study and assessment of the Cao Bang province landscape
Trang 23 Limits and scope of research
- Regarding the territory: the entire territory of Cao Bang province is from 220 21'N - 230 07' North latitude and 1050 16' - 1060 50' East longitude
4 Hypotheses
- The first hypothesis: Cao Bang is a mountainous province, nature has subtropical nuances and has a differentiation in space and time Under the influence of natural and human geographical laws, the landscape of Cao Bang province has diversified and complicated with 1 landscape system, 1 subsystem, 1 landscape type, 2 landscape layers, 5 sub-layers, 14 classes and 140 kinds, distributed in 5 functional sub-regions
- The second hypothesis: The results of research and assessment of landscape serving the organization of agricultural, forestry production and tourism are the scientific basis for proposing priority spatial orientations and sustainable territorial organization of Cao Bang province
5 New points of the thesis
- New point 1: The landscape diversity has been clarified through analysis of factors and quantitative indicators of landscape to serve the development of agriculture, forestry and tourism in Cao Bang province
- New point 2: Landscape assessment results are the basis for organizing the spatial organization of agriculture, forestry and tourism development towards sustainability in Cao Bang province
6 Scientific and practical significance of the topic
The thesis contributes to supplementing and clarifying the results of the orientation of spatial organization for agricultural, forestry and tourism development in the Cao Bang province plan for the period of 2021-2030, with a vision to 2050
7 Document base : Including archival documents, documents from field
surveys, map documents, etc
8 The process of researching
This process begins with determining the landscape structure based
on the defining characteristics of all natural components (geology, climate, hydrology, organisms ) On that basis, The thesis conducts landscape assessment for various types of agriculture, forestry and tourism These results are the basis to orient the spatial organization of sustainable agriculture, forestry and tourism development in Cao Bang province
Trang 3Chapter 2 The features of Cao Bang province's landscape
Chapter 3 Orientation of territorial organization for the sustainable agriculture, forestry and tourism in Cao Bang province on the basis of landscape assessment
Trang 4CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW OF LANDSCAPES RESEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND TOURISM
1.1 Literature review of landscape study
1.1.1 Studies in the world
The thesis conducts an overview of research works on landscape in the world As can be seen, there are many different landscape research directions The direction of landscape research for general assessment and territorial organization has the contributions of many prominent authors, such as: N.A Gvozexki (1964), F.N Minkov (1964), A.G Ixatsenko (1965), V.I Prokaev (1967) Research direction on landscape diversity has really been noticed since the end of the twentieth century, developed mainly by landscape ecologists This research direction considers biodiversity as well
as analyzes the structure, function and dynamics of the landscape with typical authors such as: Turner (1989) and Forman (1995), Fisher, Corbett and Williams ( 1943), Claude E Shannon and Warren Wiener (1948), EH Simpson (1949), Robert P Mcintosh (1966) In which, the mathematical theory of diversity index of Shannon, Simpson is widely applied in many fields different areas; Research direction of landscape ecology began to attract the attention of geographers in the early 1920s and quickly developed in Germany and later spread to many countries in Europe and North America Representatives contributing to this development include Isaak S Zonneveld, J.Schmithüsen, E.Neef, Kart Troll, Naveh, Forman, Godron (1986), Turner (1989, 2001)…
1.1.2 Studies in Vietnam
Landscape studies in Vietnam were formed and developed on the basis of landscape science of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe The authors also focus on directions such as: zoning, general assessment and territorial organization, landscape ecology Direction of zoning research, general assessment and territorial organization was conducted quite early to serving the needs of socialist economic development in the North Some typical authors are TN Seglova (1957), Fridland (1961), Nguyen Duc Chinh, Vu Tu Lap (1963), Le Ba Thao… After 1986, the need for comprehensive assessment of natural conditions and resources was
