giáo trình ngữ pháp tiếng anh thực hành tập 1 nxb đại học quốc gia 2003 nguyễn việt thu 142 trang

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIÁ TP HỒ CHÍ MINH - TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN

E | iene Ann

aime Tye Hann

Nguyén Viét Thu

PanericaL ENGLISH Grama

Textbook 1

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA TP HỒ CHI MINH

TRUONG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN

ĐẠI HỌC QUOC GIA TP HO CHi MINH

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN

LOI NOI DAU

Để đáp ứng nhu cầu nâng cao hiệu quả giảng dạy môn ngữ pháp

tiếng Anh thực hành cho sinh viên năm thứ nhất của Khoa Ngữ văn Anh, và

được sự khích lệ, tạo điều kiện của Khoa, chúng tôi đã quyết định soạn lại

giáo trình Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh thực hành (cuốn 1) nhằm cập nhật những

kiến thức về ngữ pháp tiéng Anh hiện đại Định hướng biên soạn giáo trình này dựa trên các tiêu chí:

- - Những cấu trúc ngữ pháp được thể hiện qua những dạng thức ngữ pháp cơ bản và được kết hợp chặt chẽ với cách dùng trong tiếng Anh chuẩn ngày nay;

" Nghĩa của từ thay đổi tùy thuộc vào hành vi ngữ pháp của nó trong câu;

- _ Trọng tâm được đặt vào nghĩa ngữ cảnh và nghĩa này quyết định sự

lựa chọn các quy tắc ngữ pháp phù hợp | Về mặt lý thuyết, chúng tôi chủ yếu dựa vào cách tiếp cận của các nhà ngữ

pháp học như John EastWood, Leo Jones, Penny Ur, L G Alexander, v.v

Chúng tôi cố gắng bố trí cdc phan trong cuốn sách cho phù hợp với

phương pháp giảng dạy giao tiếp, đặc biệt để phục vụ cho hai môn nói và

viết, nhưng vì thời gian có hạn, chắc chắn sẽ còn nhiều thiếu sót Chúng tôi mong nhận được nhiều ý kiến đóng góp của bạn đọc để giáo trình ngày

càng hoàn thiện hơn Ý kiến đóng góp xin gửi vê: Hội đồng Khoa học và Đào tạo Khoa Ngữ văn Anh, Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn

- Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, 10-12 Định Tiên Hoàng, Q.],

- điện thoại: 82433268

Nguyễn Việt Thu

Unit 1: Unit 2:

Unit 3:

‘Unit 4:

Unit 5:

Unit 6: Unit 7:

CONTENTS

BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS .-. - 7

GRAMMATICAL FORMS 2- 2212222222252 39 NOUNS oo csccsssssssssesssnesssneinetesssetstvetnetnseessentnesetesce 41 ARTICLES occccccsccsssssssssssssssssssesssssssssssssssscsnssssnsessansesensse 72

ADJECTIVES 2222 2222222222122111.21111.5111 ece 94

PRONOUN&S -222212222122122022112111251EExee 120

You did not answer my question

He cut his finger (himself)

Note: The object may be expressed by a pronoun, a noun phrase, a clause, a to-infinitive, a gerund

Please describe carefully what you saw I forgot to post your letters

3 Subject + Vt + Indirect Object + Direct Object I bought you a book

He gave the teacher a pen

Note: The direct object must be a noun phrase

Subject + Vt + Direct Object + to / for + Indirect Object ) I bought it for you -

He gave a pen to the teacher

The choice between the two patterns depends on what information is new The new information goes at the end of the sentence Compare:

He left his children five million pounds (The amount of money is the point of interest)

He left all his money to a dog’s home (Who receives the money is the point of interest)

Some verbs go with to and some with for

¡' With to: award, bring, feed, give, grant, hand, leave (in a will), lend, offer,

Ẹ owe, pass, pay, post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw,

With for: bring, buy, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, leave, make, order, pick,

reserve, save, spare

Note «-

(1) For meaning ‘to help someone’ can go with very many verbs

I’m writing a letter for my sister (She can’t write.)

(2) With deliver, describe, explain, say, dictate, introduce, etc to +

Indirect Object is required (even when the indirect object comes

before the direct):

She explained the patterns to me She explained to me the patterns

(3) Read, write, sing can be used with to + Indirect Object without - the direct:

I am writing to a friend of mine

4, Subject + Vt + Object + Object Complement I consider him a good friend

They called the matter an important issue

Note:

(1) The object may be a pronoun, a noun phrase, a clause

_ I consider what he said unimportant

(2) The object complement may be a noun phrase, an adjective, a past participle, a present participle, a to-infinitive, a bare infinitive, a

clause

I want this work finished quickly

5 Subject + VI + Subject Complement He became president

They were students

Note: The subject complement may be a noun, a pronoun, an _ adjective, an adverb or prepositional phrase (often equivalent to an

adjective) a gerund, a clause, a numeral, an infinitive

- That book is mine

They looked tired The war is over.

