PESTICIDES – ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL AND BOTANICAL PESTICIDES docx

PESTICIDES – ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL AND BOTANICAL PESTICIDES Edited by R.P. Soundararajan Pesticides – Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2609 Edited by R.P. Soundararajan Contributors Malaya Ranjan Mahananda, Bidut Prava Mohanty, María Inés Maitre, Alba Rut Rodríguez, Carolina Elisabet Masin, Tamara Ricardo, Erin N. Wakeling, April P. Neal, William D. Atchison, Ahmed S. Abdel-Aty, Svetlana Hrouzková, Eva Matisová, Raymond A. Cloyd, Binata Nayak, Shantanu Bhattacharyya, Jayanta K. Sahu, Dipsikha Bora, Bulbuli Khanikor, Hiren Gogoi, Simon Koma Okwute, Rosdiyani Massaguni, Siti Noor Hajjar Md Latip, Annick Tahiri, Jackie Stevens, Kerry Dunse, Jennifer Fox, Shelley Evans, Marilyn Anderson, Tatiana Baidyk, Oleksandr Makeyev, Ernst Kussul, Marco Antonio Rodríguez Flores, Rafael Vargas-Bernal, Esmeralda Rodríguez-Miranda, Gabriel Herrera-Pérez, Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Silvia Vlase Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published July, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Pesticides – Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides, Edited by R.P. Soundararajan p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0680-7 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Pesticide Toxicity 1 Chapter 1 Toxicity on Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in Bufo melanostictus (Schneider) (Common Indian Toad) Exposed to Malathion 3 Malaya Ranjan Mahananda and Bidut Prava Mohanty Chapter 2 Evaluation of Earthworms Present on Natural and Agricultural-Livestock Soils of the Center Northern Litoral Santafesino, República Argentina 13 María Inés Maitre, Alba Rut Rodríguez, Carolina Elisabet Masin and Tamara Ricardo Chapter 3 Pyrethroids and Their Effects on Ion Channels 39 Erin N. Wakeling, April P. Neal and William D. Atchison Chapter 4 Non-Traditional Pesticidally Active Compounds 67 Ahmed S. Abdel-Aty Chapter 5 Endocrine Disrupting Pesticides 99 Svetlana Hrouzková and Eva Matisová Chapter 6 Indirect Effects of Pesticides on Natural Enemies 127 Raymond A. Cloyd Chapter 7 Photosynthetic Response of Two Rice Field Cyanobacteria to Pesticides 151 Binata Nayak, Shantanu Bhattacharyya and Jayanta K. Sahu Section 2 Botanical Pesticides and Pest Management 169 Chapter 8 Plant Based Pesticides: Green Environment with Special Reference to Silk Worms 171 Dipsikha Bora, Bulbuli Khanikor and Hiren Gogoi VI Contents Chapter 9 Plants as Potential Sources of Pesticidal Agents: A Review 207 Simon Koma Okwute Chapter 10 Neem Crude Extract as Potential Biopesticide for Controlling Golden Apple Snail, Pomacea canaliculata 233 Rosdiyani Massaguni and Siti Noor Hajjar Md Latip Chapter 11 Evaluation of Combretum micranthum G. Don (Combretaceae) as a Biopesticide Against Pest Termite 255 Annick Tahiri Chapter 12 Biotechnological Approaches for the Control of Insect Pests in Crop Plants 269 Jackie Stevens, Kerry Dunse, Jennifer Fox, Shelley Evans and Marilyn Anderson Chapter 13 Limited Receptive Area Neural Classifier for Larvae Recognition 309 Tatiana Baidyk, Oleksandr Makeyev, Ernst Kussul and Marco Antonio Rodríguez Flores Section 3 Biomarkers in Pesticide Assay 327 Chapter 14 Evolution and Expectations of Enzymatic Biosensors for Pesticides 329 Rafael Vargas-Bernal, Esmeralda Rodríguez-Miranda and Gabriel Herrera-Pérez Chapter 15 Relationship Between Biomarkers and Pesticide Exposure in Fishes: A Review 357 Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi Preface Since the synthesis of DDT during 1874 several insecticide molecules have been identified and synthesized globally for the control of insect pests, pathogens, microbes, vectors of human and animal diseases, weeds and other obnoxious organisms. Currently, 1.8 billion kgs of pesticides are used annually worldwide in the form of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. There are more than 1055 active ingredients registered as pesticides till date implying that there is no best alternate for the chemical pesticide. Pesticides are credited to save millions of lives by controlling diseases, such as malaria and yellow fever, which are insect-borne. However, pesticide exposure causes variety of adverse health effects and environmental pollution. Alternate methods and restricted use of pesticide can minimize the risk of pesticide usage. In agricultural pest management the use of plant based products and research works on identification of toxic principles in the plant parts are worthwhile. This book volume comprises of three different sections of which first section is on Pesticide Toxicity with seven chapters. The section covers the mode of action of pyrethroid group compounds, toxic effects of malathion on Indian toads and status of farmers’ friend ‘earthworm’ in soils of natural and agriculture-livestock fields. In addition, the toxicity of pesticides on cyanobacteria and natural enemies, some of non- traditional pesticide compounds are also elaborately described. The second section of the volume deals with botanical pesticides and pest management in six chapters. Recently the pest management packages for agricultural and horticultural crops are formulated with non-chemical approach by including botanical and microbial pesticides. Biotechnological and molecular approaches are recent advancement in pest management. This section is mainly focused on plants and plant products having pesticidal principles and biotechnological approaches for insect pest management. An interesting technique of LIRA to recognize insect larval density in the field as forecast for applying pesticide and other management tactics is also included in this section. The third section deals with biomarkers in the pesticide assay in two