Trang 5established to serve national development Pioneers authors in landscape assessment serving territorial organization can be listed such as Nguyen Cao Huan, Truong Quang Hai, Pham Hoang Hai, Lai Vinh Cam
Direction of research and assessment of landscape diversity is still quite new and there is not much research in this field At present, there are only a few authors who have studied in-depth research such as: Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen An Thinh, Nguyen Ngoc Khanh…; Research direction
on landscape ecology has only been developed since the early 1990s until now Typical representatives can be mentioned as: Nguyen Cao Huan, Pham Quang Anh, Nguyen Van Vinh, Nguyen An Thinh
1.1.3 Studies on Cao Bang
Researches and evaluations on Cao Bang are not many, only focusing
on the period from the 2000s to the present Cao Bang is mentioned in the works of natural geographical zoning of Vietnam, applied research topics on agricultural and forestry production and and some socio-economic planning However, there has not been a comprehensive landscape assessment study to serve the province's socio-economic development planning
1.2 Literature review of landscape and sustainable territorial organization of agro-forestry and tourism
1.2.1 Landscape and landscape diversity
Landscape is a very complex concept and is used in many different ways Current views can be divided into three main groups: the group that views the landscape as a system, a geographical synthesis (1); the group that conceives the landscape as a zoning unit of type (2) and the group that conceives the landscape as an individual zoning unit (3) In which, concepts (2), (3) are commonly used and applied in the topic
"Diversity " is a natural attribute of each system and it is a central
concept in landscape assessment Landscape diversity reflects the complexity in the spatial structure, functional mechanisms and temporal dynamics of the landscape
1.2.2 Landscape classification and zoning
There are many systems of classification and zoning of landscapes On the basis of inheritance, the author has used taxonomies which are landscape
system, subsystem, type, class, subclass, class, landscape kind and the following zoning location: zone - region - area - landscape sub-region
Trang 61.2.3 Territorial organization
Territorial organization is the entire process or action of humans to distribute production and service establishments, distribute population, and use nature, taking into account relationships, connections, and dependencies between them
1.2.4 Sustainable development
Sustainable development is a process with a close, reasonable and harmonious combination of three aspects of development, including: economic development, social development and environmental protection
1.2.5 Landscape assessment
Landscape assessment includes many different methods, in which it is necessary to determine the object, goal, method, and evaluation process The thesis evaluates the types of agricultural production, forestry and tourism For Trung Khanh district, the thesis evaluated the specialty chestnut tree
The method used in the thesis is ecological adaptation assessment The criteria of assessment include topography (elevation, slope), climate (temperature, precipitation), hydrology, soil and biology Components are evaluated by a quantitative scoring method that takes into account weights The aggregated criteria are calculated by the average method and the rating
scale is divided into 3 levels: very favorable (3 points), favorable (2 points)
and less favorable (1 point)
1.3 Research perspectives and methods
1 3.1 Research view point
1.3.1.1 System view point
1.3.1.2 General view point
1.3.1.3 Territorial view point
1.3.1.4 Sustainable development perspective
1.3.2 Research methods
The rerarch uses many different methods such as: method of collecting, analyzing and processing documents, map method and GIS application, field survey method, research and landscape assessment In which, the landscape research and assessment method has an integrated one including many different
methods such as: method of analysis of conjugate components, method of analysis of dominant factors, method of evaluation of elements ecological adaptation assessment, comparative hierarchical (AHP) method, quantitative calculation method, landscape zoning method
Trang 7CHAPTER 2 LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS
OF CAO BANG PROVINCE
2.1 The landscape elements of Cao Bang province
2.1.1 Geographical position