“But” is not always a conjunction

It is raining cats and dogs

Henry brought his mother some flowers

The leading lady was excellent The brave deserved the reward

That sounds too strange

He is believed to be a great authority on the subject

Where to get the money was a problem

Reading for the examination took most of his time

It was foolish to say so

It is a matter of vital importance for me to know the truth

It is no use trying to convince him It is unlikely that he will tell you the truth

One would certainly think it wrong

They say the third time is always lucky We intend to discuss it in chapter V

Note: A negative thought can also be expressed by:

+ negative adverb: never, hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, seldom - ‘I'll never forget it

I'll hardly know him I scarcely know what to do + the verb fail:

He failed to come to the meeting + other expressions:

- no, none, no one, nobody, nothing, no longer, neither, nor

- few, little, instead of, rather than, without

They should build houses instead of office blocks

I drink tea rather than coffee + emphatic negative:

There was nowhere at all to park

There was absolutely nowhere to park

The people seem to have no hope whatsoever I’m not in the least tired

You're doing the right thing (expressing approval)

It was bad luck you didn’t pass the exam (expressing sympathy)

I'm very grateful (thanking someone)

I need to know your plans (asking for information)

I want you to try harder/You must try harder (giving orders)

ll INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES (Questions) 1 Form

a Yes.- No questions:

A Yes - No question can be answered yes or no

Do you sell rail tickets? — Yes, we do./Certainly

Will you need to change? — No, it’s a direct service./I don 1

think so b Wh-questions:

A Wh-question begins with a question word

A question word can be subject, object, complement, or adverbial

Who is your teacher?

Who teaches you English? Which book is yours?

Whose dog bit the postman? [Wh-object] ?

What is she fond of? _ What did you say?

` Which music is she fond of? Which question did you answer?

[Wh-subject complement] ? Who is he?

[Wh- adverbial] ?

Where / when / how / why

Where are you sending him? When was she sick?

How did you come here? Why did you say that?

Note: How + adjective? (how = to what degree?) _ How high is the building?

b Which can come before one/ones or before an of-phrase

Which ones do you want?

Which of these postcards shall we send to her?

c Who always refers to people Which can refer to people or to

something not human What refers mostly to something not human, but it can refer to people when it comes before a noun

d There is a difference in meaning between what and which We use what when there is an indefinite (and often large) number of possible answers We use which when there is a definite (and often

small) number of possible answers What relates to the indefinite word a, and which to the definite word the ©

e How can express means or manner

How do you open this bottle? (you open this bottle somehow)

How did they behave?

We also use how as an adjective or adverb in friendly enquiries about someone’s well-being, enjoyment or progress

How are you? — Fine, thanks

How did you like the party? — Oh, it was great

How are you getting on at college? — Fine, thanks I’m enjoying it How/What like? asks about quality and asks if something is good or

bad, interesting or boring, etc

How was the party? / What was the party like? — Oh, we had a great time

But compare:

How’s your brother? — Oh, he’s fine, thanks

What's your brother like? — Well, he’s much quieter than I am

Note:

(1) What does your brother look like? — He’s taller than me, and

he’s got dark hair (appearance)

(2) What for? = why

What are they digging the road up for?

(3) We use what about/how about to draw attention to something or to make a suggestion

What about/How about all this rubbish? Who's going to take it away?

What about/How about some lunch? — Good idea

a7

(4) How come = why? (informal) with no inversion 5*

How come all these papers have been left here? f Why (not) can come before a noun phrase or a verb

Why the panic? (= What is the reason for the panic?)

Look at our prices — why pay more? (= Why should you pay

more?)

Why not stay for a while? (= Why don’t you stay for a while?)

g We can emphasize the question by using on earth or ever The emphasis often expresses surprise

What on earth will tomorrow bring? What ever can the matter be?

How ever did you manage to find us? 3 Answering questions

a Yes/no short answer

We often add relevant information or comment after a simple yes or

no or after the short answer

Were you late? — Yes, (I was,) I missed the bus

Did he find his wallet? — No, (he didn’t,) unfortunately In some contexts yes/no or a short answer on its own can sound abrupt and not very polite We can sometimes use another phrase instead of

Were you late? — I’m afraid I was./Of course I wasn't

We can also use a short answer to agree or disagree with a statement

Agreeing: These shirts are nice — Yes, they are

The weather doesn’t look very good — No, it doesn’t Disagreeing: J posted the letter No, you didn’t It’s still here

We can’t afford a car — Yes, we can, if we buy it on

credit

We often use a tag after the short answer

These shirts are nice — Yes, they are, aren’t they?

b Requests, offers, invitations and suggestions

We cannot usually answer these with just a short answer Can I borrow your pen, please? — Sure/Of course A negative answer to a request or invitation needs some explanation

Can I borrow your pen? — Sorry, I’m using it to fill this

form in

A short answer (e.g No, you can’t) would sound very abrupt and

impolite.