chapters. Recently biomarkers are used for pesticide assays. Biosensors are innovative components used to determine quantitative and qualitative parameters of pesticide compounds and the detection is fast, reliable and with high portability. I hope that this volume comprising the current status of pesticides with relevance to pesticide toxicity, non-chemical pest management strategies and scope for biomarkers X Preface for pesticides assays will provide a significant insight to the scientists involved in pesticide research. I appreciate all the authors for their valuable contribution. I am indebted to Professor K.Gunathilagaraj, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India for his inspiration and eminent guidance to hone my skills in editing. I acknowledge Dr. N. Chitra my wife, for her support and encouragement during the book chapters review process. My special appreciation and thanks to the editorial team of InTech Publishing Co. for their promptness, encouragement and patience during the publication process. R.P. Soundararajan Assistant Professor (Agricultural Entomology) National Pulses Research Centre Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Tamil Nadu India [...]... total protein content in both liver and brain is may be due to less incorporation of amino acids in the translation process i.e., a reduced incorporation into any kind of proteins and pesticides disturb the protein synthesis In the present study the total protein content in both liver and brain in Indian Toad decreased after malathion (25 ppm and 50 ppm) treatment The reduction in total protein contents... 25 and 50 ppm respectively At 48 hour of exposure the reduction in protein content was 31.42% and 40% in liver where as in brain the reduction was 73.33% and 80% Similarly during 72 hour of exposure the reduction in protein content was 34.28% and 42.85% in liver whereas in brain the reduction was 82.35% During 96 h duration the reductions in protein content in the liver were recorded as 42.85 % and. .. 56.36% and 61.81% in Malathion treated liver respectively In the brain of Malathion treated toad the reduction was 64% and 68 % respectively At 48 h exposure the decrease in lipid content in liver was 58.18% and 63.63% where as in brain it was 65.21% and 69.56% Simultaneously, during 72 h of treatment the percent reduction in total lipid content in Malathion treated liver was 60% and 65.45% and in brain... 55.28% and 57.14 % respectively At 48 h exposure the decrease in carbohydrate content in liver was 53.96% and 57.14% where as in brain it was 60.52% and 63.15% Simultaneously, during 72 h of treatment the percent reduction in total carbohydrate content in liver was 60% and 61.53% and in brain 60.6% and 63.63% was observed respectively At 96 hour the carbohydrate content in both liver and brain was... (42.85%) 0.18±0.014 (48.57%) Brain 0.04±0.014 (77.77%) 0.03±0.024 (80%) 0.03±0.007 (82.35%) 0.02±0.008 (88.23%) Table 1 Shows the protein content in both liver and brain tissue in B melanostictus exposed to 25 ppm and 50 ppm of malathion The data in parentheses reflects the percent decrease over control in the protein content 6 Pesticides – Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides Subjected to two... data obtained were analysed by using SPSS 10.0 package (SPSS INC, USA) and Twoway ANOVA test was applied to find out the significant difference between the exposure period and concentrations 3 Results Total protein content InMalathion-treated samples after 24h exposure the reduction in protein content in liver was found to be 22.22% and 30.55% In the Braintissue the reduction was 75% and 44% in the malathion-treated... degradation of some of these aged circulating immuno competent cells 10 Pesticides – Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides The heamolysis of Red blood cells have been reported in various physical and chemical stress [41,42] Under such condition the total circulation red cell population is expected to show a decline in number The observed decrease in the circulating red cell count can be accounted... permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 14 Pesticides – Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides is not well known and evaluated and requires the realization of deeper studies using fast and reliable bioindicators in order to understand the biological processes related with the anthropogenic alterations of the environment... Natural and Agricultural -Livestock Soils of the Center Northern Litoral Santafesino, República Argentina 23 Figure 2 Biomass changes in the chronic toxicity test (percents in brackets) (A-C) experiences with Eisenia fetida: (A) Endosulfan (B) Glyphosate, (C) Lambda-cyhalothrin, (D) experiences with Aporrectodea trapezoides and lambda-cyhalothrin 24 Pesticides – Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides. .. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14: 68 5–6 91 [18] Smith, G J 1987 Pesticide use and toxicology inrelation to wildlife: Organophosphorus and carbamatecompounds, Resource Publication 170.United States Department of the Interior, Fishand Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., 171 pp [19] Peterle, T J 1966 Contamination of the freshwaterecosystem by pesticides In Pesticides in the environmentand their effects . PESTICIDES – ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL AND BOTANICAL PESTICIDES Edited by R.P. Soundararajan Pesticides – Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2609. this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Pesticides – Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides, Edited by R.P. Soundararajan. diversity and population numbers have been reported to be declining [8,9,10]. Pesticides are sometimes implicated yet few studies have been conducted Pesticides – Advances in Chemical and Botanical