Cao Bang is the northern border province located in the Northern Midlands and Mountains region The province has a total area of 6,703 km2 , limited to geographical coordinates from 22 0 21'N - 23 0 07' North latitude and from 105 0 16' - 106 0 50' East longitude In terms of territorial limits, the north and east are bordered by Guangxi province – China, Bac Kan and Lang Son provinces in the south, Ha Giang and Tuyen Quang provinces in the west
2.1.2 Natural factors
2.1.2.1 Geology
The geological structure of Cao Bang today is the result of a complex historical development process, lasting more than 500 million years The province is located in two main architectural zones: Ha Lang zone in the east and Hien river zone in the west The main tectonic activities include faulting activities (typically the Cao Bang–Lang Son fault), eruption and intrusion activities and especially karst processes that create unique features
of the Cao Bang landscape
2.1.2.2 Topography
Cao Bang is a mountainous province with a complex and strongly fragmented topography Topographical forms are mainly low mountains, medium mountains and limestone mountain, alternating with short rivers
and narrow valleys It can be divided into 3 regions: eastern mountainous
region is limestone mountain of average height 700 m, interspersed with
the valley valley narrow; western mountains is mainly low and medium mountains which is divided strongly with great slope; region tub land center has quite flat terrain i interspersed with many low hills
2.1.2.3 Climate
Due to the influence of topography and monsoon, Cao Bang's climate
is continental and mountainous with little rainfall In addition, the climate is subtropical, especially in the high mountain areas Most of the territory has
an average temperature of 20 - 22.5 C During the year, the climate is divided into 2 distinct seasons: cold and dry winter, hot and humid summer
Trang 82.1.2.4 Hydrology
Cao Bang is located in the headwaters of two major river systems In the west, it is the Lo - Gam river system (tributary of the Red river) and in the east is the Bang Giang - Ky Cung system
2.1.2.5 Pedology
Cao Bang is a province with many different types of soil It is possible to divide 6 soil groups with 10 different arising soil types In which, the group of red and yellow soil has the largest area (62.8% of the total natural area) In addition, other types of soil groups such as: alluvial land (Pb), inert erosive soil (E), water surface, the red and yellow humus soil (Hs), specially, the group of rocky mountains has a very large area and
is widely distributed throughout the province
2.1.2.6 Creatures
Cao Bang is one of the fewest province in Vietnam having a fairly large forest area Currently, the province has a forest coverage area of 56% (year of 2022) The main ecosystems include: evergreen closed forest, secondary closed forest, planted forest, shrub, agricultural ecosystem In
addition, there are residential area and water surface ecosystems
2.1.3 Human activities and environmental disasters
The human activities that strongly affect the natural landscape of Cao Bang province include: agricultural activities (cultivation, forest exploitation, forest burning for swidden cultivation ), mining, construction, hydropower, infrastructure The change of the landscape is also greatly influenced by the policies and planning of the province That leads to a decrease in the area of forestry landscapes (21.9 thousand ha) and
an increase in agriculture (15.6 thousand ha) In forestry land, there is strongly decreased in the area of protection forest land (-202,000 ha) and strongly increased in the area of production forest (174,000 ha)
2.2 Characteristics of landscape in Cao Bang province
2.2.1 Landscape classification system
On the basis of inheritance, the author has built a system of landscape
classification in Cao Bang province, including the following levels: system - sub-system - type - layer - sub-layer - class - kind With landscape map of Trung Khanh district, classified unit is divided to landscape form level
2.2.2 Features of landscape structure in Cao Bang province
2.2.2.1 Landscape system: Cao Bang is located in Monsoon humid tropical
landscape
Trang 92.2.2.2 Landscape sub-system: Cao Bang is located in the sub-system of the humid tropical monsoon landscape with a cold winter
2.2.2.3 Landscape type: Cao Bang belongs to the landscape type of humid
monsoon tropical forest with a cold winter
2.2.2.4 Landscape layers and sub-layer
There are two layers of landscape: mountain landscape layer and hill landscape layer
* Hill landscape layer: occupies 59% of the area, divided into 3 layers Low hill subclass (100-300m high) account for 3,4% of the natural area, scattered in the districts but most abundant in Quang Hoa, Bao Lam, Bao Lac, Thach An and Ha Lang The terrain is quite flat, the terrain slope is mostly from 0 to 80 ; High hill sub-layer (300-500m high), account for 47%