4 Negative questions

a A negative Yes-No question often expresses surprise Haven’t they repaired your phone?

A negative question can be a complaint

Can’t you be quiet? I’m trying to concentrate

A negative question with why can also express surprise or a complaint

Why can’t you be quiet?

We can use Why don’t/doesn’t .? for suggestions and Why didn’t .? to criticize

Why don’t we take a break now? I’m tired

Why didn’t you tell me this before? You should have told me We can use why not + verb instead of Why don’t you .? ina suggestion

Why not use your credit card?

We can use a negative question to ask the hearer to agree that

something is true

Didn’t I see you on television last night? (The meaning is

similar to a tag question with a rising intonation: J saw you

on television last night, didn’t I?)

b The.answer no agrees that the negative is true The answer yes means that the positive is true

Haven't they repaired it yet? - No, it’s an awful nuisance - Yes, they did it yesterday 5 Indirect questions

We can ask a question indirectly by putting it into a sub clause — beginning with a question word or with if/whether This makes the question sound less abrupt, more tentative

We need to know what the rules are

I was wondering if/whether you could give me a lift

6 Question tags

We can add a question tag to a statement

You ve answered the letter, haven’t you?

+ The form of question tags: auxiliary + n’t + pronoun, e.g isn’t it? - There in a tag

There were lots of people, weren’t there? - It or they in stead of this, that, these, those

That was lucky, wasn't it? - After J am , the tag is aren't [?

I’m here, aren’t I?

- After everyone, someone, etc they is used

Anyone could just walk here, couldn’t they? — + Patterns with tags

- Positive statement, negative tag

It’s colder today, “S_ isn’t it?

Both the speaker and the hearer know that it is colder today The tag isn’t it is not really a request for information but an invitation to the hearer to continue the conversation The speaker uses a falling intonation on the tag But when the speaker is not sure if the statement is true, then the tag is more like a real question, a request for information The speaker uses a rising intonation on the tag You have central -7 heating, don’t you? — Yes, we do

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- Negative statement, positive tag

The pattern is the same as the above pattern

We can also use this pattern in tentative question or request

You haven’t heard the exam results, have you? — No, sorry, I haven't

You couldn ’t lend me ten pounds, could you? — Yes, OK We can also use this pattern to express disapproval

You aren’t staying in bed all day, are you? (= I hope you aren’t

staying in bed all day)

- Positive statement, positive tag -

The pattern suggests that~the speaker has just learnt, realized or remembered the information

Brian: I shall have to light the fire soon

Gary: Oh, you have coal fires, do you? (= so you have coal fires)

7 Echo questions and echo tags

We can use an echo question or echo tag to react to a statement

+ Echo questions: we use an echo question (with a rising intonation) when we do not understand what someone says to us, or we find it hard to believe

I often eat bits of wood — What do you eat?/You eat what? Did you see the naked man? — Did you see the what?

+ Echo tags: a positive statement has a positive tag and a negative

statement has a negative tag (with a rising intonation)

We’re moving house soon — Oh, are you? (= Oh, really?) The boss isn't very well — Isn’t she?

The tags express interest in what someone has just said Note:

(1) After a positive statement, there can be a short statement + echo tag

We’re moving house soon — You are, are you? (1 thought so)

We’re moving house soon — You aren’t, are you? (disbelief,

surprise)

(2) We can use a negative tag in reply to a positive statement This expresses agreement

These shirts are nice — Yes, they are, aren’t they? (the

information is already known)

8 Use

The most basic use of.a question is to ask for information, and some others

What time is the next train? (Asking for information)

Will/Would/Can/Could you lend me your pencil, please?

lil, IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

1 Form

a Positive:

Be careful Open the door Emphatic form:

You be careful what you are saying Do arrive early

Do be careful

Everybody keep quiet b Negative: —

Don't be late

Don't repeat after me

Never touch electrical equipment with wet hands Note: Let’s (= let us)+ verb expresses a suggestion

It’s a lovely day Let’s sit outside Let’s with a question tag

Let’s have some coffee, shall we?

Negative: Let’s not/Don’t let’s

Let’s not /Don’t let’s waste any time

Emphatic: Do.let’s

Do let’s get started We've wasted enough time already

2 Use

a The basic use of the imperative is to give orders, to get someone to

do something The speaker expects that the hearer will obey But

an imperative can sound abrupt We often make an order less

abrupt by expressing it as a request in question form

Could you just keep still a moment? b Other uses:

- Slogans and advertisements:

18

Save the rain forests Visit historic Bath

- Suggestions and advice:

Why don’t you spend a year working before you go to college? Take a year off from your studies and learn something about the real world

- Warnings and reminders:

Look out! There’s a car coming Don’t forget your key

- Instructions and directions:

Go along here and turn left at the lights - Informal offers and invitations:

Have a chocolate Come to lunch with us - Good wishes:

' Have a nice holiday

3 Imperative + question tag

After an imperative we can use the tags will/von’t/would/can/can‘t/could

you? The tags make the sentences more emphatic

- Positive imperative, positive tag

Get out your books, will/would/can/could you? (more informal than Will you get out your books?)

- Positive imperative, negative tag

Keep still, won’t/can’t you? (greater feeling)

Have a nice holiday, won’t you? (warnings, reminders, good

wishes)

- Negative imperative, positive tag

Don’t forget your key, will you? (warnings, reminders, good

wishes)

- Positive imperative, will youlwon 'f you?

Have a chocolate, will/won’t you? (offers, invitations)

IV EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

Spoken with emphasis and feeling

1 With How and What

a How + Adjective/Adverb + (Pro)noun +VI

How wonderful it is!

How fast he is running!

b What + Noun Phrase + (Pro) noun + V ! What a lovely day it is!

What a journey we had!

c An exclamation can also be just a phrase with how or what How lucky! What a journey! What lovely flowers! 2 With adverbs

a Adverb + Pronoun + V!

Here it is!

b Adverb + V + Noun Phrase !

There comes the bus! 3 Other ways of expressing exclamations

a With a negative question form The voice rises then falls

Aren’t you lucky! (= How lucky you are!) ‘b Any phrase or short sentence can be an exclamation

Oh, no! Lovely! - You idiot! Oh, my God!

GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

Activity 1: Picture differences

" Find and define differences between the two pictures, using negative

sentences (Define what is not so in one picture contrasted with what ~ -is so in another) ~

20

Ey =

THUVIEN 8 vy any

b Pair work Write ten questions the reportefs mnfightcask, beginning

with each of these words: se AV 6503

Do ? Does ? Have ? Has ? igeyvae 2

Are ? Can ? Will ? Was ? Were ? i

For example: Do you feel proud? Have you done this before?

21

c Now write five more questions beginning with Did ? Then

exchange your list with another pair to compare questions

d Change partners and role-play the interviews Take turns being the

reporter

Activity 3: Welcome to Earth!

70 Wy Gi ?

Examples: What planet are you from? Why did you come to Earth?

b What answers do you think the visitor from outer space might give?

EXERCISES

Ex 1 Complete this paragraph from a travel article Put in no or not

Metropolis is mot an attractive town There are (1) parks or gardens in the.city center I saw (2) interesting buildings, only

factories, offices and blocks of flats The hotels are (3) very good, and there are (4) first-class restaurants (5)

tourists visit Metropolis, and I certainly do (6) want to go there again

Ex 2 Complete the negatives below Use emphasizing words (at all,

whatsoever, etc.) to emphasize them

1 He wasn't concerned about what you said

22

2 I don’t miss them

3 We could say nothing to persuade him to stay 4 He did it without any help from his parents 5 He”s not sorry for what he did

6 It’s no use - get rid of it >

Ex 3 Claude Jennings, the World Quiz Champion, is going to be on Guy’s chat show Guy is wondering what to ask Claude Read what Guy is thinking and write down his questions

Example: (I expect Claude has won lots of prizes) Have you won

lots of prizes?

(I wonder if he’s a rich man) KH 90100 8 10 9 ng ng : (Perhaps quizzes are his only hobby) see có 0 90 11 9 ni ng km tp (Lexpect he worked hard at school) .- s11 xxx (Iwonder if he s got any other infer€SS) . âc S2 (wonder if it’s an :nteresting lif€) scc nhe nggerereree

Example: You want to know if Mark has been to Los Angeles Ask Sarah

Has Mark been to Los Angeles?