sub-of the area This is the type sub-of topography with the largest area, widely distributed in all districts; The hill valley sub-layer accounts for 9,3% of the area, distributed mainly in the central basin of Cao Bang, extending from the south of Ha Quang district through Hoa An to Cao Bang city
* Mountain landscape layer : accounting for 41% of the area divided into 2 sub-layers Sub-layer of low mountain landscape (500-1000m) account for 34,1% of the natural area, widely distributed in the province but concentrated in the East, Southeast and Northwest; The sub-layer of medium mountain landscape (1000 - 2000) includes the Bao Lac - Nguyen Binh mountain system with typical peaks: Phia Ya (1980 m), Phia Oac (1931 m), Phia Den (1428 m)
2.2.2.5 Landscape class: includes 14 landscape classes
2.2.2.6 Landscape kinds
On the basis of combining 06 soil groups with 8 types of ecosystems based on geology and geomorphology, the thesis has identified 140 landscape kinds In which, the group of secondary forest landscapes accounts for the largest area of more than 50% Landscapes number 137, 138, 139 are separated on the basis of eroding rock (E), rocky mountains and water surface
2.2.3 Landscape section
The thesis builds a landscape section extending in the southwest - northeast direction, from the mountainous area in Nguyen Binh district across the Bang river valley to Trung Khanh district The western of section
is the Ngan Son - Coc Xo mountain which is the highest in the area; The central area is the Bang River basin with low and flat terrain The eastern area is hills and low mountains with a massive limestone plateau system
Trang 112.2.4 Seasonal rhythms of the landscape
The seasonal rhythm of nature in Cao Bang has its own characteristics Basically, Cao Bang has 2 different seasons, hot and cold season Hot season lasts about 5 months from May to the end of September with humid and very humid conditions; Cold season lasts 5 months, from November to March next year with a slightly dry and dry conditions In the hot season, the rainfall and temperature is high, the process of erosion and leaching is strong, the amount of surface and underground flow increases, causing many natural disasters such as erosion, landslides, and rockfall In the cold season, the intensity of natural processes is down and seasonal deciduous trees appear
2.2.5 Functions of the landscape
2.2.5.1 Eco function
- The protective and environmental protection function is the main
function of forest landscape kinds, such as landscape kinds No 1, 4, 9, 12,
16, 19, 23, 24, 29; The function of ecological restoration and conservation
Trang 12belongs to landscapes kinds No 7, 28, 33, 49, 71 which are currently national parks and nature reserves
2.2.5.2 Production function
Including forestry and agricultural functions The forestry function belongs to the landscapes No 9, 20, 25, 30, 38, 51, 73, n; The agricultural function belongs to landscapes 3, 11, 18, 22, 27, 32, 36
2.2.5.3 Social function
Landscapes also contain important environmental, social and economic information, typically landscapes kinds No 7, 12, 28, 33, 49, 71 located in Non Nuoc Cao Bang Geopark
2.3 Landscape features of Trung Khanh district
The thesis has built a landscape map of Trung Khanh district at scale of 1:50,000 and determined 2 landscape layers, 3 sub-layers, 5 landscape classes, 27 landscape kinds and 36 landscape form
2.3.1 Hill landscape layer: there are two sub- layer, high hills and hill
valleys
- High hill sub- layer: accounting for 50.6% of the district's area The subclass has 2 landscape classes, 9 landscape kinds and 16landscape forms In which, landscape kind 138 (landscape form 33) occupies the largest area (accounting for 43.5% of the district's natural area)
- Hilly valley has a small area accounting for only 0.6% of the district's area The subcl-layer has only 1 landscape type (No 139) and 1 landscape form (No 34) which is the water surface
2.3.2 Mountain landscape layer: there is only one sub-layer of low
mountains, accounting for 48.8% of the district's area Besides the residential landscape (No.140), the layer has 16 landscape kinds (19, 20, 21,
22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 63) and 19 landscape forms
2.4 Landscape zoning
2.4.1 Sub-region of hills and valleys of the Bang River
Located in the central area of the province, stretching along the valley of the Bang River The sub-region has hills and valleys, low and fairly flat, a tropical monsoon climate and fertile soil The main function of the sub-region is agricultural production