1 You aren’t sure if Rachel and Vicky are going to American Ask them

_ Ắ.Ắ

ẮÓÔ Ô.Ô.ÔĂ.Ô.Ô.ÔẴ.Ô

Pea mm meme ee eae ee eee ese E HEHE EOE EERE HEE DEH EE EEE EA EOE CEES EEO EEE EOE EES OOH ESO DEE EED

6 You want to know if the train is on time Ask Mark

7 You are wondering if Mike and Harriet go camping Ask David

Pee mem mre re eee e ee ase E eH ee H EE HERO EEE RHEE REE EO DETER SEE HHEE EH HHEEEH HEED ES HOE REO ORES

Ex 5 Put in the question Use what and put the preposition in brackets at

Example: Melanie: Tom is smiling He’s pleased (about) David: Yes, he is What is he pleased about? 1 Jessica: I’ve done something awful I’m ashamed (of)

ti) in 2 Trevor: Haven’t you heard of Kitty Beamish? She’s famous (for)

Tlona: No, l havenÌ( -< ÂN K9 0C 800K 3 Sarah: Mark is annoyed He’s going to complain (about)

Claire: eee eeescesceeeceseceeneeeeeeeseseeees THẾ tri L4 k kg re 4 Matthew:Emma’s in a hurry She’s going to be late (for)

5 Vicky: I don’t feel very relaxed I feel nervous (about)

Ex 6 Write questions to which the following statements might be the

answers (The key words are the underlined ones.)

eee eee ee eee ee ere 50906006 00 0 000 0606600 4000 000 00008900 00 000900400006000 9200000009 29900004049 6000006 06900 e0 96

3 She says she has two brothers

eee ee OER e rarer Seater rere e ere rer ee ses reer errr ever ere reer ir rer eer rere reer ee rere rr reer rest errr rer ririrre ree risers

24

10 11 12 13.-

14 15

16

17

1

Everybody says she is a good writer

ÓC G2 G 2 G c eee e cere t bee SEO DOR OEE OEE PODER SEDO ROUSE EO DEE OSES EEO EEHOSHO DEDEDE OSORE ODODE DOOOODEOTENSOROOEDES

TrrrT Tr rere rrr rrr rrr reer ert Tee Pree rer Pre Terre errr 4Ô HH 400 6000 0 0 0000 0 0400.00.0000 000000060060000000400000000600000 8908

-Iuse ‘Woodland’ shampoo It’s lovely - She’s good-looking, but very unpleasant

- Wonderful! Lots of sunshine and no rain —

- It’s called.a “spade” in English

4

5 6 7 8 9

- I think the Nile’s the longest

- Oh, this desk is definitely the cheapest

- Of the three, I prefer the leather one - That’s easy I’ll always remember 1989 - Oh, July is definitely the hottest

- I think they went towards the station

Ex 9 What would you say in these situations?

Example: You are talking to a man at a party Ask him where he

works

Where do you work?

1 You want to know what the date is today Ask your friend |

3 Your friend is having a party You'd like to know who he has invited Ask him

Quiz-master: Claude:

Example: What colour is the Greek flag? Blue and white

l is Melbourne? | It’s in Australia

2 centimeters are there in a kilometre? A hundred thousand 3 did the Second World War end? _ In 1945

4 did Romeolove? - Juliet

TQ is Sirius? _ It’s a star

6 is it from Los Angeles to San Francisco? About 400 miles

- are the Olympic Games held? Every four years 8 of food is Cheddar? It’s cheese

9 re is a game of rugby? Eight minutes Ex 11, Guy is interviewing a guest in his chat show It’s the actress

Melissa Livingstone, who is in the TV soap opera ‘Round the Corner’ Put in Guy’s questions

Example: Guy: How often do you record ‘Round the Corner’?

Melissa: Oh, we record it every day It’s a full-time job, you know

1 Guy: And «- CS k0 4 nhu n0 0g gọn it? Melissa: In Birmingham, at the BBC studios

Melissa: How many? Well, let me see, I think we’ve done a thousand programmes

3 QUY: Hee "`

Melissa: I’m not going to tell you How much money I earn is my business

4 Guy: OK, 01.0 Melissa: Oh, a long time ago I started acting when I was twelve

Example: Something has happened - Oh? What has happened ?

Somebody is having a party - Oh, realÏy? <-s << -seeses=<ee Ï was reading something - Oh? . << s< 5s ss nen me mee

Ïve.learnt something - Go on, teÌÏ me -<<c~<<5

We shouid do something - Yes, I know, Đuf - << -c<ceesseese

Someone is looking for you 5 — I’m looking for someone - Maybe I can help - - Rachel is ,planning something.~ Is she? -e- Somebody has moved in next door - Oh, really? _—

Harriet Mrs Evans

Example: So ten people have sent Pardon? How many :people have sent - cards cards?

2 Those flowers look lovely Do they? Which

28

3 Fifty pounds went missing ` - Missing? How much

4, I passed Mark’s house earlier Pardon? Whose 5 The doctor has four children Really? How many 6 Doctors earn lots of money I don’t know How much

7 Mike’s uncle has died What’s that? Whose

8 Trevor’s wife is coming late Oh? Whose Ex 14 Trevor has just come home from work Complete the conversation

Put in for, how, like or what Trevor: Hello, my love How are you?

Laura: Hello, I’m right, but I’m in a bit of a rush getting ready for the barbecue

_ Trevor: Er, I forgot to tell you that I invited two more people

Laura: (1) are you telling me now (2) : ? ve bought

all the food I just hope there’s enough Anyway, who are these

people? (3) are they (4) ?

Trevor: They’re friends of Harriet’s T hey’re very nice people And after all, (5) are parties (6) ? To meet new people

Laura: It isn’t a party, it’s a barbecue (7) ’s the weather going

to be (8) ? :

Trevor: The forecast said it’s going to be perfect Warm and dry

Laura: Good And (9) was your day? Trevor: Oh, not too bad Busy as usual

Ex 15 The questions you are asking have a,number of possible answers If the list of answers is incomplete, ask a question with what If the

list is complete, use which

Example: - (Do you play the piano, or the violin, or the guitar, or )

"What musical instrument do you play? ˆ

- (Did you go to the Little Theatre or the Theatre Royal?) Which theatre did you go to? |

1 (Did you take the morning flight or the afternoon flight?

ere eee eee eC ere CCE ree rer rere eres cere eter cer re rere re rer err ee rere rer reser Terre ree rere rrr rr rere ir rye reer re rrr TTT

2 (Did you stay at the Grand Hotel or the Bristol?)

9960066406060 9⁄66560946060006009000000900640000006000000060060060000006060000004/06000000000900600600000000960090990600800666000966

4 (Did you buy ‘Time’ magazine, or ‘Newsweek’, or a computer

magazine, or Mì)

i -

s Do you: work for EuroChemicals, or ICM, or SenCo, or 2)

- 6 (Are you learning English, or Spanish, or Arabic, or Japanese, or ?)

Ex 16 Rita is moving into a new flat Trevor has come to see the flat and

help her move in Complete his questions Put in what or which

Example: Trevor: What number is this building?

Rita: _ Forty-two

1 Trevor: I didn’t realize there were only three floors floor

is your flat on? \

Rita: The first floor

2 Trevor: It’s a very nice flat room will be your living- room? }

Rita: This one here, I thought

3 Trevor: colour are you going to paint it?

Rita: — Oh, I don’t know yet

4 Trevor: time is your furniture arriving?

Rita: Three o’clock, they said | 5S Trevor: Pll need some petrol way is the nearest petrol

30

station?

Rita: Turn left at the end of the street.

Ex 17 Detectives Wilson and Taylor are looking into the murder of Lord

Weybridge at his country house Put in who, what, or which

Wilson: Which of the guest in this house is the murderer, do you think,

Taylor?

‘Taylor: I don’t know yet (1) ‘had the opportunity? (2) th khu kh ki of the guests had the chance to do it?

Wilson: (3) happened after dinner last night? That’s what

we have to find out?

Taylor: There must be a motive for the murder (4)

motive could the murderer have?

Wilson: Love or money — they’re the usual motives (Š) of them is it , I wonder?

Taylor: (6) did Lord Weybridge leave his money to?

That’s the question, Wilson

Ex 18 It’s eleven o’clock, and everyone has arrived at a party Put in the

Has David come with you? TT khe He’s in hospital, actually

Did you come by car, Tom? — : It took ages because of all the traffic

Are those people over there your friends? — 1 don’t know them at all

Do you like England? — Pm enjoying my stay here Is your brother here? — He’s away on business at the

moment

Have you seen Nick recently? — IP think he’s moved away

Ex 19 It’s one o'clock in the morning, and the party is in full swing People are still talking Put in the short answers

Example: Are you French? — No, I’m not I’m Italian I’m from Milan 1 Will you and Laura be here in August? — : W€ re

going to France

7 8

Did you remember to bring the photos? — PH give them

to you in a minute

Has Rita broken up with her boyfriend? — It’s all

over, she told me

Did you see that documentary about the ozone layer on television last

night? — đun km ky ÏWasS working late, unfortunately

Does Laura like these old songs? — She loves Elvis Presley

Are you and Mike staying the night here? — We have to get home tonight

Can we afford a taxi? — It’s quite a long way

Are you OK, Vicky? ~ ee 1 feel really awful

Ex 20 Which would normally be the best answer?

Example:.Are you busy today?

a C] Yes, busy b M Yes, I am

1 Is it too hot in here for you?

a CI No, it isn’t b 0 No, I’m fine, thanks

2 Do you Know Emma?

a O] Yes b 0 Yes, we live in the same building

3 Teil me, did you steal my money? |

a £1 No -b C1 No, I didn’t steal your money

4 Do you live on the campus? :

a 01 Yes, I do b LH Yes, I live on it

`: Would you like to come out with us for the day?

aD Yes, I would like b Yes, please

6 Is it the eighteenth today? -

a.[ÏYesiis = — b LÍ Yes, it is the eighteenth of

November today

32

7 Did you bring my CD?

ca, Do b C1 No, sorry I forgot it

8 Can I carry your bags?

a 0) No, you can’t b 1 It’s all right, thanks.

Ex 21 Decide which two.responses under B are most appropriate for each of the questions under A

A

1 Do you smoke?

2 Why did’t you come on time?

3 Has your husband ever been to Paris?

4 Who told you? a

5S Are you all going away this year? 6 When did it happen? _

c Yes, I can

_.đ.1told him to

e Exactly what I told him to do

f Yes, Ido —

g Nowhere - h L hope so i He did Jj Yes, he has | _ k, Because I was busy

I Fred

m In 1989 ‘ ` n HIs homework | o No, he isn’t |

p I think it happened last year

-q Not very well

- 2 It’s a surprise that Rachel won’t be at the disco

1 Vicky: I think I’d like to lie down for a while (feel/well)

Rachel: Oh, dear cccssessssessesesssssesessescscssescsecssseessseeenens SH ve

2 Mathew: I’m looking forward to getting the photos you’ve sent (arrive/yet)

Richard; I sent them a week ago "

3 David: I saw Rita, but she walked straight past me (say/hello) Melanie: Without speaking f†O yOU? HH» na 4 Andrew: I never sit by the pool I hate water (swim)

Ermima: Really? Ex 24, Put in yes or no

Example: Didn’t Mike stop and give you a lift? — No, he didn’t, but

maybe he didn’t see me

1 Aren’t you tired after working all day? — , I feel fine

2 Didn’t you write the number down? — , but I’ve lost the piece of paper

3 Haven’t you got an umbrella? — , it’s here in my

> The people on the ride didn’t get enough help

1 The staff didn’t know what todo

2 They couldn’t stop the ride

34

3 They aren’t trained in first aid

4 The ambulance wasn’t called immediately

5 The doctor didn’t have a mobile phone

What questions beginning with why does Kitty ask?

Example: > Why didn’t the people on the ride get enough help?

Ex 26, Add question tags to the following

lao 2 Ï am not StUpid, - - Ác HH HH HH ng

3 They should have been able to dO 1, .- 2< 5< S21 vs trxee

4 He used to live here, na a

5 Everybody Can't COME iN fITSt, ope eessseeesserescseecssceereccsetesersceneensens

6 Everyone Cheered Wildly, .c ccccscssesssssscssecsssesssesssseessecssscesseesssesssesssessses 7 Very little progress has been made, 7s - S2 SH seersee

8 A little progress has been made, SH nh se,

9 Few people knew the answWer, -s-o5cevcrrrerrerrrreree

10 A few people knew the answer, „HH ng te re l (iu in

12 He can hardly speak English, HH 0211111111111 tre _

13 We could scarcely hear what he said, _— "_

14 Anyone could do the work, ssescagssssssessssersnsssseesbasecsesssnsssesssauseses

Ex 27 Look carefully at each statement and tag Say if it is more likely to be a comment (with falling intonation) or a question (with rising

intonation)

Example: This price list is up to date, isn’t it? - Yes, it is a question 1 It was a super show, wasn’t it? - Great, really enjoyedit

2 These sweaters are nice, aren't they? - I like this one

3 We’ve got time for a coffee, haven”t we? - A quick one maybe 4 Let me see, the bus goes at ten past, doesn’t it? - Quarter past

Ex 28 You are at a barbecue Add tags to help start a friendly conversation

| Example: These sausages are delicious, aren't they? - They certainly are

‘ You haven’t lived here long, have you? - No, only three months

1 It’s quite a big garden, ? - Yes, there’s plenty of room 2 There aren’t many people here yet, ? - No, but it’s still

quite early :

3 You’re Rachel’s friend, ? - Yes, I’m Vicky

5 These burgers look good, ¬ 2 - I can’t wait to try them

6 We can sit on the grass, ? - I think it’s dry eriough

7 The weather forecast wasn’t very good, ` ?-No, it wasn’t

Ex 29 Complete the conversation Put in the question tags

Emma: You don’t really want to go out with me any more, do you? Matthew: Of course I do But I need a bit of time to myself sometimes

Emma: You get plenty oftime to yourself, (1) ?

Matthew: Emma, you know what I feel for you I’ve told you enough

times, (2) 2

Emma: Yes, you have And youre quite happy, (3) ? You don’t mind, (4) - ?

The situation doesn’t bother you, (5) ?

Matthew: Why are we arguing? There’s nothing to argue about, (6) ?

Emma: You can’t ever look at things from my point of view,

Œ7) : — ?

Ex 30 What would you say in these Situations? Write sentences with a

question tag Use the word in brackets

Example: You want to look at a newspaper Daniel might have one, so ask him (haven’t)

You haven '† got a newspaper, have you?

1 Suggest to Vicky that you both listen to some music (Let’s)

36

2 Warn David not to do anything silly (Don’t)

3 You need a train timetable Emma might have one, so ask her (Haven’t)

1 You painted it yourself, did you? a I don’t believe it

2 You couldn’t give me a hand, could you? b Tell me more

3 Someone broke that vase, did they? c | hope you can 4 You’ ll give me a call, will you? d I hope you didn’t 5 So they are selling their house, are they? e I’m impressed 6 You didn’t leave the garage open, did you? _—f I hope you will

_ 7 He says he’s innocent, does he? g I’m sorry to hear that

Ex 32 Write down the use of each question Choose from these uses

asking for information (x3); asking permission, inviting, making a

suggestion, offering, requesting (x2) Example:

| ~ Could you post this letter for me? requesting

Can we get a number 35 bus from this stop? asking for information Can I help you with those bags? « <«- sen S9 tk tt ke

ShaÏl we stop for a P.1 n mm

Is if Tuesday tOdaY? ch HH HH gi

.- Would you like to have tea with 0s? .-. -cc- c2 G4 re 1

2 3

4 Could you wait a moment, pl€as€? .cc.reireee ¬

5

6 Will your friend be here next weekend? .- -ccccccereree 7 AM ' t6 e

Ex 33 Write down the function of each of these sentences Choose from

the functions below

give information, obtain information, express | an opinion, give an

order, make a promise, make a suggestion I’ ve lived here for a number of years

- Why did you do that?

That’s exactly what I think

If I were you, I’d ask him myself

I} write to you as soon as I can Sit down and listen to us

It’s on the corner by the traffic lights Could you tell me what this says?

Why don’t you lie down and try to sleep? 10 It’s time you left

11 Pll do whatever you say

12 It’s not as tasty as I’d hoped it would be -

Ex 34, Add question tags to the following

1 Come and see me tOMOrrow, ccsccccccessscseececcscescscectsteacsccecenssccaceceacuanes

2 Let me read it for you, ¬- H110 1011101111111 1111811001 rkrrri

3 Don't forget your ticketS, c9 21x gxee 4 Give me a hand with these bags, .cceeeeeriirreiee

_5 Don’t tell anyone i01 TT

38

the simple past form, indicative mood

-(e)d the past subjunctive form the past participle form

the present participle form -ing

the gerund form

-er, -est ——® the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs

2 Sdund change

a Vowel change: speak - spoke

b Consonant change: wife - wives

Note: Sound change can be combined with suffixes child - children

3 Suppletive forms (grammatical forms of a word coming from different roots)

be - am - is - are - was -were I - me

- go - went

good - better

4, Analytic forms (mostly verb forms.)

An analytic verb form consists of one or more structural words which

have no lexical meaning and — only express one or more of the

grammatical categories of tense, voice, mood and one notional word which has a lexical meaning

I am reading He has written Does he sing? I was invited, etc

6 Every cloud has a silver lining 7 Did she get home late ? - No, she didn't get home late

8 Iam wniting to a friend of mine

9 There are many wolves in this jungle

10 Have you already forgotten your physics in 10 years? 11 Ever since I gave up smoking, I’ve been putting on weight

40

Unit 4 NOUNS

I COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

- Countable nouns can be singular or plural: book(s), hotel(s), dream(s), piece(s) Uncountable nouns are neither singular nor plural: water, sugar, electricity, happiness, excitement

- We use countable nouns for separate, individual things such as books and hotels, things we can count We use uncountable nouns for things that do not naturally divide into separate, units, such as water and sugar, things we cannot count

_- “Many countable nouns are concrete: table(s), car(s) But some are abstract: situation(s), idea(s) Many uncountable nouns are abstract: beauty, love But some are concrete: butter, plastic

- An uncountable noun takes a singular verb, and we use this/that and

it

This milk is off I’ll pour it down the sink

2 Words that go with countable/uncountable nouns

With countable: a, one, each/every, many/few, these/those, a number of With uncountable: much/ittle, an amount of -

; With both countable and uncountable: the, some, no, , di] our, this/that, a

Note: a noun on its own is always plural countable or uncountable: boats,

Partitive nouns are used, with the of-phrase to express quantity Partitive

nouns are always countable The most’ common partitive nouns are piece

and (in every day speech) bit We use the pattern to refer to:

.~ one item: a loaf of bread

-a part ofa whole: a slice of bread

- a collection of items: a packet of biscuits